铝炭微电解处理刚果红废水的效果及脱色机理研究

采用铝炭微电解法处理刚果红废水,通过批式实验和正交试验考察了主要因素对刚果红脱色及COD去除效果的影响,并采用紫外扫描、离子色谱及LC-MS分析了脱色产物.结果表明,在铝粉投加量为8～24 g·L-1范围内,刚果红脱色率及COD去除率均随铝粉投加量的增加而提高,合适的铝粉投加量为16 ～24 g·L-1;刚果红脱色率和COD去除率随着铝炭质量比的减小呈现先增加后降低的趋势,适宜的铝炭质量比为1∶3～1∶1;初始pH对处理效果影响最大,在pH为10～12.5时,刚果红脱色率及COD去除率随着pH升高而急剧增加;在溶解氧为1.25 ～7.59 mg·L-1的范围内,刚果红脱色率及COD去除率随着溶解氧的升高而降低.最佳条件(铝粉投加量24 g·L-1、铝炭质量比1:2、pH=12、反应时间90 min)下,刚果红脱色率及COD去除率分别为90.4％和78.6％刚果红脱色历程为:刚果红分子中的N=N双键在新生态[H]的攻击下断裂,生成3,4-二氨基萘-1-磺酸盐和4-氨基3-((4’-氨基-[1,1'-联苯]-4-基)偶氮基)萘-1磺酸盐;后者在[H]的进一步作用下,发生N=N双键的断裂,转化为3,4-二.氨基萘-1-磺酸盐和联苯胺,萘环开环和C-S键断键,分别生成4-氨基-3-((4’-氨基-[1,1’-联苯]-4-基)偶氮基)-1-磺酸盐和2-((4'-氨基-[1,1’-联苯]-4-基)偶氮基)-1-萘胺.研究表明,铝炭微电解法不能将刚果红完全矿化.     

In situ stabilization remediation of cadmium contaminated soils of wastewater irrigation region using sepiolite

The effects of immobilization remediation of Cd-contaminated soils using sepiolite on soil pH, enzyme activities and microbial communities, TCLP-Cd (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure-Cd) concentration, and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) growth and Cd uptake and accumulation were investigated. Results showed that the addition of sepiolite could increase soil pH, while the TCLP-Cd concentration in soil was decreased with increasing sepiolite. The changes of soil enzyme activities and bacteria number indicated that a certain metabolic recovery occurred after the sepiolite treatments, and spinach shoot biomass increased by 58.5%-65.5% in comparison with the control group when the concentration of sepiolite was ≤qslant 10 g/kg. However, the Cd concentrations in the shoots and roots of spinach decreased with an increase in the rate of sepiolite, experiencing 38.4%-59.1% and 12.6%-43.6% reduction, respectively, in contrast to the control. The results indicated that sepiolite has the potential for success on a field scale in reducing Cd entry into the food chain.     

污灌区镉污染土壤钝化修复及其生态效应研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了海泡石对Cd污染污灌区土壤的钝化修复效应及其对土壤环境质量的影响.结果表明,施用海泡石显著地降低了土壤有效态Cd含量(P<0.05),可交换态Cd比例下降了0.8%~3.8%,而残渣态Cd比例增加了0.5%~9.8%.投加海泡石明显地促进菠菜生长,与对照相比,地上部和根部干重分别增加了0.94~2.11倍和1.63~5.21倍.添加海泡石后,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性分别增加了5.1%~15.4%、14.2%~28.8%和23.5%~34.0%,细菌和真菌的数量分别增加了15.5%~91.7%和45.6%~96.5%.菠菜体内Cd含量、富集系数和转移系数随土壤中海泡石添加量的增加而降低,与对照相比,地上部和根部Cd含量分别降低了19.9%~45.6%和51.2%~70.2%,且在海泡石投加浓度达到5%时,菠菜可食部Cd含量达到国家食品卫生标准的要求.     

