榨菜线粒体DNA雄性不育相关片段克隆及序列分析

研究了榨菜(Brassica juncea var．tumida Tsen and Lee)细胞质雄性不育性(CMS)与线粒体基因组的关系,以榨菜细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体DNA(mtDNA)为模板,设计合成引物进行PCR扩增,从榨菜胞质雄性不育系mtDNA上扩增得到与雄性不育相关的特异片段T1170,点杂交分析表明,T1170仅与榨菜胞质雄性不育系mtDNA有杂交信号,而保持系的mtDNA则无,序列测定该片段全长1173bp,编码389个氨基酸,其中疏水氨基酸占35％。图4参9。     

人工湿地填料有机堵塞问题的化学溶脱法室内模拟

用化学溶脱法解决人工湿地填料的有机堵塞,结果表明:用碱类、酸类、强氧化剂和洗涤剂可以使有效孔隙率和渗透系数均有不同程度的增加,以强氧化剂类(次氯酸钠)最为明显,可以使渗透系数恢复到原来的69%;三种溶液都对基质中的微生物类群和基质酶产生了伤害,但是经过7d可以基本恢复,说明解决人工湿地有机堵塞的问题可以借鉴和尝试"溶脱法".     

RAPD方法鉴定油菜“杂油59”种子纯度的研究

本文采用ＲＡＰＤ分子标记技术对我国育成的油菜新品种“杂油５９”的亲本和Ｆ１代种子纯度进行了技术鉴定。用４０个１０ｍｅｒ的随机引物对“杂油５９”的２个亲本“垦Ｃ８”和“陕３Ａ”进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析,共出现２９０条带,分布于３５３０～２２０ｂｐ之间,大部分条带在双亲之间是相同的。引物Ｏｐａ－Ｏ６,Ｏｐｃ－１２,Ｏｐｃ－２０,Ｏｐｋ－０３,ｏｐｋ－１３,Ｏｐｊ－１２出现差异扩增带,经实验确认Ｏｐｋ－０３的     

The reconstitutional performances of the Leptomedusa Campanularia jonstoni

The reconstitutional abilities of the Leptomedusa Campanularia jonstoni (Alder) were studied by means of isolating various regions and sectors of the animals. All such fragments first restore the typical bell-shape by a rapid morphodynamic process, the mechanisms of which are not yet understood. In a second, much slower step, the missing organs such as manubrium, radial and circular canals, tentaces, statocysts and gonads are regenerated to a varying extent. The original radial symmetry is practically never restored. The manubrium plays a key role in these processes. When it is present in the fragment isolated, the regeneration of the peripheral components of the vascular system (radial canals) originates from the manubrium. When the fragment is devoid of a manubrium, the latter is first reconstituted by the subumbrellar tissues including ectoderm and entoderm. Interradial sectors lacking radial and circular canals, as well as a manubrium, are capable of reconstituting a small medusa using exumbrellar and subumbrellar tissues alone. Gonads are regenerated along with the reconstitution of radial canals. The histodynamics of these processes have, so far, not been investigated.     

Assessing aquaculture sustainability: a comparative methodology

Little work dealing with the evaluation of aquaculture system sustainability has so far been undertaken on a global and comparative basis. Moreover, such work is mostly based on very unbalanced approaches in terms of the dimensions of sustainable development that are taken into account. The approach adopted in this article is designed to encompass all the dimensions of sustainability including the institutional one (governance). The taking into account of this latter, in particular, together with the role played by aquaculture in sustainability at the territorial level gives the approach its original and innovative nature. The process of establishing the checklist of sustainability indicators in aquaculture relies on a hierarchical nesting approach which makes it possible to link indicators with general sustainability criteria and principles. At once multidisciplinary and participatory, the approach compares several countries with highly differentiated types of aquaculture system. An original finding from this work is that the technically most intensive farming model scores better than more extensive systems, which might have been thought to be closer to natural systems in their environmental dimension and therefore intuitively more ‘sustainable’. This result suggests relating sustainability outcomes to the level of control and of devolved responsibilities.     

Habitat mapping using machine learning-extended kernel-based reclassification of an Ikonos satellite image

The spatial resolution of satellite imagery suitable for earth resources studies has improved from 80 m (Landsat-MSS, launched in 1972) to 0.6 m (QuickBird, launched in 2001). The conventional pixel-based methods developed for medium resolution satellite images are not suitable for classification of very high spatial resolution images, because the spectral responses of particular habitat classes are much more variable. On the other hand, in the original Barnsley–Barr kernel-based reclassification algorithm not only the spectral information of a pixel but also the textural information in the vicinity of the pixel is used when the pixel labeling decision is made. The first step of the kernel reclassification algorithm is to perform an initial classification of the original image. In the second step, the adjacency-event matrices are computed for each pixel according to co-occurrence frequencies of the initial classes in the kernel window. The degree of matching between an adjacency-event matrix corresponding to specific pixel and the set of class-specific template matrices produced during training is the criterion for pixel re-labeling. We extend the original kernel-based reclassification algorithm with a decision tree-based reclassification, simultaneously taking into account the class-specific similarity images, which are a side-product of the original algorithm. The advantage of decision tree-extended approach over the original approach seems to be the ability of the former to consider more input information, thus increasing the Kappa classification accuracy for an Ikonos image of our study area from 0.56 to 0.60, using a nomenclature containing 10 habitat classes.     

