Water quality monitoring and assessment of an urban Mediterranean lake facilitated by remote sensing applications

Degradation of water quality is a major problem worldwide and often leads to serious environmental impacts and concerns about public health. In this study, the water quality monitoring and assessment of the Koumoundourou Lake, a brackish urban shallow lake located in the northeastern part of Elefsis Bay (Greece), were evaluated. A number of water quality parameters (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, electrical conductivity, turbidity, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a concentration) were analyzed in water samples collected bimonthly over a 1-year period from five stations throughout the lake. Moreover, biological quality elements were analysed seasonally over the 1-year period (benthic fauna). Statistical analysis was performed in order to evaluate the water quality of the lake and distinguish sources of variation measured in the samples. Furthermore, the chemical and trophic status of the lake was evaluated according to the most widely applicable classification schemes. Satellite images of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper were used in order for algorithms to be developed and calculate the concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The trophic status of the lake was characterized as oligotrophic based on phosphorus and as mesotrophic–eutrophic based on Chl-a concentrations. The results of the remote sensing application indicated a relatively high coefficient of determination (R ²) among point sampling results and the remotely sensed data, which implies that the selected algorithm is reliable and could be used for the monitoring of Chl-a concentration in the particular water body when no field data are available.     

Water Quality Changes in Chini Lake, Pahang, West Malaysia

A study of the water quality changes of Chini Lake was conducted for 12 months, which began in May 2004 and ended in April 2005. Fifteen sampling stations were selected representing the open water body in the lake. A total of 14 water quality parameters were measured and Malaysian Department of Environment Water Quality Index (DOE-WQI) was calculated and classified according to the Interim National Water Quality Standard, Malaysia (INWQS). The physical and chemical variables were temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), turbidity, chlorophyll-a, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), ammonia-N, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate. Results show that base on Malaysian WQI, the water in Chini Lake is classified as class II, which is suitable for recreational activities and allows body contact. With respect to the Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS), temperature was within the normal range, conductivity, TSS, nitrate, sulphate and TDS are categorized under class I. Parameters for DO, pH, turbidity, BOD, COD and ammonia-N are categorized under class II. Comparison with eutrophic status indicates that chlorophyll-a concentration in the lake was in mesotrophic condition. In general water quality in Chini Lake varied temporally and spatially, and the most affected water quality parameters were TSS, turbidity, chlorophyll-a, sulphate, DO, ammonia-N, pH and conductivity.     

Selection of appropriate sampling stations in a lake through mapping

Much valuable information is obtained from water quality measurements and monitoring of lakes around the world. A powerful tool is the use of mapping techniques, as it offers potential use in water quality research. Both remote sensing techniques and traditional water quality monitoring are required to collect data at sampling stations. This study suggests another approach to determine the most appropriate distribution of sampling stations in water reservoirs that will be mapped for water quality parameters. Tests were conducted for the proposed approach for Secchi disc depth (SDD), chlorophyll-a, turbidity and suspended solids parameters in Lake Beysehir, Turkey. Results of analysis are available for a total of 30 sampling stations in August 2006. Ten sampling stations were used to model Lake Beysehir while the others were used for validation of the model. Sampling stations that offered the best representation of the lake for each parameter were determined. Then, the best representative sampling stations for all parameters in the study were determined. Moreover, in order to confirm the accuracy of these re-determined sampling stations, modelling was performed on the results of the analysis of June 2006, and it was found that the values obtained from the re-determined sampling stations were acceptable.     

洋河水库水质主成分分析

自20世纪80年代以来,洋河水库每年夏季都爆发“水华”现象,水质不断恶化。为研究水库水体水质年变化情况,于2005年对水库5个采样点的叶绿素a(Chl-a)、总磷(TP)等12项水化学指标进行为期1年的监测。采用基于因子分析的主成分分析方法,将洋河水库水质参数概括为5个主要成分,并分析各个主成分的含义以及其月均值随时间的变化规律。最后结合空间数据,分析了5个主成分年均值的空间分布特征和意义。结果表明,南库区的水质要明显好于北库区。     

