复合腐殖生物活性填料对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

为了考察复合腐殖生物活性填料对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,通过内置填料、外置填料和对照组SBR污水处理工艺的对比运行,对3组反应器的运行效能、沉降性能、胞外聚合物和微生物群落分布进行了研究。结果表明:投加复合腐殖生物活性填料的SBR反应器相比对照组SBR反应器可加强氮、磷的去除效能,改善活性污泥的沉降性能;通过胞外聚合物分析,发现内置填料和外置填料活性污泥的胞外聚合物(多糖和蛋白质)含量一直低于对照组的;3个微生物群落主要分布在Saprospiraceae、Rhodocyclaceae、Comamonadaceae、Flavobacteriaceae、env.OPS_17、Spirochaetaceae等6个科内;内置填料微生物群落(8.09%)和外置填料微生物群落(2.86%)中的Saprospiraceae,要比对照组微生物群落(29.82%)的比例高,表明通过复合腐殖生物活性填料的作用,Saprospiraceae类群减少,胞外聚合物分泌降低,活性污泥沉降性能得到增强,这与反应器实际运行效果和胞外聚合物分析研究内容一致。     

微生物制剂强化SBR处理系统

应用固定化生物催化剂(IBC)进行SBR处理系统强化实验,考察了IBC的投加对SBR的处理效果和活性污泥的影响。结果表明,投加IBC能够提高SBR的污染物处理效率,相对于对照组,实验组的COD、NH3-N、BOD5和TP去除率分别提高了9.75%、19.36%、6.28%和28.09%。实验组和对照组SVI变化不大,投加微生物制剂IBC并没有显著提高活性污泥的沉降性能。但实验组活性污泥的OUR、SOUR和SBI均高于对照组,这表明IBC的投加提高了SBR中污泥活性,且优化了活性污泥中微生物群落结构。     

不同污泥负荷下SBR处理游泳馆污水的微生物群落的演变

污泥负荷直接影响微生物的生长模式,当污泥负荷发生变化时,短时间内微生物群落结构将发生明显变化。为了研究污泥负荷冲击对SBR系统内活性污泥微生物群落结构的影响,应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCRDGGE)技术,对不同污泥负荷冲击时,SBR处理游泳馆污水中的活性污泥微生物进行了考查。研究表明,在不同污泥负荷冲击的条件下,以MBR污泥为接种污泥,SBR工艺处理游泳馆污水系统内活性污泥微生物群落结构变化明显,多样性指数随着污泥负荷升高而逐渐增加并趋于稳定,但污泥冲击负荷过高多样性指数反而下降,SBR系统内微生物菌种大部分为未经培养菌种,肠杆菌属、甲苯单胞菌属以及γ-变形菌纲细菌等。微生物通过对不同负荷阶段环境条件的适应及演变,逐渐形成了适应相应污泥负荷的微生物种群。     

铁盐化学除磷对活性污泥生物除磷系统的影响

在小型处理系统中生物除磷同步化学除磷简便易行,但加入的除磷剂本身和形成的化学沉淀物的积累可能会对生物系统造成影响。采用序批式生物反应器,对铁盐的2种投加剂量下对活性污泥系统的影响进行了研究。结果表明,向SBR系统中连续投加15 mg·L~(-1)三氯化铁,表观上系统总体的除磷效率较未投加前有一定幅度的提高,活性污泥的沉降性能得到改善,但这削弱了系统的内在生物除磷效力。随着化学除磷的进行,系统污泥胞内PHA含量减少、糖原含量增加;污泥中PAOs相对数量下降而GAOs的相对数量显著增加,优势菌发生演替。结束投加后,污泥的活性可以缓慢恢复。说明该浓度下长时间连续进行同步化学与生物除磷,会对系统造成一定的损害,但这种损害在停止化学除磷后具有一定的可恢复性。而连续投加3 mg·L~(-1)三氯化铁的SBR系统总体除磷效率较未投加前有所提高,且没有对生物除磷系统产生明显抑制作用,能够较好实现化学除磷和生物除磷的协同。     

DS-EBPR颗粒污泥和絮状污泥除磷效能

为提高反应器的稳定性,同时对硫循环协同反硝化生物除磷(DS-EBPR)颗粒污泥和絮体污泥的脱氮除磷效果以及物质转化规律进行对比研究,实验采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)分别培养DS-EBPR絮体污泥和颗粒污泥。结果表明:GSBR(颗粒污泥SBR)乙酸根平均去除率和磷平均去除率均高于FSBR(絮体污泥SBR);且GSBR中PHA(聚羟基脂肪酸)的作用机制相比于FSBR明显优于glycogen(糖原),表明GSBR具有更好的功能微生物富集作用;反应器运行过程中poly-S(聚硫颗粒)储存形式的转变表明DS-EBPR系统中poly-S的转化形式并不是根据反应阶段固定的,而是根据系统能量供需状态变化的,且对比硫循环转化效果显示GSBR的能量利用效率高于FSBR。     