Roads and Landscape Pattern in Northern Wisconsin Based on a Comparison of Four Road Data Sources

Abstract:  Roads are important components of landscapes; they fragment habitat, facilitate invasive species spread, alter hydrology, and influence patterns of land use. Previous research on the ecological impacts of roads may have underestimated their effect because currently available sources of road data do not include the full road network. We compared differences in road density and landscape pattern among U.S. Census Bureau TIGER line files, U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale digital line graphs, and U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000-scale digital raster graphics in northern Wisconsin to road data derived from 1:40,000-scale digital orthophotos. Road density measured from digital orthophotos (2.82 km/km²) was significantly greater than that of digital raster graphics (1.62 km/km²) and more than double that of digital line graphs (1.21 km/km²) and TIGER (1.27 km/km²) data. The increased road densities in raster graphics and orthophoto data were mainly due to the addition of minor roads. When all roads were used to define patch boundaries, landscape metrics produced with orthophoto data showed significantly greater levels of fragmentation than those based on line or raster graphics. For example, maximum patch size was 1074 ha and total edge was 109 km for line graphs, compared with 686 ha and 211 km for orthophoto data. Roads are missing in commonly used data, primarily because mapping standards systematically exclude minor roads. These standards are not ecologically based and may result in false assumptions about the ecological effects of roads. We recommend that future studies take special consideration of the completeness of road data and consider whether all ecologically relevant roads are included.     

Trend in the Status of Breeding Bird Fauna in British Columbia, Canada, Based on the IUCN Red List Index Method

Abstract:  The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List Index (RLI) is used to measure global trends in the status of biodiversity. We examined how the index might be used to measure the trend in the status of indigenous breeding birds in British Columbia between 1992 and 2006. We followed the RLI method described by Butchart et al. (2004, 2007) as closely as possible . Because IUCN Red List assessments at the regional level are not available in British Columbia, we used NatureServe S (subnational) ranking data. We calculated three index trend lines. The first two of these allowed us to compare an index based on our original data to one based on data that had been retrospectively corrected; the latter produced a smooth, flat line. A third trend line, based on the corrected data but excluding species new to province since 1947, produced a gently sloping downward trend. Ongoing immigration of bird species in and out of British Columbia added to the complexity of interpreting our regional RLI-type index, especially because our S-rank data did not incorporate transboundary "rescue" effects. Because the RLI is scaled so that the maximum value is based on a state in which all species are simultaneously ranked as least concern, it may exaggerate the highest potential status of intrinsically vulnerable species. A simpler, more intuitive graphic allows reporting that is less dependent on context. We believe the RLI approach holds useful innovation for an indicator of change in biodiversity within jurisdictional boundaries.     

Steady open channel flows with curved streamlines: the Fawer approach revised

Rapidly varied open channel flows are characterized by curvilinear streamlines, thereby resulting in a pressure field different from the hydrostatic approach proposed in the standard gradually varied flow theory. This problem is related to environmental hydraulic problems such as the undular hydraulic jump and flow over round-crested weirs, for which streamline curvature effects are significant. The inclusion of the curvilinear streamline effect in an extended energy equation was firstly by Fawer. Most of the extended energy equations currently employed are therefore modified forms of the original Fawer approach. The aim of the present study is to highlight and remind engineers of the outstanding theory presented by Fawer. Herein, his approach for steady open channel flow with curved streamlines is revised and compared with experimental observations. Computational methods are presented in detail and based on present results, it can be observed that more recent and complex models for these problems are similar to the original proposal of Fawer, and hardly more accurate in some instances. Based on the proposed study an useful framework for theoretical models for steady open channel flows with curved streamlines is proposed.     

蚕豆根尖微核技术的方法学新论

虽然蚕豆根尖微核技术已是一个成熟规范的检测污染物遗传毒性的方法,但其中仍涉及一些重要的方法学问题值得深入探讨和研究。本文在图示正确观测蚕豆根尖细胞内微核和染色体畸变,如染色体断裂、丢失及染色体桥等的基础上,提出应该对蚕豆根尖分裂相细胞及其染色体畸变进行观测,以便更加准确、细致地反映污染物作用的剂量-效应关系和分子机制。同时还就该方法的其他重要问题提出了自己的观点,供同行们深入探讨和研究,使之不断完善,更好地服务于环境监测和风险评价等领域。