Fuzzy Logic Model to Estimate Seasonal Pseudo Steady State Chlorophyll-A Concentrations in Reservoirs

A fuzzy logic model is developed to estimate pseudo steady state chlorophyll-a concentrations in a very large and deep dam reservoir, namely Keban Dam Reservoir, which is also highly spatial and temporal variable. The estimation power of the developed fuzzy logic model was tested by comparing its performance with that from the classical multiple regression model. The data include chlorophyll-a concentrations in Keban lake as a response variable, as well as several water quality variables such as PO₄ phosphorus, NO₃ nitrogen, alkalinity, suspended solids concentration, pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration and Secchi depth as independent environmental variables. Because of the complex nature of the studied water body, as well as non-significant functional relationships among the water quality variables to the chlorophyll-a concentration, an initial analysis is conducted to select the most important variables that can be used in estimating the chlorophyll-a concentrations within the studied water body. Following the outcomes from this initial analysis, the fuzzy logic model is developed to estimate the chlorophyll-a concentrations and the advantages of this new model is demonstrated in model fitting over the traditional multiple regression method.     

宁波市饮用水源地爆发蓝藻水华时微囊藻毒素的污染分析

通过固相萃取净化,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法测定水中微囊藻毒素MC-LR和MC-RR的方法,并用该方法监测了宁波市两个饮用水源地爆发蓝藻水华时水体中的微囊藻毒素.监测结果表明,姚江水体中的微囊藻毒素污染水平低,MC-LR和MC-RR没有被检出;梅湖水库水体中MC-RR也未被检出,采取措施后,虽MC-LR有时被检出,但最高时也低于国家标准值(1.0μg/L).     

三峡库区大宁河回水段水华暴发时空分布特征分析

对三峡库区一级支流大宁河巫山段2004年到2008年常规监测、水华期间加密监测以及单个测点水华垂线24小时监测数据进行了统计、分析及评价。结果发现,该河段水华暴发具有明显的时空分布特征,时间上,全年各月份均有出现,但主要集中在3～6月,占观测频次的79%;24小时内叶绿素a含量在下午16:00～18:00时间段内达到最大值;空间上,总体呈现出离入长江口越近暴发的频次越高,回水河湾较平直河道,宽阔河段较狭窄河段更重的趋势,主要集中在大宁河的开阔河段(小三峡三个峡谷之间及其上、下游开阔河段);24小时内水华垂线分布明显,0.5～5m的叶绿素a含量上层高于下层,水面下30m及以下区域叶绿素a含量变化不显著。     

Microcystins and cyanobacteria trends in a 14 year monitoring of a temperate eutrophic reservoir (Aguieira, Portugal)

A monitoring program of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in the framework of the surveillance of the Water Treatment Plant efficiency of the municipality of Santa Comba D?o (Portugal) was conducted from 1994 until 2007. With these data we aimed to answer the question, are MCs produced evenly over the years in a single water body? Samples were taken by the local health authorities in the site of the Water treatment plant and analyzed for total phytoplankton, cyanobacteria and the hepatotoxic cyanotoxins microcystins (MCs). Apart from 1999 and 2000, cyanobacteria represented a high proportion of total phytoplankton, attaining during several months of the year more than 90% of total phytoplankton density. A total of 24 cyanobacteria species were identified and Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae were the main potentially toxic cyanobacteria species present throughout the period. MC concentration varied between 0.3 μg MC-LR eq l?1 in October 98 and 87.0 μg MC-LR eq l?1 in September 2001. The evolution of the average cell quota does not reveal any especial trend, although in 2001 the quota was the highest but not significantly different from the other years. The threshold limit of 5000 cells per ml of Microcystis aeruginosa should be taken into consideration in monitoring programs because the 10,000 cells per ml proposed by several other national programs might not be enough to prevent human health risks. Due to high annual variation in MC cell quota, monitoring programs of cyanobacteria and MC should be extended in time, since short term studies do not provide us the data needed for a safe management of a water body used for human purposes.     

