城市的低空气温分布特征及其对大气污染物扩散的影响

本文从城市热岛和城市逆温两个相互联系的不同侧面，分析城市低空气温的分布特征，并结合城市实际污染分布特征，讨论这种局地城市小气候效应对城市大气污染的形成以及对大气污染物扩散的影响，认为热岛效应以及由此引起的对低空温度层结和局地风场影响等的小气候效应是形成城市大气污染分布特征的主要气象原因。     

五里塘生态农场结构及系统生态经济效益的比较

本文介绍了以沼气工程为纽带的五里塘生态农场总体结构。通过对农场及其四个子系统生态经济效益的比较分析,说明在实行生态工程设计和运行后农场取得了较大的生态、经济和环境效益。     

小气候对临汾市空气污染的影响机制探讨

通过研究临汾市的地形结构、气候特点,本文得出该地区小气候主要为山谷风、地形逆温和城市热岛。系统分析这些小气候的成因及特点,初步探讨小气候对临汾市空气污染的影响机制。研究显示:三种小气候均在不同程度上加剧了临汾市空气污染的广度和深度。其中山谷风加剧了临汾市区、矿区和郊区的空气污染重叠,使污染物不停地聚集到上层大气,造成多次污染;地形逆温则阻碍了空气的垂直对流运动,妨碍了烟尘、污染物、水汽凝结物的扩散;热岛环流产生堆积效应,使得郊区产生的污染通过环流进一步影响城市。此外,本文给出了改善城市小气候的若干建议。     

大中型农场生态经济评价指标及评价方法

本文在对几个典型大中型农场现状调查基础上，根据生态经济评价指标体系的确定原则．确立了评价农场生态经济现状的指标体系。同时，为消除不同地区间农场的资源差异，便于不同农场间的相互比较，又采用ＦＡＯ提供的生态区域法和主成分分析法对指标体系进行指标筛选，并在总结前人研究的基础上，结合农场实际，建立了能综合反映农场生态经济现状的评价方程Ｙ＝１０Ｘ＿１＋０．０７５（Ｘ＿２＋Ｘ＿３）＋０．６Ｘ＿４＋５（Ｘ＿５＋Ｘ＿６）＋２Ｘ＿７＋０．１５Ｘ＿８＋０．００１５Ｘ＿９，并把它运用到农村的生态经济评价中。本文确定的评价指标和评价方法，不仅适用于不同地区的各类农场，也适用于我国不同地区的各类农村。对我国不同地区不同类型的生态系统生态经济评价具有普遍的指导意义。     

康集生态农场土壤肥力改善的研究

本文采用对比研究的方法，分别对康集生态农场种植园、附近农用地和对照废窑地的主要土壤肥力指标进行了测定分析。结果表明，康集生态农场土壤肥力已从开发前的五级提高到与当地一般农用地相一致的三级水平。其中有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷含量明显提高，盐渍化程度有所下降，但仍有改善的潜力。     

柘溪水库库区梯级桔园生草覆盖生态效益分析

本文就柘溪水库库区梯级桔园生草覆盖的生态效益进行了分析。结果表明，梯级桔园生草覆盖有效地控制了水土流失，改善了土壤理化性能，达到了保土保水保肥的目的；还可调节桔园小气候，为桔园生产创造了良好的生态环境，有利于柑桔的稳产高产。     

生态农场综合评价指标体系构建与实证分析

为了客观公正地评价生态农场的发展状况,运用层次分析法,结合生态农场实际情况,从本地资源、经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益角度出发,提出了生态农场评价指标体系构建原则和方法,并建立生态农场综合水平评价定性与定量相结合的指标体系,进而运用量化的评价指标体系和层次分析评价法,对湖南省辰溪县橘海生态农场进行了综合评价实证.     

安徽省颖上县小张庄村农田林网的研究

本文以我省小张庄村林网为研究对象,从林带结构与配置,林网在调节农田小气候,提高土壤肥力及粮食增产效果等方面进行了研究。结果表明,该村的林网结构与配置90%以上比较合理;干热风季节可平均降低风速47.7%,气温0.6-1.3℃,减少水份蒸发18.9%,提高相对湿度5.38—10.76%,小麦平均增产21.6%,有效地改善了农田生态环境,提高了抗御自然灾害的能力和作物产量,对该村的生态农村建设起到了促进作用。     

能量生态学在农业生态系统研究中的应用──胜利油田生态农场能量流分析

本文以能量生态学原理为指导，应用投入产出法对胜利油田生态农场系统内能量流动及能量利用效率进行了计算分析，从中发现了系统生产的薄弱环节和在能量利用方面的问题，并提出了调整系统内部产业结构和能量投入结构的措施，为今后系统生产力及能量转化效率的提高，提供了科学依据。     