Treatment of a dyeing wastewater from a woolen mill using an A/O membrane bio-reactor

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｄｙｅｉｎｇｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｏｆｗｏｏｌｅｎｍｉｌｌｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓａｌｏｔｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓａｃｉｄｉｃｄｙｅｓ,ｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｅｄｙｅｓ,ｍｏｒｄａｎｔｄｙｅｓ,ａｕｘｉｌｉａｒｉｅｓ,ｓａｌｔｓａｎｄｓｏｏｎ .Ｔｈｅｅｆｆｌｕｅｎｔｓｆｒｏｍｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｐｌａｎｔｓｆｏｒｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｄｙｅｉｎｇｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｏｆｗｏｏｌｅｎｍｉｌｌｓｗｉｔｈｎｏｒｍａｌｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅ…     

Treatment of a dyeing wastewater from a woolen mill using an A/O membrane bio-reactor

An anaerobic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR) was used for treatment of dyeing wastewater from a woolen mill.COD and color of the wastewater were 54-473 mg/L and 40-400 dilution time (DT) respectively. The ratio of BOD5/COD was less than 0.13. By the A/O MBR process, the average removal of COD, BOD5, color and turbidity was 82％, 96％, 71％ and 99％, respectively. The average COD, BOD5, color and turbidity of effluent was 37 nag/L, 0.8 mg/L, 40 DT and 0.44 NUT respectively. The effluent COD met the local standard of reuse water in Beijing, China. The average COD volume load of the anaerobic biological tank was 0. 0483 kgCOD/(m3·d) and that of the aeration tank of the MBR was 0. 3589 kgCOD/(m3·d). The sludge load of the MBR was 0.19 kgCOD/(kg· MLSS· d) on average and the maximum of that was 0.4 kgCOD/( kg· MLSS· d).The flux of the A/O membrane bioreactor could be remained at larger than 50 L/(h· m2· 0.1MPa). The results indicated that A/O membrane bioreactor has technical feasibility for treatment of woolen mill wastewater.     

催化氧化处理糠醛废水

用Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４作催化剂,过氧化氢氧化好氧法,再经过活性炭吸附和离子交换树脂处理,使好氧法处理过的糠醛废水ＣＯＤ_ｃr值从２３２０ｍｇ／Ｌ降至１５６ｍｇＬ,ＣＯＤ_cr去除率达到９３．３％,认为糠醛废水处理提供了科学依据。     

A/O生物膜法强化处理石化废水及生物膜种群结构研究

采用A/O生物膜反应器处理石化综合废水.反应器在O段添加装有改性聚氨酯泡沫的多孔塑料球载体,强化有机物的降解效率.反应器进水分别为水解酸化池出水(阶段I),石化工业废水与生活污水比例为3:1(阶段II)以及单纯的石化工业废水(阶段III). 结果表明,尽管进水COD和氨氮波动较大,但出水COD和氨氮的去除率保持稳定,说明生物膜反应器具有较好的抗冲击负荷能力.在HRT为30h, COD和氨氮的去除率为74%~77%和96%~93%,总氮和总磷的去除率为58%和79%.第II阶段进水为工业废水和生活污水混合的处理效果最好,出水COD和氨氮浓度分别为(63±12)mg/L和(0.75±0.28)mg/L.出水总氮主要为硝酸氮,亚硝酸氮的浓度很低(小于0.1mg/L),表明硝化作用进行得较为完全.进水中有机物的分子量主要分布在小于1kDa(70.9%)和大于100kDa(10.4%).出水中大于10kDa的有机物所占比例减小,分子量主要分布在小于1kDa(56.6%)和1~5kDa(26.2%),表明A/O生物膜反应器对大分子有机物的降解较好.454高通量测序结果表明: 生物膜中变形菌门菌群所占比例最大(60.0%),其次是浮霉菌门(16.9%)和拟杆菌门(9.8%).在属的水平检测到氨氧化菌(AOB)Nitrosomonas和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB) Nitrospiraceae Nitrospira以及反硝化菌Azospira和Thermomonas.NOB的比例较高,这与反应器较好的硝化作用相一致.     

