城市绿地系统效益评价模型的构建与应用

从城市绿地建设水平偏低的原因分析入手，认为不具备成熟的城市绿地系统效益评价体系是主要原因。运用层次分析法，构建了城市绿地系统效益评价模型，对模型各组成部分进行了详细阐释。以模型对西安市绿地建设的影响为例，介绍了该模型的作用。最后，对模型的应用效果进行了总结，认为基于AHP法的城市绿地系统效益评价模型可有效解决城市绿地系统效益评价问题。     

模糊综合法在城市绿地系统景观生态综合评价中的应用——以 …

绿地是城市人工景观中最重要的自然要素,以往对绿地景观生态的研究主要集中在能量流动和空间结构等方面,很少涉及城市绿地景观生态的综合评价。本文利用融模糊综合评判和模糊聚类分析于一体的模糊综合法对城市绿地系统景观生态进行了综合评价。     

模糊综合法在城市绿地系统景观生态综合评价中的应用——以上海市为例

绿地是城市人工景观中最重要的自然要素,以往对绿地景观生态的研究主要集中在能量流动和空间结构等方面,很少涉及城市绿地景观生态的综合评价。本文利用融模糊综合评判和模糊聚类分析于一体的模糊综合法对城市绿地系统景观生态进行了综合评价。     

综合效益评价方法新探

综合效益评价方法是以效益指标间相乘并运用层次分析法确定权重,其步骤为:分析、选择效益指标,建立综台效益评价递阶层次结构;构造两两比较判断矩阵,计算元素相对权重并进行一致性检验;最后进行综合效益的计算.文中计算并分析了乡镇企业的综合效益.评价方法简便,可信度强.     

川中浅丘农区坡地林农复合系统作物复种方式的综合效益评价

从能量转换效益、价值转换效益方面，对坡地林农复会系统１０种农作物复种方式进行了研究，并用层次分析法（ＡＨＰ）对各复种方式进行综合效益评价。结果表明，１０种复种方式中，小麦一花生的综合效益最高，５种复种方式较高，其余则较低。据此，提出了系列改进措施，供生产中应用。     

佛山城市绿地现状评价体系

通过野外实测和数据收集的方法,运用层次分析法建立了佛山市绿地系统评价指标权重体系。结果表明:佛山市城市绿地系统综合效益处于一般水平,得分为0.383。佛山市绿地系统存在绿地斑块分布不均,绿化植物品种单一,忽视本地种的开发等问题。全绿化率最高的三水区达35.20%,最低绿化率禅城区则只有14.31%;乡土树种仅占全部绿化树种的30%;群落结构较简单,道路附属绿地的群落层片结构多为2层,地被植物品种单一。     

水污染控制工程综合效益评估指标体系研究——以滆湖地区为例

提出了水污染控制工程综合效益评价指标体系建立的原则和方法,并根据水污染控制工程的目标,建立了水污染控制工程综合效益评价指标体系.在此基础上,根据滆湖地区农村特点、水环境状况、经济技术基础等条件确定了滆湖地区水污染控制工程综合效益评价指标的等级标准和权重.     

高速公路绿化综合效益评价体系

高速公路绿化效益的高低是衡量绿化工程质量优劣的关键因素,而缺乏成熟、规范的高速公路绿化综合效益评价体系是导致高速公路绿化失败的主要原因。通过对现有绿化效益评价方法进行总结与分析,发现层次分析法(AHP)是评价高速公路绿化综合效益科学合理的方法。本研究拟采用AHP法,采用专家调查论证的方式,建立了评价指标体系及各层次相关元素的权重值,构建绿化效益评价的基础模型,实现对不同高速公路、同一高速公路的不同路域、不同植物配置模式等的综合绿化效益的评价及比较,促进绿化质量的提高。使高速公路绿化工程建设管理走向规范化。     

遥感与GIS支持下的城市绿地信息提取方法研究--以深圳市为例

城市绿地作为城市结构中的自然生产力主体，在城市系统中起着重要作用。传统的城市绿地调查多采用人工普查并结合统计学方法进行城市绿地调查，需要投入大量的人力和资金，但得到的数据精度和现时性都较差，而采用高分辨率遥感卫星数据与地理信息系统相结合的方法，可以达到对城市绿地遥感数据的快速特征提取和准确的空间统计分析。文章采用基于遥感和GIS相结合的方法，并以深圳市为例，进行了城市绿地特征提取方法的研究和应用分析。     