磁性硅球对SBR活性污泥脱氮除磷性能的影响

为研究磁性硅球(Fe_3O_4@SiO_2)对序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)污水处理系统中脱氮除磷性能的影响,建立了3个相同的SBR(编号依次为1号、2号和3号),在2号和3号反应器中分别投加0.5 g·L~(-1)的纳米Fe_3O_4和Fe_3O_4@SiO_2,1号反应器为不投加任何磁性材料的对照组。结果表明:Fe_3O_4@SiO_2对SBR中的污泥性能有显著的影响,3号反应器在运行20 d时,反应器内活性污泥结构完整,饱满密实,污泥粒径多集中分布在0.3～1.0 mm,颗粒化现象明显,而1号反应器无明显颗粒污泥,2号反应器虽能看到有少部分的颗粒污泥,但分布不均匀;Fe_3O_4@SiO_2对污泥胞外蛋白(PN)、胞外多糖(PS)的含量有促进作用,并能改善污泥的沉降性能,第70天时,3号反应器内PN和PS含量分别为318.89 mg·g~(-1)和28.51 mg·g~(-1),污泥沉降指数(SVI)为35.22 mL·g~(-1),性能优于1号和2号反应器;在除污方面,2号和3号反应器对污水总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)去除率比1号反应器分别提升了10.80%、15.20%和9.40%、12.40%,3号反应器表现出最高的脱氮除磷性能;此外,在典型周期内,3号反应器对氮素及磷的去除速率明显高于1号反应器,在240 min内,1号和3号反应器对TN去除速率分别为4.56 mg·(L·h)~(-1)和5.84 mg·(L·h)~(-1),对TP去除速率分别为0.44 mg·(L·h)~(-1)和0.51 mg·(L·h)~(-1)。由此可见,经SiO2包覆后所制备的Fe_3O_4@SiO_2,提高了其在水体的分散性,增大了与污泥的接触程度,极大促进了污泥经磁聚、吸附作用富集到其表面形成颗粒污泥,并利于脱氮除磷等微生物截留和附着,提高活性污泥反应系统的脱氮除磷效果和去除速率。以上结果可为进一步探索磁性纳米材料对SBR活性污泥脱氮除磷性能影响提供参考。     

2种反应器中好氧颗粒污泥培养的比较研究

以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,采用人工配制的模拟生活污水,分别在气提式序批反应器(SBAR)和序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中成功地培养出了成熟的好氧颗粒污泥.SBAR和SBR中的好氧颗粒污泥都具有稳定的基本形态结构,其微生物主要由杆菌和球菌组成,对COD的去除率可达到93%左右.对NH+4-N的去除率可达到98%以上.SBAR中好氧颗粒污泥的粒径主要分布、污泥体积指数(SVI)、比耗氧速率(SOUR)、TN去除率和TP去除率分别为0.45～2.00 mm、19.97 mL/g、47.68 g/(kg·h)、82%和65%;而SBR中好氧颗粒污泥的粒径主要分布、SVI、SOUR、TN去除率和TP去除率分别为0.18～1.00 mm、29.12 mL/g、43.21 g/(kg·h)、58%和50%.相对而言,SBAR更有利于好氧颗粒污泥的培养和运行.     

厌氧-好氧颗粒污泥SBR处理城市污水的中试研究

采用中试规模的厌氧-好氧交替式颗粒污泥SBR处理实际城市污水,研究了好氧颗粒污泥的培养过程、处理效果及颗粒污泥的特性。以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,经过72 d的培养后,反应器内出现小粒径颗粒污泥。在随后的230 d运行实验中,通过调整曝气阶段的溶解氧浓度、排水体积交换率以及周期运行方式,使得反应器中颗粒污泥粒径和比例逐渐增加。在最佳工况运行条件下,反应器中污泥浓度为3 000～4 000 mg/L,SVI值为45～55 mL/g,对COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别为91.63%、74.02%、68.42%和96.41%,达到了同时脱氮除磷的效果。     

反硝化聚磷菌颗粒污泥的培养、特性及活性恢复研究

以污水处理厂二沉池回流污泥为接种污泥,在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中通过调整运行条件诱导培养反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)颗粒污泥,实现反硝化过程和聚磷过程的有效结合。经过3个阶段的培养,DPB颗粒污泥对COD、TP、氨氮的去除率均达90%以上,系统具备缺氧条件下同步反硝化聚磷的能力。获得的DPB颗粒污泥平均粒径为1.0～2.0mm,平均沉速为50～70m/h,具有良好的物理特性和沉降性能,有利于减小污泥处理负荷,提高脱氮除磷效率。DPB颗粒污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)含量明显提高,其中多糖和蛋白质分别为从原接种污泥的21.58、11.22mg/g提高到56.32、34.15mg/g;搁置30d后的DPB颗粒污泥,可在SBR重启30d内恢复原有活性及反硝化聚磷效果。     

复合生物膜-活性污泥反应器同步脱氮除磷

通过实验研究比较了复合生物膜-活性污泥反应器(HY)和传统活性污泥反应器(AS)的脱氮除磷效果。结果表明,在水力停留时间(HRT)16 h、污泥龄12～15 d、水温19～21℃、pH 6.3～7.8的条件下,复合生物反应器比活性污泥反应器运行更稳定,未发生污泥膨胀。在相同运行条件下,复合生物反应器对COD、TN和TP的去除率分别为95%、91%和98%,而活性污泥反应器对COD、TN和TP的去除率分别为85%、84%和90%。稳定工况下复合生物反应器的比硝化、比反硝化速率,比吸磷、比释磷速率均高于活性污泥反应器,且微生物相更加丰富。通过建立16S rDNA克隆文库发现生物膜和活性污泥的微生物群落结构均具有高度多样性,但生物膜微生物的微生物相比活性污泥更复杂。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.