基于特定场地的挥发/半挥发有机化合物(VOC/SVOC)空间分布与修复边界确定

选择我国某典型的废弃化工污染场地为研究对象,在对场地全面调查的基础上,采用美国试验与材料学会(ASTM)规范的场地环境评价方法,对场地中污染物类型、污染程度和空间分布进行了描述.同时,以人体健康风险为基础对场地修复目标进行推算,并界定修复边界和测算污染土壤体积.结果表明,四氯化碳、四氯乙烯、五氯乙烷、六氯丁二烯、六氯乙烷和六氯苯等挥发/半挥发性有机化合物为场地土壤中的主要污染物类型,其含量超过我国现有标准.根据场地特性,以最大可接受风险水平1×10-4、1×10-5和1×10-6计算得出的修复目标值界定修复边界,场地中对应区域的污染土壤体积分别为20457、25600和37300m3.最后,根据综合场地利用规划和成本投入要求,对场地中污染土壤分类处理和修复提出了技术建议.     

Pretreatment of heterocyclic pesticide wastewater using ultrasonic/ozone combined process

Ultrasonic/O3 combined process was employed to pretreat heterocyclic pesticide wastewater for increasing biodegradability and reducing biological toxicity. Influences of ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic power, probe diameter, initial pH and O3 dosage on the COD removal were studied. The results showed that the ultrasonic/O3 process significantly improved the biodegradability and reduced the biological toxicity of the wastewater. The ratio of BOD5/COD was increased from 0.03 to 0.55 and the EC50 increased from 11% to 52% under ultrasonic/O3 treatment. Low ultrasonic frequency brought better COD removal. Initial pH was found to have a high influence on the COD removal and alkaline conditions were more favorable. The influences of ultrasonic power and probe diameter were small. With an increase in O3 dosage, COD removal was e ectively improved. The optimal operational parameters for the combined process on COD removal were ultrasonic frequency 20 kHz, initial pH 9.00, ultrasonic power 300Wand dosage of O3 454.8 mg/(L min), under which the e ciency of COD removal reached 67.2%.     

稠油乳化段废水厌氧处理过程中COD与BOD5的协同变化及可生化性研究

稠油乳化段废水中的主要污染物为有机聚合物和石油类污染物，BOD5／COD值极低，可生化性差，通过厌氧处理可使污染物发生水解反应，BOD5／COD值由0．08升为0．15（288h)，与其它难降解有机废水的厌处理结果不同，在BOD5增加的同时，COD亦大幅度增加，而在全部厌氧反应过程中，TOC一直呈下降趋势，表明水样中的污染物在生物作用下不断得到消减；在COD达到最高时，石油类污染物中胶质的浓度大幅度降低，烷烃的浓度升高，说明以胶质为代表的大分子污染物因子解反应，由K2Cr2O7不能氧化状态变为可氧化状态，导致COD测量值显著升高。     

焦化废水处理过程中固相物质的形成及处置方法评价

焦化废水处理过程中产生的焦油、污泥和结晶杂盐等固相物质,既有资源属性,又有污染特性,但目前缺乏基于能源、经济及环境影响方面的评估.本研究阐述了3类固相物质的形成机制,建立了质量当量计算及处置方法评价模型.以宝武集团韶关钢铁股份有限公司焦化厂（二期）焦化废水处理工程的A/O/H/O（厌氧/好氧/水解/好氧）流化床工艺作为考察对象,利用工程运行参数和水质统计数据进行固相物质的产量推算,结果发现,焦油、物化污泥、生物污泥（含水率为80%）和工业杂盐的产率分别为0.186、5.80、4.24和1.97 kg·m^-3.通过处置方法评价模型明确了焦油焚烧、污泥热解、结晶杂盐分盐提纯后工业应用是最佳处置方案,在60 m³·h^-1废水处理规模的固相物质处置过程中,每年约产生1177 MWh的能源,获得135.0万元的经济效益,排放627.0 t CO₂,表明能源回收、经济效益和环境影响的协同存在.     

