用蒸馏法回收实验废水中三氯甲烷

1方法 :将蒸馏瓶置于事先预热至 75± 1℃的恒温水浴锅中 ,连接好冷凝管及弯接管。将50 0 ml三氯甲烷废液经长颈漏斗倒入蒸馏瓶中 ,安装好温度计 (由瓶塞处插入 )。开启冷凝水 ,收集61～ 62℃沸点的蒸馏液。 2效果 :回收 50 0 ml废液约需 1 .5小时 ,三氯甲烷回收率在 70 %以上 ;三氯甲烷馏出液在 652 nm处的吸光度不随时间而改变且皆为零 ,其透光率与分析纯三氯甲烷一致。回收后的三氯甲烷作为水中阴离子洗涤剂的萃取剂其萃取效率与分析纯三氯甲烷一致用蒸馏法回收实验废水中三氯甲烷@张爱东$上海市闸北区环境监测站!上海200072 @李可群$…     

气体分离膜在废气治理中的应用

废气排放中有促进地球温暖化的二氧化碳、引起酸性雨的燃烧气体中的含硫成分、造成光化学污染的氮气及有机蒸汽成分、造成大气臭氧层破坏的氯氟碳成分等等．关于这些气体的排放基准，目前世界各国均在强化相应的规则和环境目标．气体分离膜已在二氧化碳、有机蒸气分离、一些气体回收中得到应用．     

高效液相色谱法测定稻田中丙草胺残留

用二氯甲烷提取稻田水和水稻植株样品中的丙草胺,稻田土壤样品用二氯甲烷-甲醇混合溶剂（体积比为9∶1）提取,再用高效液相色谱仪测定。方法在0．02 mg/L～2．00 mg/L的范围内线性良好,相关系数为0．9998;稻田水、土壤,水稻植株中丙草胺的检出限分别为0．001 mg/L、0．005 mg/kg、0．01 mg/kg;对稻田水、土壤和水稻植株分别做3个浓度水平的加标回收试验,重复5次,平均回收率在75．5％～84．7％之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2．0％～10．5％。     

城市不同区域空气冷凝水的化学组成

采集了5个不同区域的空气冷凝水样品,检测了其化学成分。结果显示,空气冷凝水的化学成分在不同区域存在着明显差异,5个区域各类化学物质总量的关系是,阴阳离子：城区〉工业〉道路〉城郊〉景区;微量元素：工业〉城区〉道路〉景区〉城郊;总有机碳（TOC）：城区〉景区〉道路〉工业〉城郊;总无机碳（TIC）：景区〉城区〉道路〉工业〉城郊;物质总量：城区〉工业〉道路〉景区〉城郊;其质量浓度分布与区域内的空气污染状况密切相关,大部分物质的质量浓度日间低于夜间。     

消解仪－麝香草酚分光光度法测定水中总氮

采用消解仪替代高压蒸汽灭菌器消解水样,用麝香草酚分光光度法替代紫外分光光度法测定总氮.试验表明,方法在0mg/L～10.0mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数R为0.9999;方法检出限为0.04mg/L;测定低、中、高质量浓度的标准溶液,RSD为1.1% ～5.5%;对3份实际水样进行加标回收试验,回收率为94.6% ～98.2%,测定总氮标准品,结果在保证值范围内;用该方法与国标方法同时测定水样,测定结果的相对偏差〈5%.     

烟道气中二氧化硫的干扰消除

烟道气中的二氧化硫干扰因素多，不容易测准．本文通过对比实验认为．影响采样精度和分析准确度的干扰因素有：（１）转子流量计的影响；（２）冷凝水对二氧化硫的吸附；（３）氮氧化物对测定的干扰。严格控制上述实验条件，即可得到准确的二氧化硫浓度值。     

用电导检测器单柱离子色谱法测定水中胺类方法的研究

本文通过对乙醇胺、甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺、二乙胺五种有机胺测定条件的研究,提出了五种有机胺之间的分离度和检测上限与分离柱的长短、性能有密切关系。本方法乙醇胺、一甲基胺、二甲基胺、三甲基胺、二乙胺的最低检出限分别为0.25μg/l、0.18mg/l、0.24mg/l、0.48mg/l、0.79mg/l;实验室内标准偏差0.20～0.58,相对标准偏差1.5～5.2％,加标回收率100％。     

