市政污泥深度脱水药剂优化研究简

污泥含水率高影响污泥后续处置。利用化学药剂对污泥进行深度脱水处理可使污泥减量化、稳定化。为提高深度脱水效果,对添加剂进行了种类和添加量的优化研究（石灰、工业石灰、粉煤灰、硅藻土、十二烷基磺酸钠和飞灰;5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%）,另外,还进行了复合投加实验。研究结果表明,石灰、工业石灰、粉煤灰的深度脱水效果最好;复合添加中,25%石灰+5%粉煤灰,20%石灰+10%粉煤灰,10%石灰+20%粉煤灰的深度脱水效果最好。5%的石灰或者工业石灰的添加剂量使干化污泥pH值达到12.25,粉煤灰、硅藻土、十二烷基磺酸钠和飞灰的添加对干化污泥pH值影响相对要小。     

微生物调理后脱水污泥与秸秆混合共焚烧的技术探讨

污泥脱水是污泥处理处置的瓶颈.对目前国内外污泥处置方式进行了概括总结,提出了一种新的污泥处理处置技术.该技术利用微生物酸化方式实现污泥中的微生物细胞破壁,细胞破壁后采用压滤脱水,污泥含水率可从80%以上降低至55%～65%,然后将脱水污泥与秸秆混合,通过共焚烧方式可以实现脱水污泥的无害化和资源化利用.     

采用配方均匀设计法利用脱水污泥制备陶粒的研究

长期以来,对城市污水处理后产生的污泥处置一直是环保的难题,传统的处理处置方法均存在诸多问题,寻求一种好的处理处置污泥方法迫在眉睫。针对目前的问题运用带约束条件的配方均匀设计方法对粉煤灰-脱水污泥陶粒配方进行实验设计,运用三叶回转窑进行小试。研究了陶粒组分中粉煤灰、污泥、黏土的比例对烧成陶粒堆积密度、颗粒强度的影响;确定了最佳物料配比,使陶粒的性能测试指标均符合GB/17431.2-1998标准的规定。实验结果表明:烧制陶粒湿比例下脱水污泥用量达45%,干比例污泥用量15.2%,污泥减量化和资源化效果显著;陶粒浸出毒性实验结果表明各项指标均低于浸出液中危害成分浓度限值,达到了污泥无害化的效果;粉煤灰、污泥和黏土的优化质量(干)比例为79%,15.2%,5.8%;陶粒的堆积密度为600 kg/m3,筒压强度2.2 MPa,1 h吸水率10.2%,粒型系数1.3。     

过氧化钙联合絮凝剂调理污泥改善脱水性能

污泥经过CaO_2联合絮凝剂处理后,其脱水性能得到明显改善。采用改变初始pH、调理剂投加量以及改变调理剂投加顺序的方法,调理污泥改善脱水性能;采用Zeta电位、激光粒度、胞外聚合物及结合水分析对调理前后的污泥进行了表征;研究了调理剂不同投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响;探讨了不同调理剂下污泥脱水机理。结果表明:CaO_2联合絮凝剂(微生物絮凝剂或壳聚糖)明显改善污泥脱水降低污泥含水率;CaO_2联合絮凝剂调理后的污泥粒径和Zeta电位均有所减小,并且CaO_2在絮凝剂之前投加,降低幅度更加明显;先投加CaO_2,污泥层状结构会在氧化作用下发生裂解破碎,形成不规则的小絮体,使污泥破坏得更彻底;在絮凝剂之前投加CaO_2,污泥经过处理后的可溶性糖类和可溶性蛋白质的浓度增加,而结合的糖类、蛋白质及结合水的变化量却减小。因此,CaO_2联合絮凝剂可以优化污泥脱水性能,且CaO_2与絮凝剂的投加顺序对于污泥脱水有显著影响。     

调理剂和通风方式对污泥生物干化效果的影响

采用了自主设计的污泥生物干化实验室模拟系统,研究了调理剂、物料配比和通风方式等实验条件对脱水污泥生物干化的影响效果。研究结果表明,与锯末相比,秸秆有利于反应物料温度的上升,含水率下降程度更大;利用秸秆调节污泥初始含水率在60%和65%的实验条件下时,物料的平均含水率分别下降了7%和6%,当初始含水率65%时,生物堆体的温度和含水率没有明显的变化;与连续通风相比较,间歇通风的实验条件有利于生物堆体的温度的升高和干化效果;在该实验中,最佳的生物干化条件是以秸秆为调理剂,初始含水率调至65%以下,以间歇方式进行通风。     