Long-term trends and short-term variability of water quality in Skive Fjord, Denmark – nutrient load and mussels are the primary pressures and drivers that influence water quality

Nineteen years of monitoring data from the eutrophic Skive Fjord, Denmark were examined for linkages to external pressures and drivers, including nutrient inputs, meteorology and stocks of blue mussels. Linkages were examined by: 1) time-series analysis to document effects of nutrient reduction programs, 2) Pearson Rank correlations, 3) multivariate statistical analysis (PLS) to identify water quality variables with high predictability and their linkages to pressures, and 4) regression analysis to quantify relationships between pressures and water quality. Freshwater input, nitrogen load and phosphorus load showed decreasing trends through the period 1984–2002. The load reductions were only partially translated into trends in water quality: phosphorus decreased in most seasons, while total nitrogen decreased during winter and spring only. Phosphorus concentration had the highest predictability (explained by seasonal temperature variation) followed by transparency, silicate, tot-N, chlorophyll-a, primary productivity, phytoplankton diversity and phytoplankton turnover. The variation in pressures other than nutrient input confounded the relations between loads and water quality. High biomass of mussels led to reduced chlorophyll-a and increased transparency, while short-term variability in water column mixing led to changes in chlorophyll-a due to nutrient entrainment and coupling to benthic mussels.     

Determination of chlorophyll-a amount in Golden Horn, Istanbul, Turkey using IKONOS and in situ data

The objective of this research was to explore an accurate and fast way of estimating chlorophyll-a amount, a water quality parameter (WQP), using IKONOS satellite sensor image and in situ measurements. Since the in situ data of WQPs are limited with the number of sampling locations, deriving a correlation between these measurements and remotely sensed image allows synoptic estimates of the related parameter over large areas even if the areas are in remote and inaccessible locations. In this study, simultaneously collected satellite image data and in situ measurements of chlorophyll-a were correlated using multivariate regression model. Different experiments were designed by changing the numbers and distributions of in situ measurements. Regression coefficients of each design and differences between model-derived data and in situ measurements were calculated to find out the optimum design to produce chlorophyll-a map of study region. Results illustrated that both the number and distribution of in situ measurements have impact on regression analysis, therefore should be selected attentively. Also, it is found that IKONOS imagery is an efficient and effective source to derive chlorophyll-a map of the large areas using limited number of ground measurements.     

基于MODIS的西藏典型湖泊叶绿素a浓度反演

叶绿素a浓度是反映湖泊富营养化状态的一个重要参数。以MODIS L1B数据为基础，结合叶绿素a浓度实测数据，基于经验分析法实现了西藏典型湖泊叶绿素a浓度反演研究，并探索了西藏典型湖泊2019年春、夏、秋季叶绿素a浓度的时空变化特征。首先，利用叶绿素a浓度实测数据和MODIS L1B影像不同波段的反射率值进行组合试验，选择最佳波段组合建立模型；其次，分别选用2015年、2017年叶绿素a浓度实测值和反演值对模型进行对比验证；最后，利用叶绿素a浓度反演模型对西藏典型湖泊2019年春、夏、秋季叶绿素a浓度的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明：在空间尺度上，西藏典型湖泊叶绿素a浓度整体上呈现出周围高、中部低的分布特征，且湖岸水体叶绿素a浓度变化较大；在季节尺度上，不同湖泊叶绿素a浓度的季节变化存在较大差异，格仁错和色林错的季节变化幅度较大，纳木错、塔若错和羊卓雍错的季节变化幅度较小。     

Seasonal change and correlation with environmental parameters for 2-MIB in Feng-Shen Reservoir, Taiwan