MA-2000型测汞仪直接测定环境水体中汞元素的实验研究

本文介绍了MA-2000型测汞仪在水质监测中测定汞的原理、方法和优点。此法以氯化亚锡为还原剂,0.001%半胱氨酸为汞固定剂,在一定浓度范围内被测汞蒸汽在波长253.7nm紫外光下的吸收值与汞蒸汽浓度成正比。方法检出限0.006ng,精密度和准确度均满足水质监测实验室质量控制的要求。     

用回收棉籽油下脚料方法制硬脂酸的试验研究与应用

通过试验,搞清棉籽油厂下脚料（以下简称棉油脚）的物化性能。对如何从棉油脚中回收棉籽油制取硬脂酸进行了研究,并提高了回收棉籽油的质量和回收率。提出了具体的研制工艺和流程,为棉油脚的综合利用和硬脂酸产品的产业化提供技术依据。     

高压蒸汽消解法测定土壤、底质中的有机质

用“自控式高压蒸汽消解器”作加热器,将测定土壤、底质中有机质由敞口油浴法转变为密封高压蒸汽消解法,用实际土样全面优化了温度、硫酸浓度、时间等消解条件,建立了高压蒸汽消解法测定土壤、底质中有机质的方法,并用于不同地方、不同类型土壤和底质中有机质测定,同时用油浴法作对照,相对误差在－３７～５３％之间。该方法精密度好,无实验室二次污染,批处理样品数量多,可作为测定土壤、底质中有机质的常规方法。     

冷凝-吸附法测定固定源废气含湿量

综合传统重量法与冷凝法测定废气含湿量的特点,建立冷凝-吸附法测定固定源废气含湿量,有效解决重量法与冷凝法不适用于高温、高湿条件下的测定问题。通过优化测定条件,使冷凝-吸附法测定3台不同类型固定源废气结果的RSD为1.5%~4.7%,方法再现性试验结果的RSD为4.5%。用该方法与重量法同时测定油田注汽湿蒸汽发生器及普通流化床锅炉废气含湿量,结果表明冷凝-吸附法具备更强的适用性。     

Wetting and hydration of insoluble soot particles in the upper troposphere

Wettability and hydration are determined for aircraft combustor and laboratory-made soots which are used as surrogates for the insoluble part of aircraft-generated black carbon particles in the upper troposphere (UT). The measured water/ice contact angles on the soot surfaces are in the range 60-80 degrees. Factors influencing the soot wetting show a tremendous dependence on the surface chemical composition and microstructure. Wetting characteristics of soots are directly related to its hydrophilicity. The inverse Kelvin effect is considered as a mechanism of ice nucleation which is facilitated by the soot agglomerated structure with interparticle cavities in which condensation takes place on the insoluble surface with a high water contact angle. Estimations of the critical supersaturations needed for the ice condensation growth of particles are provided to determine which of the wetting characteristics are required for cirrus cloud formation in ice saturated regions of the UT.     

便携式烟气预处理器技术在比对监测中的应用

对2种便携式烟气预处理器在比对监测中的实际应用进行探讨,通过对2种烟气预处理器工作原理及在实际应用中的监测数据进行分析比较,显示在"高湿低硫"条件下,电子冷凝预处理器析出的冷凝液会造成二氧化硫的损失,在应用中应加快除水,减少烟气与冷凝水接触的时间,并防止冷凝液出现在伴热管线与预处理器烟气入口之间。而便携式Nafion预处理器由于具有独特的干燥性能,抗干扰能力,在"高湿低硫"的比对监测中具有较好的可比性和适用性。     

Evaluation of acoustical particle counter for the sizing of fog droplets

An acoustical particle counter (or acoustical particle sizing device) was evaluated for counting and sizing of fog droplets. Fog droplets were generated under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Fog droplet sizes were measured by an optical and an electron microscope and compared to results from the acoustical particle counter. Most of the droplets were found to be in the size range of 5–30 µm. The mean diameters estimated from the acoustical particle counter were in agreement with the microscope values of mean droplet diameter. A Rich 100 condensation nuclei monitor was also operated simultaneously during the fog droplet counting to monitor the condensation nuclei counts in the laboratory. The results indicate that condensation nuclei count is inversely correlated with the fog droplet threshold diameter. Aerosols of uniform size (35 µm) were generated by the vibrating orifice monodisperse aerosol generator and counted at three different flow rates by the acoustical particle counter. The counts/liter/minute were similar, indicating the reliability of the acoustical particle counter.     

