碘化物-罗丹明6G体系共振瑞利散射法测定痕量铅

在稀磷酸介质中 ,铅 (Ⅱ )与过量的I-离子形成 [PbI4]2 -配阴离子 ,并进一步与罗丹明 6G(Rh6G )形成离子缔合配合物 ,产生强烈的共振瑞利散射 (RRS )光谱 ,最大RRS波长位于 315nm 对共振瑞利散射光谱特性、主要影响因素和反应的最佳条件进行了研究 ,在 4 0× 10 -5%D 2 0× 10 -4μg·ml-1范围内 ,共振瑞利散射强度与铅的浓度成线性关系 ,实验结果表明 ,铅的检出限为 3 5× 10 -5μg·ml-1,可用于自来水中痕量铅的测定     

掺氮碳量子点的制备及对偶氮类色素的荧光检测

以苯酚为碳源、乙二胺为氮源,采用一步水热法制备了水溶性的掺氮碳量子点(N-CQDs),用于偶氮类色素的荧光检测.首先对N-CQDs的形貌、组成和荧光特性进行了表征,然后研究了色素柠檬黄和胭脂红对N-CQDs体系显著的荧光猝灭效应,优化了实验条件.结果表明,该氮掺杂方法当苯酚-乙二胺摩尔比接近1∶1时,在N-CQDs表面可形成大量强供电子基团,有效提高了其荧光效率;柠檬黄、胭脂红对N-CQDs的荧光猝灭在5min内达到平衡,在磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH=7.5)的条件下荧光猝灭效率最高,且均为静态猝灭.最佳条件下,柠檬黄浓度[Q]在0—80 nmol·L~(-1)范围内与N-CQDs体系的荧光猝灭程度(lgF_0/F)呈现良好的线性关系:lg F_0/F=0.0047[Q]-0.015,R~2=0.994,检出限为8.20 nmol·L~(-1);胭脂红浓度[Q]在0—40 nmol·L~(-1)范围内与N-CQDs体系的荧光猝灭程度(lg F_0/F)也呈现良好的线性关系:lg F_0/F=0.0252[Q]-0.0052,R~2=0.996,检出限为1.54 nmol·L~(-1).本研究为简便、快捷、灵敏地检测废水中偶氮类色素柠檬黄和胭脂红提供了新的方法.     

铬天青S-铝(Ⅲ)-聚乙二醇4000体系的共振散射光谱及其应用

在pH5 0的NaAc HAc缓冲溶液及非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇 40 0 0存在下 ,铬天青S与铝 (Ⅲ )形成络合物微粒体系 ,在 40 0nm和 5 30nm处出现两个较强的共振散射峰 .共振散射光强度与Al(Ⅲ )的浓度在 0 0 84— 0 84μg·ml- 1 范围内呈良好的线性关系 ,考察了适宜的反应条件及共存物质的影响 .建立了一个共振散射光谱测定水中Al的方法 ,其结果与分光光度法一致 .     

一种基于荧光素的高选择性硫化氢荧光探针

以荧光素作为荧光基团,基于硫化氢(H2S)的还原性,设计合成了一种off-on型H2S荧光探针.该探针本身在乙腈溶液中荧光十分微弱,与H2S反应之后,在520 nm处产生强荧光,同时溶液颜色由无色变成亮黄色,可实现对H2S的可视化检测.随着H2S浓度的逐渐增高,探针的荧光强度和紫外吸收强度也逐渐增强,在0—50μmol·L-1的范围内,二者和H2S浓度之间都具有很好的线性关系,相关系数R2分别为0.9934、0.9921.探针对H2S具有很好的选择性,常见阴离子和还原性硫醇分子共存时,对检测不会产生干扰.该探针对H2S的检测限为10μmol·L-1,具有较高的检测灵敏度.     

低压离子色谱分离-吐温-20增敏偶合化学发光检测Cr(Ⅵ)

Cr(Ⅵ)经低压离子色谱分离,与K4Fe(CN)6反应生成的K3Fe(CN)6再和Luminol化学发光反应偶合,表面活性剂吐温-20对此化学发光有很强的增敏作用.优化条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)浓度与化学发光强度在2.8×10-9-1.0×10-6g·ml-1范围内成正比,检出限达9.3×10-10g·ml-1.用于江水中Cr(Ⅵ)测定,结果与标准方法一致.     

方波阳极溶出伏安法同时测定煤矸石和粉煤灰中的锌、镉、铅

采用铋膜修饰玻碳电极,建立了用方波阳极溶出伏安法同时测定煤矸石和粉煤灰中锌、镉、铅元素的分析方法.优化了扫描方式、电解液及p H值、铋离子浓度、富集电位、富集时间等实验参数.在最佳实验条件下,锌、镉、铅分别在1—90μg·L-1、20—120μg·L-1和1—120μg·L-1浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,3种元素的检出限分别为0.04、0.03、0.02μg·L-1.该法用于实际煤矸石、粉煤灰样品中锌、镉、铅的测定,准确度和精密度良好.     

在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定眩晕停胶囊中的葛根素和芍药苷

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法建立在线同时测定眩晕停胶囊中葛根素和芍药苷含量的方法.通过Online SPE方法可以有效去除样品中其他成分的干扰,葛根素的质量浓度在44.00—132.00μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997)范围内同相应峰面积呈良好的线性关系,加标回收率为97.07%,相对标准偏差RSD为0.98%.芍药苷的质量浓度在284.00—852.00μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9991)范围内同相应峰面积呈良好的线性关系,加标回收率为103.64%,RSD为0.51%.     

微波辅助法制备荧光氮化碳纳米材料及其在游离氯检测中的应用

在220 ℃下借助微波辅助溶剂热法,利用柠檬酸和三聚氰胺制备荧光氮化碳纳米材料(CNNPs),通过多种分析技术表征了制备的CNNPs.基于游离氯能快速猝灭CNNPs的荧光,将CNNPs做为荧光探针用于游离氯的定量测定,其荧光猝灭速度小于1 min;选择性响应实验和干扰实验表明该测定方法具有较好的灵敏度和选择性,游离氯的线性响应范围为0-80μmol·L-1,检测限低至0.22 μmol·L-1.该方法适用于实际水样中游离氯的检测.     

快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法同时测定含脂羊毛中47种有机磷杀虫剂残留量的方法

建立了快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法同时测定含脂羊毛中47种有机磷杀虫剂残留量的方法.结果表明:在0.1-10.0 μg·ml-1范围内,47种有机磷杀虫剂的峰面积Y与其含量X的线性关系良好;除敌敌畏和亚胺硫磷外,其余45种有机磷定量检出限均为0.025 mg·kg-1.大部分有机磷杀虫剂的回收率大于75%.     

环糊精对腐植酸-芘、蒽相互作用影响初探

利用吸收光谱、荧光猝灭法、圆二色谱法及芘荧光探针法,探讨了环糊精(CDs)对腐植酸(HA)与以芘为代表的多环芳烃(PAHs)相互作用的影响.β-CD与HA的吸收光谱和荧光光谱测定结果表明:β-CD能够包络HA的芳环部分;荧光猝灭法和圆二色谱法测定结果表明:HA能够与被β-CD空腔包络的芘分子发生相互作用,CDs和HA之间存在与芘相互作用的竞争;用荧光猝灭法测定了四种不同CDs存在下HA和芘的结合常数,并用芘为荧光探针进行测定,结果表明:CDs浓度较低时,HA对芘的作用占优势;反之,CDs占优势.与其它三种CDs不同,γ-CD存在下HA与芘的结合常数随其浓度的升高一直增大.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.