康集生态农场能流结构及生态效率分析

本文详细分析了康集生态农场建设初期的能流结构及生态效率。结果表明，经过５年的开发，康集生态农场已初步建成具有较复杂的网络式能流系统。系统的能量利用与转化效率逐年提高，其中种植业和家畜家禽饲养业的能量利用率较高，而养鱼业的能量转化率低，在能量利用上潜力极大。第二性生产的绝大部分人工辅助能依靠系统外输入。据此提出了提高康集生态农场能量利用效率的调控措施。     

滨海沙滩造林种果后土壤理化性质的变化

在滨海沙滩营造木麻黄防护林，林带老化后进行更新，部分林地改种潮州柑或芒果而成为果园，并于其间套种农作物或牧卓；结果表明，人为耕作活动对土壤的热化起到了明显的促进作用．在造林种果的同时，大量肥料的施入及优质客土改良了土壤，使＞１．０ｍｍ的砂粒比例明显减少，＜０．０１ｍｍ的粉粘粒及土壤养分含量明显增加，其中沙草地、防护林及果园，０—４０ｃｍ土壤粉粘粒含量分别为５６．４ｇ／ｋｇ、５９．６ｇ／ｋｇ和１０８．９ｇ／ｋｇ，土壤有机质为０．７１ｇ／ｋｇ、２．０２ｇ／ｋｇ和４．１１ｇ／ｋｇ；土壤氮素含量随有机质提高而提高，柑园速效磷和钾含量是沙草地的３７倍和３．５倍，然而防护林的种植对土壤速效磷和钾的影响却不明显；由于雨水淋洗，土壤盐分减少；又由于酸性化学肥料的大量施入，土壤ｐＨ值由８．３下降为５．３．果园的营建，明显改善了土壤的肥力状况及其保水保肥性能，提高了沙滩地的利用价值及生态经济效益．     

不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。果园是我国重要的土地利用类型之一,果园面积占我国土地总面积的1.15%。因此,研究果园土壤有机碳库的演变规律,对于准确评估我国陆地生态系统的固碳潜力具有重要的科学意义。利用时空替代和物理、化学分组的方法比较研究不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响,旨为果园土壤固碳增汇机理研究提供科学依据。利用时空替代法和物理化学分组的方法比较研究经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响。结果表明：50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量分别比80年代柑橘果园提高了9.6%和23.60%、2.57%和3.63%,其中对0~20 cm土层的影响显著高于20~40 cm,说明果园经营干扰对土壤活性有机碳的影响随着土层的加深而降低。50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量比80年代果园提高27.2%,可溶性有机碳提高20.1%,微生物生物量碳提高5.3%;50年代柑橘园0~100 cm土层有机碳储量比80年代柑橘园提高30.3%,但50年代柑橘园的土壤颗粒有机碳、轻组有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳占总有机碳的比率均低于80年代柑橘园,说明当种植年限超过30年后,随着种植年限增加,果园土壤有机碳质量存在退化的风险。     

Case study on nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from paddy field in Taihu region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha(-1) for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha(-1), in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha(-1) in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha(-1), distributed as 1.16 kg ha(-1) in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha(-1) in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH4-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO3-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

Case Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions from Paddy Field in Taihu Region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha^–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha^–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha^–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha^–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha^–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha^–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH₄-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO₃-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

川中丘陵区稻田甲烷排放及其影响因素

利用静态箱/气相色谱法对川中丘陵区冬水田和水旱轮作稻田进行全生长季CH4排放观测。结果表明,水旱轮作稻田和冬水田CH4排放的季节变化峰值都出现在水稻生长中期,且都有1个典型的排放峰。分析讨论了温度、水稻生物量、耕作制度以及水稻栽培方式等因素对稻田CH4排放的影响。发现川中丘陵水稻生长季节5cm深处地温与稻田CH4排放通量呈显著正相关;水稻植株生长对CH4排放有重要作用;水旱轮作稻田CH4排放通量比冬水田低54.1%～65.1%;冬水田水稻采用强化栽培方式既可提高产量又可减少CH4排放。     

Delayed plumage maturation in the orchard oriole (Icterus spurius): tests of winter adaptation hypotheses