干旱半干旱地区城市单位附属绿地配置模式评价——以神东矿区为例

调查了神东矿区23个单位附属绿地的绿化结构,测定并评价了绿地的各种功能效益和蒸腾耗水量,最后选择绿地持续稳定、功能效益、蒸腾耗水量、整体美景度4个方面10个指标,用主成分分析法综合评价了不同绿地配置模式的优劣顺序,筛选出较好的配置模式。评价分析表明:上湾小学总体表现最好,神东煤矿职工生活小区总体表现普遍较差;绿量是决定城市绿地功能效益的关键因素,城市绿化不仅要增加绿化覆盖率,还要注重提高单位面积绿地绿量;乔木树种不仅绿量和发挥的功能效益最大,蒸腾耗水量也很大,因此,干旱半干旱地区城市单位附属绿地在提高节水乔木树种(如新疆杨Populus alba var．pyramidalis)比例的同时,还应注重配置花灌木树种(如玫瑰Rosa rugosa、紫丁香Syringa oblata),并适当地用自然杂草代替人工草坪覆盖地表,以适应干旱地区水分短缺的需求。     

城市绿地系统生物多样性保护的策略探讨

生物多样性是提高城市绿地系统生态功能的前提和城市多样化景观的基础。通过保护自然遗留地,建立绿色生态网络,开发利用地带性物种,尤其是乡土植物,并有节制地引进外域特色樾的,扩大多样性物种的种群增加绿地规模,促进公园和环城绿带的自然化,营造生物多样性高的复层群落结构,形成具有地域性植被征的城市生物多样性格局提高绿地系统的生物多样性。     

Effects of urban greenspace configuration and native vegetation on bee and wasp reproduction

Pollinator welfare is a recognized research and policy target, and urban greenspaces have been identified as important habitats. Yet, landscape-scale habitat fragmentation and greenspace management practices may limit a city's conservation potential. We examined how landscape configuration, composition, and local patch quality influenced insect nesting success across inner-city Cleveland, Ohio (U.S.A.), a postindustrial legacy city containing a high abundance of vacant land (over 1600 ha). Here, 40 vacant lots were assigned 1 of 5 habitat treatments (T1, vacant lot; T2, grass lawn; T3, flowering lawn; T4, grass prairie; and T5, flowering prairie), and we evaluated how seeded vegetation, greenspace size, and landscape connectivity influenced cavity-nesting bee and wasp reproduction. Native bee and wasp larvae were more abundant in landscapes that contained a large patch (i.e., >6 ha) of contiguous greenspace, in habitats with low plant biomass, and in vacant lots seeded with a native wildflower seed mix or with fine-fescue grass, suggesting that fitness was influenced by urban landscape features and habitat management. Our results can guide urban planning by demonstrating that actions that maintain large contiguous greenspace in the landscape and establish native plants would support the conservation of bees and wasps. Moreover, our study highlights that the world's estimated 350 legacy cities are promising urban conservation targets due to their high abundance of vacant greenspace that could accommodate taxa's habitat needs in urban areas.     

广州市城市林业管理信息系统的研制开发

将ＧＩＳ技术引进技术林业研究，建立广州市城市林业管理信息系统，该系统具有采集，管理，分析和更新多种区域空间信息的能力，其分六个子系统，公园管理子系统，绿地管理子系统、市郊森林管理子系统、管理机构管理子系统，法规文件管理子系统。可以文字，数据，报表，图形，录像和声音等方式输入、存储、显示、输出绿化系统各类信息，并能随时查阅，检索、修改、录入、删除各类信息。     

A framework designation for the assessment of urban ecological risks

Urban ecological risks stemming from urbanization are increasing and limiting the capability of China to effectuate sustainable urban development. Therefore, addressing urban ecological risks is an urgent need. Numerous factors are involved in urban ecological risks, including air, water, and soil. Additionally, risk sources and risk receptors are complex and diverse. In this study, urban ecological risks are defined as adverse effects and possibility of impacts on urban ecosystem services resulting from urbanization. Urbanization is recognized as the risk source, and the urban ecosystem is considered the risk receptor. Based on this understanding, the components of urban ecological risks are defined, and the relationships between the components of urban ecological risks are illuminated by establishing an indicator system. Based on previous studies on urban ecological risks, an explicit framework for identification, assessment, and management of urban ecological risks is proposed. For purposes of identification, there are three types of risk sources: population growth, industrial development, and the expansion of built land. Stressors include the accumulation of contaminants, consumption of resources, and occupation of space. Assessment endpoints are divided into provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. In response to urban ecological risks having multiple stressors and multiple assessment endpoints, we assessed risks both with a single stressor/single endpoint and comprehensive ecological risks. In our framework, the physical or material assessment of ecosystem services is adopted as the core method for the analysis of urban ecological risk, because it is believed that the analysis of urban ecological risk should be based on the physical or material assessment of ecosystem services instead of the value assessment of ecosystem services. The results of the single value assessment of urban ecosystem services will cause the deviation from the purpose of urban ecosystem services assessment. The purpose of urban ecosystem services assessment is to maintain and/or improve the capability of urban ecosystems of providing physical or material services, and further to reduce or avoid the occurrence risks of unsustainable cities. Additionally, a multi-level characterization method was adopted for the results of urban ecological risk assessment. In this study, we established a platform to manage urban ecological risks based on landscape ecology and environmental internet of things technologies, and to effectuate online urban ecological risk identification, assessment, and management via this platform.     