有机热载体炉大气污染物的适用排放标准

介绍了有机热载体炉的分类和工作原理，并对有机热载体炉与蒸气锅炉的基本特性及其烟尘测试的主要特点进行了比较，提出有机热载体炉大气污染物的适用排放标准应按照GB13271-2001《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》执行。     

Regeneration of granular activated carbon loaded with explosives

Granular activated carbon (GAC) loaded with trinitrotoluene (TNT) and nitrobenzene (NB) were subjected to different atmospheres, such as nitrogen, oxygen, air, steam and an air-steam mixture, at varying temperatures and for different time intervals for regeneration. The air-steam mixture proved to be the best regenerating media for the explosive-loaded GACs. The regeneration of the activated carbon was found to be above 85% for TNT and above 90% for NB loaded carbons.     

Determination of Trace Organochlorinated Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Water

A modified steam distillation liquid-liquid extraction (SDE) device is developed for the enrichment of trace organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in up to one litre of water samples. One ml of n-hexane is sufficient to extract the analytes. The extract can be analysed directly by a capillary gas chromatography-electron capture detector. The recoveries range from 84.6 to 102.3% for OCPs and 80.5 to 106.2% for PCBs, respectively. Matrice materials such as lipids and humic substances were removed by the SDE method from the extract and no further cleanup and concentration steps were needed.     

水蒸气蒸馏-离子选择电极法测定矿冶废水中氟化物

建立了采用水蒸气蒸馏进行预处理,用离子选择电极法测定矿冶废水中的氟化物的方法.实验表明,以硫酸为蒸馏试剂,最佳蒸馏条件为,硫酸用量50 mL,蒸馏温度140 ～150℃,蒸馏时间30 min,方法检出限0.05 mg/L.将该方法用于实际样品分析,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.0％,加标回收率为93.1％.该方法能够有效...     

A dew point signaller for conservation of works of art

All works of art, from paintings, frescoes, sculptures, to monuments and buildings, are affected by diurnal and seasonal variations of the local microclimate, which induce interactions with the environmental atmosphere. Heat and vapour exchanges cause fluxes of heat and mass between the surface and the atmosphere, and may favour the agressivity of environmental pollutants. Condensation-evaporation cycles are recognized as being very important processes which adversely affect the life-time of the work of art. The need to control the microclimate or to stop condensation processes has been resolved by means of a dew-point signaller especially designed to overcome this problem. This paper discusses the characteristics of this device as well as the environmental philosophy which should be followed when conserving works of art.     

Environmental Issues for the Chinese Strong Aromatic Liquor Industry: an Assessment for the Brewing System

Environmental assessments are often performed for industries due to a lot of issues produced in the processes. However, few studies are reported for environmental assessment of Chinese liquor production. A lot of material consumptions in Chinese liquor industries often bring about serious environmental pollution. Thus, Chinese strong aromatic liquor (CSAL) is taken as a representative for the environmental issues assessment of Chinese liquor industry in view of cleaner production (CP). The assessment is performed for the brewing system of CSAL including three main phases: crude liquor brewing, crude liquor blending, and steam production, which addresses resource and energy consumptions and environmental impacts. The results indicate that, according to the standards of Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, the consumptions of materials and energy are acceptable while the water consumption is higher than the requirement. Moreover, the discharge of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the brewing phase is above the standard requirement and contributes much to eutrophication. The total environmental impacts in the blending phase are less than those in the brewing and steam production phases. In detail, in the brewing phase, high concentration of volatile organic compounds in the wastewater results in the odor threshold values and photochemical ozone creation. In the blending phase, the main environmental impact is eutrophication owing to the wastewater. In the steam production phase, the most and least significant impacts are global warming and soot emission, respectively, wherein waste gas emission is dominated. Cost analysis reveals that when the water consumption and COD discharge meet the requirements according to the CP option, there are plenty of economic and environmental benefits for the CSAL industry. The results confirm that the reform strategies for the Chinese liquor enterprise should be performed to decrease the water consumption, promote the utilization efficiency of water, improve recycle and reuse of by-products, reduce the pollutant discharge, and enhance waste treatment efficiency.