不同有机物对混凝过程和余铝的影响

为了考察不同有机物对混凝过程的影响,针对腐殖酸(HA)和牛血清蛋白(BSA)2种有机物,研究了其在不同有机物含量(以DOC计),不同混凝剂(氯化铝(AlCl3)、聚铝十三(Al13)),不同pH值条件下混凝实验沉后水的总铝(TA)、总溶铝(TDA)以及不同混凝条件下形成的絮体情况,结果表明,不同有机物对沉后水中的余铝含量有重要的影响,在相同的混凝条件下腐殖酸体系产生较高的余铝.当使用AlCl3做混凝剂时,对腐殖酸和蛋白质体系而言,沉后水余铝浓度均随DOC含量的升高而上升;而使用Al13作为混凝剂时,腐殖酸体系的混凝沉后水中的余铝随有机物含量的升高而升高.当pH值高于7.0,DOC浓度高于4.0 mg/L时,总溶铝占总铝的比例达到90％以上,此时pH值对溶解态余铝的含量无明显的影响.腐殖酸和蛋白质的混合体系与其任一单独体系相比,混凝过程中会形成具有较大强度因子和恢复因子的絮体,且混合比接近1∶1时,混凝出水总溶铝达到最低.絮体的破碎与再生长受搅拌强度的影响较大,当破碎强度提高到100 r/min以上时,絮体粒径出现明显的下降.相比而言,AlCl3形成的絮体拥有更大的强度因子,而Al13形成的絮体拥有更大的恢复因子.     

不同混凝剂处理低温低浊水

针对低温低浊水处理难度大的问题进行了一系列的混凝实验,实验结果表明,随着混凝剂投加量的增加,剩余浊度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,单独使用HPAC时,剩余浊度在投加量为14 mg/L时达到最低(2.39 NTU)。pH值对余铝含量具有重要的影响,3种铝系混凝剂均在pH=7.0时余铝含量达到最低。Al Cl3对水中有机物的去除率较其他3种混凝剂低。絮体形成与破碎受搅拌强度的影响很大,当破碎强度增加到50 r/min,使用PACl、HPAC、Fe Cl3作混凝剂时絮体粒径下降不明显,当破碎强度增加到100 r/min时,絮体粒径有明显的下降。破碎结束后,絮体粒径有所恢复,但是并不能增长到破碎前的粒径。PACl、HPAC以及Fe Cl3形成的絮体的沉降性较好,上覆水浊度下降较快,经过3 h的沉降后,剩余浊度分别达到1.82、1.44和0.97 NTU。     

PAM复配混凝剂对高岭土体系混凝过程的影响

为了解决无机混凝剂在混凝过程中的不足选用AlCl_3及其与2种不同阴离子度的PAM复配的混凝剂对高岭土体系进行混凝实验研究。结果表明:使用AlCl_3做混凝剂,当投加量(以Al计)为0.1 mmol·L~(-1)时,剩余浊度达到最低;平衡时粒径达到700μm且随着破碎时间的延长,絮体再生长结束后的粒径逐渐减小在破碎时间为6.O min时,絮体粒径最终能恢复到300左右。以PAM4复配的AlCl_3为混凝剂在投加量为0.1 mmol·L~(-1)时,剩余浊度最低;经慢速搅拌10 min絮体平衡时的粒径较使用AlCl_3作混凝剂时略小,但随着PAM4浓度的増大,絮体破碎后的恢复能力逐渐増大。当PAM4与Al的比例为10%破碎1.0 min时絮体粒径最终可以恢复到600μm左右。以PAM-2复配的AlCl_3为混凝剂时,由于PAM-2的阴离子度过高需要更多的混凝剂中和体系中存在的负电荷,所以在混凝剂浓度为0.2 mmol·L~(-1)时,剩余浊度才达到最低。     

加药量和水力搅拌速度对雨水混凝效果的影响

为降低分流制雨水中悬浮颗粒物及其他污染物浓度,减轻城市景观河道的水体富营养化程度,对取自泵站的雨水进行混凝沉淀工艺优化实验。以PAC为混凝剂,采用Zeta电位仪、激光粒度仪和iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程进行监测,考察了混凝剂投加量和水力搅拌速度对絮体形成和分流制雨水处理效果的影响,结果表明,混凝剂投加量和混合水力搅拌速度直接影响絮体Zeta电位和聚沉特性;混合搅拌速度控制混凝反应速率,絮凝速度梯度影响絮体形成粒径。FI曲线特征参数对控制混凝工艺具有指导意义。PAC投加量为35 mg/L,混合阶段搅拌速度800 r/min,搅拌30 s,絮凝阶段采用150、108和60 r/min的转速各自搅拌5 min,沉后水中剩余颗粒总数最少,浊度、COD和总磷去除效果最佳。     

氢氧化镁混凝性能及絮体特性

以氢氧化镁作为混凝剂,不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程絮体形成进行监测,探求了操作条件对絮体特性和混凝过程的影响;同时讨论了FI值和浊度去除的关系。结果表明,当浊度分别为5、10和20 NTU时,最佳投加量分别为21.6、14.4和3.6 mg/L;随着pH的升高,FI指数增大,同时混凝剂的最佳投加量也逐步减小;随着慢速搅拌转速的增大,絮体破碎过程明显,FI指数降低;当转速为60 r/min时,浊度去除率最高。     