An integrated assessment method of urban drainage system: A case study in Shenzhen City, China

In recent years, the urban drainage system in China is facing the dual pressure of renovation and construction. This requires that the integrated assessment for the planning and operation of the urban drainage system is obligatory. To evaluate the urban drainage system, an integrated assessment methodology based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), integrated simulation, and fuzzy assessment is established. This method is a multi-criteria decision adding app roach to the assessment of the urban drainage system comprehensively. Through the integration of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), a simple wastewater treatment plant model, and a surface water quality model, an integrated modelling system for the urban drainage system is developed and applied as a key tool for assessment. Using the established method, a case study in Shenzhen City has been implemented to evaluate and compare two urban drainage system reno vation plans, the distributed plan and the centralized plan. Because of the particularity of this case study, the established method is not applied entirely. Considering the water environ mental impact, ecological impact, technological feasibility, and economic cost, the integrated performance of the distri buted plan is better. As shown in this case study, the proposed method is found to be both effective and practical.     

Assessment and management of urbanization-induced ecological risks

The urban ecological risk incurred during the processes of urbanization has been constantly accumulating, creating a severe challenge for China to achieve sustainable urban development. At present, research on systematic evaluation of urban ecological risks is still inadequate, especially at an urban ecosystem level. In this special issue, we use Xiamen City as an example to identify the sources and receptors of urban ecological risks, to develop a methodology system of urban ecological risk assessment, and to propose a method for the management of urban ecological risks. This special issue contains 11 research articles resulting from a comprehensive research project funded by China’s National Natural Science Foundation. The innovations reported in this special issue include a framework of urban ecological risk assessment and a standardized procedure for carrying out urban ecological risk assessment using multiple stressors and endpoints.     

A multi-level characterization method for the assessment of urban ecological risks

Urban ecological risk characterization is the final step in risk assessment and an important foundation upon which risk managers build risk aversion, risk control, and emergency handling strategies. In this study, we reviewed present risk characterization methods and proposed a multi-level characterization method for the assessment of urban ecological risks. The new characterization method consists of four elements: urban ecological risk sources, risk source probabilities, assessment endpoint indicators, and assessment endpoint indicator probabilities. Using this method, results of risk assessments can be organized into different levels of detail to meet different risk management goals.     

基于属性理论的长株潭城市群生态系统健康评价

城市生态系统是一种高度人工化的自然-社会-经济复合生态系统,其健康状况直接影响到城市的可持续发展。针对城市生态系统健康评价标准的不确定性问题,在构建评价指标体系的基础上,提出了基于属性理论的城市生态系统健康评价模型及评价方法。以长株潭城市群为研究区域,运用该模型和方法对其生态系统健康进行了综合评价。评价结果表明：长株潭城市群的生态系统现状属于一般健康类,其中自然生态子系统对区域整体健康状况有较大影响,评价结果与实际情况大体吻合。通过对各子系统层的健康度分析,识别了健康限制因素,并提出了相应的调控措施。采用属性理论方法开展城市生态系统健康评价,能较好地识别系统层综合健康状况和子系统层的健康状况,具有一定的实用价值,其评价结果为促进城市生态建设,有效实施生态系统健康管理提供了科学依据。     

区域大气环境质量变化趋势研究

本文研究了城市及其开发区域大气环境质量变化趋势的计算方法，并对一城市开发区进行了实例研究，应用本文的方法可以对城市及其开发区进行多点源和的影响下大气环境质量模拟。预测，评价与规划。     

城市环境质量多级模糊综合评价

文章将模糊聚类与层次分析相结合,提出了城市环境质量多级模糊综合评价法,并将该方法应用于宣州市环境质量综合评价,结果表明,该方法克服了综合指数法受人为因素影响大的缺点,较好地反映了环境质量分级界限的模糊性,并且较好地解决了权值分配问题,使评价结论更合理,可靠,是一种有价值的城市环境质量综合评价方法。