Summary Explanations of delayed plumage maturation (DPM) in passerines have focused on potential breeding season advantages for non-definitive (subadult) plumage. In contrast, the molt constraint hypothesis (Rohwer and Butcher 1988) proposes that subadult plumage is a winter adaptation, increasing winter survivorship by decreasing intraspecific aggression (the winter status signaling hypothesis) or predation (the winter crypsis hypothesis). Under the molt constraint hypothesis, nondefinitive breeding plumage is non-adaptive, resulting from species-specific constraints on the number of feathers replaced during the pre-alternate (spring) molt. In studies conducted on an overwintering population of orchard orioles in Panama, I tested predictions of both the winter status signaling and molt constraint hypotheses. Contrary to predictions of winter status signaling, I found no evidence that subadult plumage reduces adult male aggression toward subadults. Agonistic encounters occurred at random with respect to plumage and the intensity of adult male/subadult male encounters was not lower than the intensity of encounters occurring within age classes. Contrary to the molt constraint hypothesis, I found no evidence that the number of feathers exchanged by subadults in their pre-alternate molt is the sole constraint on the development of subadult breeding plumage. The majority of feathers grown by molting subadult orioles during January and February were of non-definitive coloration. These results, together with results of earlier breeding season experiments which tested summer communication hypotheses for DPM in this species, suggest that subadult plumage in the orchard oriole may be non-adaptive and the result of constraints on plumage development. They also indicate, however, that the extent of the pre-alternate molt is not the sole source of that constraint.     

种稻土壤CH4排放规律的研究

通过盆栽试验研究了水稻生长期CH4排放的规律。结果表明,CH4排放存在明显的日变化,最大值出现在下午4点左右,最小值出现在凌晨4点左右。土壤温度的变化是导致CH4排放日变化的主要因素。水稻生长期CH4排放的季节变化受前茬季节作物种植及稻草还田时间的显著影响。前茬季节种植紫云英及休闲且水稻移栽前施用稻草处理在水稻生长初期即有大量CH4排放,且在水稻生长的前期、中期和后期分别出现3个CH4排放峰;前茬季节种植小麦和休闲且在前茬季节前施用稻草处理的,直至水稻生长的中期才有少量CH4排放。烤田期间CH4的排放峰值出现在土壤呈微于松软状态时;烤田至土壤干裂时,CH4排放通量降至零。     

Headwater riparian forest-floor invertebrate communities associated with alternative forest management practices.

Headwater streams and their riparian zones are a common, yet poorly understood, component of Pacific Northwest, USA, landscapes. We describe the ecological importance of headwater stream riparian zones as habitat for forest-floor invertebrate communities and assess how alternative management strategies for riparian zones may impact these communities. We compared community composition of forest-floor invertebrates at increasing distances along trans-riparian (stream edge to upslope) transects in mature forests, clearcuts, and riparian buffers of approximately 30-m width with upslope clearcuts. Invertebrates were collected using pitfall traps in five replicate blocks of three treatments each in the Willamette National Forest, Oregon, USA. We measured microclimate and microhabitat variables at pitfall locations. Despite strong elevation and block effects on community composition, community analyses revealed a distinct "riparian" invertebrate community within 1 m of the stream edge in mature forest treatments, which was strongly related to cool, humid microclimate conditions. Invertebrate community composition in buffer treatments was far more similar to that of mature forests than to clearcuts; a pattern mirrored by microclimate. These results suggest that, within our study sites, forest-floor invertebrate distributions are strongly associated with microclimate and that riparian buffers of approximately 30-m width do provide habitat for many riparian and forest species. Riparian reserves may serve as effective forest refugia and/or dispersal corridors for invertebrates and other taxa, and their incorporation into watershed management plans likely will contribute to meeting persistence and connectivity objectives.     

厚荚相思和尾叶桉人工林土壤线虫群落研究

相思树和桉树等树种因其生长迅速、耐性好以及适合制作纸浆等特点,近年来在华南地区大面积种植,带来了巨大的经济利益,但是相思树和桉树如何影响林下土壤生物多样性和土壤肥力还不清楚,科学评价其林下土壤健康水平十分必要。土壤线虫的种类和数量十分丰富,在土壤食物网各营养级中占据重要位置,对土壤环境变化反应敏感,作为土壤健康的指示生物被广泛应用。本文以幼龄厚荚相思 Acacia crassicapa和尾叶桉 Eucalyptus urophylla人工林为研究对象,于干季和湿季分别对2个林分根区和非根区土壤线虫进行研究,探讨土壤线虫这种指示生物的数量、各营养类群比例和多样性的变化规律,以及它们和环境因子的关系。主要结果表明：（1）厚荚相思土壤线虫总数为每公斤干土6741条,显著高于尾叶桉线虫总数的28.3%。厚荚相思人工林土壤食细菌线虫的百分比相比尾叶桉人工林高6.3%,且差异显著。（2）土壤线虫的群落组成变化具有明显的季节波动,湿季土壤食细菌线虫比例上升,而植物寄生线虫的比例下降,多样性指数由干季的0.87减小到0.75,统计差异均达到了显著水平。（3）根区比非根区显著提高了线虫数量的89.1%,这是由根区积累更多的有机碳和总氮引起的。总之,厚荚相思人工林为土壤自由生活线虫提供了优良环境,且在幼龄期没有表现出土壤酸化,生态效应优于尾叶桉人工林,在华南地区人工林营林过程中可适当增加厚荚相思林分面积。