混凝-超滤过程中絮体形态对膜污染的影响

以常规混凝-浸没式中空纤维超滤膜工艺为研究对象,考察了原水中不同混凝剂种类、混凝剂投加量、破碎强度等条件下产生的絮体对膜污染的影响。采用牛血清蛋白、腐殖酸与高岭土人工配制水样。Al Cl_3和PACl作为混凝剂,监测不同条件下絮体粒径、分形维数等絮体结构特性的同时,考察膜通量的变化趋势以及超滤膜的形貌特征。结果表明,通过对混凝剂的投加量加以控制,可以有效地缓解膜污染的程度。在相同投加量和破碎强度下,混凝剂所含的Al_a直接影响着絮体粒径的大小。蛋白质为造成膜污染的主要有机物。当破碎强度越大,滤饼层更疏松,膜污染越轻。     

絮体性质对纳滤膜污染的影响

混凝过程产生的絮体会对后续膜过滤性能产生一定的影响。实验中利用激光粒度仪研究2种混凝剂(AlCl3和PAC)在不同投加量下的絮体性质,混凝出水(不经过沉淀)直接进入纳滤膜(NF270)装置进行过滤实验。研究表明,投加量低(<0.20 mmol/L)的情况下,混凝出水反而使纳滤通量衰减发生恶化,随着投加量的增加,纳滤膜通量衰减得到有效的减缓。直接过滤腐殖酸(HA)的膜通量衰减(J/J0)为0.65,投加量为0.50 mmol/L时,AlCl3和PAC 2种混凝剂产生的通量衰减(J/J0)分别为0.78和0.75。滤饼层阻力受到絮体尺寸的影响较大,絮体尺寸越大,形成的滤饼层透水性更好。通过污染模型分析,混凝出水的纳滤膜污染机理主要是滤饼层阻力。     

硫酸钛混凝去除无机砷(Ⅲ)的效能

使用硫酸钛作为混凝剂,研究了混凝去除As(Ⅲ)过程中溶液pH值、混凝剂投加量、砷的初始浓度以及阴离子对除砷效果的影响.硫酸钛的水解沉淀物颗粒等电点为pH =5;当pH =6时,水解沉淀物的粒径最大.在pH =5 ～8范围内,As(Ⅲ)的去除率高且基本稳定;而沉淀物颗粒Zeta电位降低较大.说明水解沉淀物Zeta电位对As(Ⅲ)的去除影响不大.混凝剂投加量为2.5 ～10 mg/L时,As (Ⅲ)的去除率随投加量的增加而显著增加;混凝剂投加量大于15 mg/L时,As(Ⅲ)去除率随混凝剂投加量的增加变化趋于平缓.水中阴离子(硅酸根和磷酸根离子)的存在会降低混凝对As (Ⅲ)的去除效率.     

高藻水中新生态三价铁混凝行为及其对絮体生长的影响

通过阐释新生态三价铁活性高的机制从而提出混凝剂的连续投加方式对混凝除藻效果的促进作用。与高锰酸钾-铁混凝过程相比,高锰酸钾-亚铁混凝过程初期絮体粒径较小;但经过一段时间后,后者絮体粒径将明显大于前者。Mn(VII)投量为1.7μmol/L时,混凝进行到720 s之前高锰酸钾-亚铁混凝过程中絮体粒径均低于200μm,反应进行到990s时絮体粒径稳步增大到239μm。形成对比的是,高锰酸钾-铁混凝过程进行到720 s和990 s时絮体粒径分别为198μm和204μm。在混凝过程中,亚铁逐步转化生成新生态三价铁,相当于向系统中持续投加混凝剂。在混凝剂总量相同(197.4μmol/L)的情况下,分次连续投加Fe(III)比一次性投加Fe(III)所生成的絮体粒径要大32%。     

氯化镁复配硫酸铝混凝性能及絮体特性

在研究氢氧化镁混凝特性的基础上,复配氯化镁和硫酸铝作为混凝剂,以高岭土配水水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程絮体形成进行监测,探讨了单独使用氯化镁和硫酸铝以及二者复配使用的混凝效果和絮体特性,确定复配使用的各种条件。结果表明,对于浊度20 NTU,pH 11.5的高岭土配水水样,氯化镁、硫酸铝最佳投加量分别为7.2 mg/L(Mg2+计)和3 mg/L(Al3+计);硫酸铝跟氯化镁复配使用时,先投加硫酸铝,间隔30 s后投加氯化镁,混凝效果较好;在镁离子最佳投加量7.2 mg/L时,铝和镁最佳质量比在1∶3~1∶2之间;镁铝复配时其FI值明显大于单独作用时,即絮体尺寸大小:二者复配硫酸铝氯化镁,而且复配条件下Zeta电位值在零电势左右浮动,浮动范围小,更利于聚集沉淀;镁铝复配时发生了协同效应,弥补了单独使用氯化镁混凝过程的不足。     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain

Toxic metals are bioaccumulated by insectivorous mammals but few studies (none from Britain) have quantified residues in bats. We measured renal mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in bats from south-west England to determine how they varied with species, sex, age, and over time, and if they were likely to cause adverse effects. Residues were generally highest in whiskered bats (Myotis mystacinus). Compared with other species, pipistrelle (Pipistrellus spp) and Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri) had significantly lower kidney Hg and Pb concentrations, respectively. Renal Hg increased over time in pipistrelles but the contributory sources are unknown. Kidney Pb did not decrease over time despite concurrent declines in atmospheric Pb. Overall, median renal metal concentrations were similar to those in bats from mainland Europe and 6- to 10-fold below those associated with clinical effect, although 5% of pipistrelles had kidney Pb residues diagnostic of acute lead poisoning.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.