过量生石灰对污泥含水率和有机物含量的影响

为了研究生石灰(氧化钙,CaO)处理活性污泥对污泥含水率和有机物含量的影响,通过向南京某城市污水处理厂出厂污泥投加过量CaO进行脱水实验,测定投加CaO后污泥的含水率;烘干后的脱水污泥进行热重实验,研究CaO投加量对污泥中有机组分含量的影响.脱水实验表明:随着CaO与污泥质量比的增大,污泥含水率迅速减小,当质量比达到1.5时,污泥达到完全脱水;投加过量CaO的脱水污泥呈干燥的粉末状,粒度均匀,可作为水泥生产的辅料。热重实验表明:投加CaO后单位干泥失重百分比随CaO与污泥质量比增大而逐渐减小,向污泥中投加CaO有利于污泥中有机组分的释放和去除,实现污泥的稳定化。     

核桃壳骨架构建剂对污泥脱水性能的影响

污泥最终处置的困难在于提高泥饼的含固量和降低其含水率。研究用核桃壳做骨架构建剂对污泥进行调理对污泥脱水性能改善的影响。通过测定污泥比阻(SRF),毛细吸水时间(CST)以及抽滤后污泥含水率,探究核桃壳骨架构建剂对污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,采用核桃壳做骨架构建剂调理污泥的最佳添加量为4∶6(核桃壳与污泥干重比),最佳粒径为0.25 mm。用真空抽滤脱水,核桃壳调理后污泥的含水率明显降低。含水率为97.5%的原泥经过29 min真空抽滤后泥饼含水率降至70.52%;按核桃壳与污泥干重比4∶6,添加粒径0.25 mm的核桃壳后,泥饼含水率降为63.57%,SRF由初始的3.73×1013m/kg,降为调理后的1.06×1013m/kg。     

无机-有机及物理-化学复合调理对厌氧消化污泥脱水性能的影响

厌氧消化是常用的污泥稳定化处理方法,但污泥经厌氧消化处理后脱水性能恶化。分别用无机-有机复合调理剂和物理-化学复合调理剂对厌氧消化污泥进行调理,考察不同调理方法对污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对厌氧消化污泥的调理效果有限,最优条件下污泥比阻(SRF)分别下降了66.3%、89.2%和67.1%;PAC-PAM复合调理和PFS-PAM复合调理对厌氧消化污泥的调理效果较单种调理剂好,最优条件下SRF分别下降了98.2%和97.6%;稻壳、木屑和草木灰与PAM复合调理对厌氧消化污泥的调理效果较单种调理剂好,最优条件下SRF分别下降了97.3%、97.3%和97.7%。     

硫酸与H_2O_2快速联合调理对含铁剩余污泥脱水性能的改善

以污泥比阻、污泥含水率为污泥脱水评价指标,研究了硫酸与过氧化氢联合调理含铁污泥对污泥脱水性能的影响。实验结果表明,含铁污泥经硫酸与过氧化氢联合调理后,污泥比阻、污泥含水率显著降低,污泥脱水性能得到明显地改善。进一步研究表明,含铁污泥脱水性能的改善可能与污泥中形成的Fenton/类Fenton反应有关。经过单因素实验,确定了最佳反应条件:5 mol·L~(-1)硫酸溶液投加量1.5 mL,30%双氧水投加量0.25 mL,酸化时间25 min,反应时间2 min。在此条件下,污泥比阻由1.82×10~(13)m·kg~(-1)减少至0.74×10~(11)m·kg~(-1)。脱水污泥含水率由89.15%降低至71.12%。     

磁场处理对市政污泥脱水性能的影响

为研究磁场对市政污泥脱水性能的影响,通过自主研制的磁场装置,开展了4种不同含水率(99.15%、97.41%、95.52%和93.73%)的市政污泥的磁场处理实验。实验结果表明:市政污泥经过磁场处理后脱水性能显著改善;高含水率下的污泥在磁场作用下脱水性能改善效果比低含水率好,在4种含水率下市政污泥的毛细吸水时间最大依次降低了90.5%、65.8%、61.6%和51.6%;通过实验数据优化分别得出4种含水率下污泥的最佳磁场处理强度和最佳磁场作用时间,且磁场强度、磁场作用时间与市政污泥含水率均呈二次多项式的关系;磁场处理对污泥离心脱水有影响,市政污泥经过磁场处理比未经过磁场处理的离心脱水含水率降低了约0.6%;建议在市政污泥脱水工艺中可考虑磁场与其他预处理工艺联合处理的方法以前达到更好的脱水效果。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.