Two common drinking water earthy/musty odorants, 2-methyl-isoborneol (2-MIB) and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin), were monitored and analyzed for their correlation with environmental conditions in Feng-Shen Reservoir (FSR), Taiwan. Long-term monitoring results, from December 2000 to July 2003, indicated that 2-MIB was present in the reservoir at concentrations between 10 and 200 ng L(-1), and those of geosmin were always smaller than 10 ng L(-1). The 2-MIB concentrations followed a trend of higher concentrations during the warm seasons. After being analyzed with 10 water quality and three meteorological parameters, 2-MIB concentration was found to correlate with corresponding air and water temperatures. An analysis of air temperature history versus 2-MIB concentration in FSR suggested that 2-MIB concentration was best correlated with the mean of average daily temperature from 1 to 9 days before sampling, with R (2) = 0.90. This correlation was further employed to predict the 2-MIB concentration observed during another sampling period in FSR. A similar degree of fit was observed between predictions and experimental data, suggesting the potential applicability of the approach. In addition to the effect of temperature, heavy rainfalls that occurred before the sampling time may also reduce the 2-MIB concentration in the reservoir. A short-term continuous monitoring of the odorants for 32 h showed that both geosmin and 2-MIB concentrations in the reservoir remained almost constant, with only about a 10% difference during the sampling period. This may suggest that the odorants were uniformly distributed in the water near the sampling location in the reservoir.     

洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性

2013年6月至2014年5月逐月对洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度和主要环境因子进行测定,分析洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征,探讨洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度为0.11~8.62 mg/m~3,年均值为(1.89±1.23)mg/m~3,属贫营养;叶绿素a质量浓度随季节变化明显,总体呈现夏、秋季明显大于冬、春季的规律;在空间上,总体表现为西洞庭湖和东洞庭湖明显大于南洞庭湖。全湖叶绿素a质量浓度与水温、电导率、COD和TP呈极显著正相关,与DO、NH3-N、TN和TN/TP呈极显著负相关,与NO-3-N呈显著负相关,与p H和透明度无显著相关性。全湖TN/TP的年均值为28.5,磷可能是洞庭湖水体浮游植物生长的限制性营养盐。     

磁性硅基介孔材料对水中微囊藻毒素的吸附研究

采用水热合成法可控合成了磁性Fe 3O 4@SiO 2和Fe 3O 4@SiO 2@Cu^2+球状核壳介孔材料,研究了模板剂的种类及去除方式对形貌的影响,并将材料用作固相萃取剂选择性吸附水中微囊藻毒素,结合高效液相色谱定量分析来研究其对MC-LR的吸附性能。实验表明,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)模板剂更有利于壳层的形成,3次乙醇振荡萃取的方式对于两种材料均可达到很好的模板剂去除效果,对MC-LR的吸附率分别达到85%和95%以上,而马弗炉煅烧方式则适用于Fe 3O 4@SiO 2@Cu^2+介孔材料的制备。太湖水样中MC-LR的去除实验表明,两种材料能够很好地应用于实际水样处理。     

响应面法优化测定水体中微囊藻毒素

针对水体中低浓度微囊藻毒素(MC-RR和MC-LR)的富集、淋洗、洗脱等前处理环节,采用单因素响应面优化法探讨微囊藻毒素前处理的最佳条件.结果表明:采用体积分数为25％的甲醇水溶液能够取得最佳淋洗效果,由One Factor设计优化得到体积分数为75％的甲醇水溶液作洗脱剂,MC-RR和MC-LR最佳回收率为89.4％和...     

海河流域东北部地表水水源地藻类及代谢物研究

同时对海河流域东北部6个水库型地表水水源地开展了藻类及微囊藻毒素(MC-LR和MC-RR)相关研究工作。研究结果表明:海河流域东北部6个水库型地表水水源地中水体富营养化程度有明显改善,但于桥水库、洋河水库水体仍呈富营养化状态并检出MC-LR和MC-RR。另外,富营养化程度高的水体中蓝藻占明显优势,并且微囊藻毒素浓度与其成正相关关系。虽然检出的MC-RR和MC-LR浓度均低于《生活饮用水卫生规范》标准限制,但是在蓝藻暴发期间(特别是暴发后期)应加密监测,确保微囊藻毒素浓度不会对供水人群健康造成危害。     

What factors determine trace metal contamination in Lake Tonga (Algeria)?