Treatment of bleaching wastewater from pulp paper plants in China using enzymes and coagulants

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＢｌｅａｃｈｉｎｇｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｆｒｏｍｐｕｌｐｐａｐｅｒｐｌａｎｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｍａｎｙｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｉｎａｔｅｄｏｒｇａｎｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｐｒｏｖｅｄｔｏｂｅｃａｒｃｉｎｏｇｅｎｉｃ，ｍｕｔａｇｅｎｉｃａｎｄｒｅｆｒａｃｔｏｒｙ（Ｇｅｌｌｍａｎ，１９８８；Ｐａａｓｉｖｉｒｔａ，１９８８；Ｇａｒｄｅｎ，１９９０；Ｓｕｎｔｉｏ，１９８８；Ｖｕｏｒｉｎｅｎ，１９８７；Ｓｅｐｐａｌａ，１９８８）．Ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ，ｉｎｃ…     

生化—混凝沉淀—砂滤工艺处理毛巾印染废水

根据毛巾印染废水水质特点 ,选择了厌氧折流板反应池 -生物接触氧化池 -混凝沉淀 -砂滤处理工艺。运行结果表明 ,在进水水质为 :CODCr5 89～ 2 980 mg/L、BOD5 2 49～ 5 3 4 mg/L、SS12 3～ 190 mg/L、色度 3 0 0～80 0倍、p H8.76～ 9.5 6时 ,出水水质达到《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》( GB42 87— 92 )一级标准。该处理系统耐冲击负荷 ,运行稳定、简单 ,基建和运行费用较低。     

超声波强化零价铁/过硫酸钾体系处理柠檬酸镍络合废水

以柠檬酸镍络合废水为目标废水,考察了超声波(US)强化零价铁(Fe~0)/过硫酸钾(PS)体系的初始pH、过硫酸钾用量(C_(PS))、超声波功率、零价铁与过硫酸钾质量比(m)、零价铁粒径(d_(Fe~0))对镍去除的影响.结果表明,在超声波功率为600 W,pH为3,过硫酸钾用量为0.45g·L~(-1),Fe~0∶PS(质量比)为0.8,零价铁粒径为75μm的条件下反应60 min时,镍的去除率可以达到100%.不同体系的对照实验和反应前后零价铁SEM、EDS分析结果表明,US/Fe~0/PS体系效果明显优于US/Fe~0、US/PS和Fe~0/PS体系,超声波对Fe~0/PS体系具有强化作用,能促进零价铁持续释放具有催化作用的Fe~(2+).最后,通过红外光谱和紫外光谱分析了柠檬酸镍破络机理.TOC变化规律表明,体系矿化速率低于体系中柠檬酸的降解速率,说明柠檬酸镍降解首先是一个快速破络过程,随后是破络后的中间产物进一步降解矿化.     

光合细菌和螺旋藻对啤酒废水的净化与利用研究

应用ＰＳＢ将啤酒废水中的有机质降解处理为无机质，用甲壳絮凝沉降除去ＰＳＢ后加入螺旋藻进行培养。小型动态模拟实验结果表明ＰＳＢ和螺旋藻不仅能高效地净化啤酒废水。     

光合细菌和螺旋藻对啤酒废水的净化与利用研究

应用ＰＳＢ将啤酒废水中的有机质降解处理为无机质，用甲壳质絮凝沉降除去ＰＳＢ后加入螺旋藻进行培养．小型动态模拟实验结果表明ＰＳＢ和螺旋藻不仅能高效地净化啤酒废水，对ＣＯＤ和ＮＨ＋４Ｎ的去除率达１００％，而且能回收数量可观（７８１ｍｇ（干重）／（Ｌ·ｄ）），营养价值高（蛋白质含量为４９３ｇ／１００ｇ（干重））的螺旋藻，还研究了ｐＨ、溶解氧、光照、光合细菌密度等因子对ＰＳＢ去除废水有机质的影响．     

Treatment of phenol wastewater by microwave-induced CIO_2-CuO_x/Al_2O_3 catalytic oxidation process

The catalyst of CuO_x/Al_2O_3 was prepared by the dipping-sedimentation method usingγ-Al_2O_3 as a supporter.CuO and Cu_2O were loaded on the surface of Al_2O_3,characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).In the presence of CuO_x/Al_2O_3,the microwave-induced chlorine dioxide(ClO_2) catalytic oxidation process was conducted for the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing 100 mg/L phenol.The factors influencing phenol removal were investigated and the results showed that microwave-induced ClO_2-CuO_x/Al_2O_3 process could effectively degrade contaminants in a short reaction time with a low oxidant dosage,extensive pH range.Under a given condition(ClO_2 concentration 80 mg/L,microwave power 50 W,contact time 5 min,catalyst dosage 50 g/L,pH 9),phenol removal percentage approached 92.24%,corresponding to 79.13% of COD_(Cr) removal.The removal of phenol by microwave-induced ClO_2-CuO_x/Al_2O_3 catalytic oxidation process was a complicated non-homogeneous solid/water reaction, which fitted pseudo-first-order by kinetics.Compared with traditional ClO_2 oxidation,ClO_2 catalytic oxidation and microwave-induced ClO_2 oxidation,microwave-induced ClO_2 catalytic oxidation system could significantly enhance the degradation efficiency.It provides an effective technology for the removal of phenol wastewater.     

中试规模ABR反应器提高印染废水的可生化性

采用厌氧折流式反应器（ABR）处理印染废水。结果表明,在其他条件不做人为改变的前提下,保证PH为9左右,温度处于25℃时,水力停留时间（HRT）会明显影响出水的BOD5／CODcr（以下简写为B／C）。在HRT为10h,8．5h,12h,1411,16h,15h出水B／C均值为O．23,O．21,O．25,0．28,0．27,0．30。在HR．T为15h,出水的BOD5／CODcr值明显提高,实现了可生化性的有效改善。从运行管理的经济性和提高出水的可生化性考虑,处理印染废水的HRT选择15h为佳．     

同时产甲烷反硝化与硝化串联工艺处理淀粉废水

采用UASB作为同时产甲烷反硝化反应器、AUSB作为好氧硝化反应器的串联工艺处理实际淀粉废水.结果表明:①将好氧反应器的出水硝化液按1:1～3:1的回流比回流到UASB反应器,可在其中实现同时产甲烷反硝化,进水有机(以COD计)负荷约为11kg·m-3·d-1时,COD去除率为95%;NO-3-N负荷可达0.48 kg·m-3·d-1,NO-3-N去除率高达100%.②UASB反应器的出水进入AUSB反应器,其有机负荷为0.5～2 5 kg·m-3·d-1,去除率为63%～91%;氨氮负荷为0.2～0.9 kg·m-3·d-1,去除率在98.8%以上.③串联工艺在回流比为1:1、2:1、3:1下,COD去除率分别为98.7%、98.3%、99.3%,总氮去除率分别为72.9%、76.3%、82.9%.④随着UASB反应器内进水硝酸盐负荷的增加,其颗粒污泥与接种污泥相比,粒径明显增加,平均密度先增加后减小,最大比产甲烷活性先降低,而后有较大提高.     

多段A/O工艺处理制革废水一级生化出水的效能

针对现有制革废水处理工艺难以使氨氮达标排放的问题,引入多段A/O工艺(MAOP)作为制革废水二级生物处理单元,探讨分段进水、水力停留时间(HRT)以及污泥回流比(R)对其COD和氨氮同步去除的影响.结果证明,无论是否分段进水,四段MAOP对制革废水一级生化出水均有良好的COD去除效果,当污泥停留时间(SRT)为18d、HRT不小于24h时,其出水浓度都可保持在300mg/L以下,满足GB8978-1996二级排放标准.在各段进水比为4:3:2:1、R 100%、HRT 48h、SRT 18d条件下,MAOP对制革废水一级生化出水的氨氮去除率高达97.7%,出水浓度3.6mg/L左右,达到GB8978-1996一级排放标准.MAOP同时具备反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化等多种脱氮机制,是一种颇具前景的制革废水生物脱氮技术.