A study of trace metal (TM) contamination was conducted at Lake Tonga (Algeria), a site surrounded by several indirect contamination point sources such as an abandoned mine and steelworks. Studying two sampling sites over four seasons, we were able to depict the spatial and temporal variability of TM contamination in the lake. Among the seven TM examined (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cr), only Fe, Pb, and Cd showed concentrations significantly higher than the site’s geological background. The contamination index (sediment concentration/background concentration) calculated for these three TM (Cd = 1.9?±?1.6, Fe = 6.8?±?1.8, and Pb = 3.3?±?2.6) clearly indicated anthropogenic contamination. Sediment TM contamination differed both between sampling sites and seasons despite environmental variables (e.g., oxygen and pH) being similar, thus suggesting different TM contamination sources. Fe contamination was high at the two sampling sites and over all studied seasons, possibly indicating general lake-scale Fe contamination, probably related to atmospheric deposition of steelworks emissions both on the lake and within the watershed. Lake tributaries were further suspected of channeling Fe contamination from the watershed into the lake. On the other hand, the sampling site close to the outlet was especially rich in Cd and Pb typically reflecting contamination by mine wastes. The indirect connection between the abandoned mine and the lake indicates that runoff of mine leachates through groundwater was likely a candidate in explaining the specificity of the TM contamination in this part of the lake. This study provides insights for management of TM contamination by addressing both spatial and temporal variability within the lake as well as differences in contamination sources.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in Songkla Lake

The water quality of Songkla Lake for organochlorine (OC) pesticide contamination was studied from chosen sampling sites (stations) using the lakes geographic data and pollution sources. The water samples were collected monthly from 13 stations in Songkla Lake during September 1991–November 1992. The OC pesticide residues found were Heptachlor, Heptachlor Epoxide, DDD, DDE, DDT and Aldrin in the range 0–0.5690 ppm. This study showed that DDT and its metabolite products (DDD and DDE) dominated OC pesticide residues in the lake. The concentration of OC residues also depended on the season, i.e. at some sampling stations the concentration of OC residues in the dry season (July–September) were higher than in the wet season (October–January).     

Spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Nullah Aik-tributary of the river Chenab, Pakistan

This study reports the spatio-temporal changes in water quality of Nullah Aik, tributary of the Chenab River, Pakistan. Stream water samples were collected at seven sampling sites on seasonal basis from September 2004 to April 2006 and were analyzed for 24 water quality parameters. Most significant parameters which contributed in spatio-temporal variations were assessed by statistical techniques such as Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA), Factor Analysis/Principal Components Analysis (FA/PCA), and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). HACA identified three different classes of sites: Relatively Unimpaired, Impaired and Less Impaired Regions on the basis of similarity among different physicochemical characteristics and pollutant level between the sampling sites. DFA produced the best results for identification of main variables for temporal and spatial analysis and separated eight parameters (DO, hardness, sulphides, K, Fe, Pb, Cr and Zn) that accounted 89.7% of total variations of spatial analysis. Temporal analysis using DFA separated six parameters (E.C., TDS, salinity, hardness, chlorides and Pb) that showed more than 84.6% of total temporal variation. FA/PCA identified six significant factors (sources) which were responsible for major variations in water quality dataset of Nullah Aik. The results signify that parameters identified by statistical analyses were responsible for water quality change and suggest the possibility of industrial, municipal and agricultural runoff, parent rock material contamination. The results suggest dire need for proper management measures to restore the water quality of this tributary for a healthy and promising aquatic ecosystem and also highlights its importance for objective ecological policy and decision making process.     

Water quality assessment, by statistical analysis, on rural and urban areas of Chocancharava River (Río Cuarto), Córdoba, Argentina

Water quality has degraded dramatically in the Chocancharava River (Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina) due to point and non-point sources. This paper aims to assess spatial and temporal variations of physical and chemical parameters of the river. Six sampling sites and six sampling campaigns were developed. During the period 2007–2008, wet and dry seasons were included. A statistical analysis was carried out with 23 physical and chemical variables. Then, a new statistical analysis was carried out including the Riparian Corridors Quality Index and the physical and chemical variables (24 variables). Considering a multivariate system, analysis of variance, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used. From the statistical analysis, the river was divided into two zones with different degrees of contamination. The most polluted zone is due to pollution inputs of urban, industrial and agricultural sources. This area showed a remarkable deterioration in water quality, mainly due to wastewater discharges. According to Riparian Quality, better results were found in sections of poor water quality, due to the fact that the river bank forest was less degraded downstream of the sewage discharge.