聚硅氯化铝(PASC)的形态分布及转化规律Ⅱ.27Al-NMR法研究PASC溶液中铝的形态分布

采用27Al-NMR法比较研究了PASC与PAC中铝的形态分布.实验结果表明,在PASC中,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物间的相互作用,使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化.在相同B值条件下,PASC中Al单和Al13的含量低于 PAC中相应Al单和Al13的含量,而PASC中Al其它的含量却大于PAC中Al其它的含量,其差值随着碱化度(B)和Al/Si摩尔比的减小而增大.共聚法制备的PASC(共 )与复合法制备的PASC(复)相比较,PASC(复)具有较高的Al单和Al13含量,较低的A l其它含量.这说明制备工艺对PASC中铝的形态分布具有一定的影响.     

聚硅氯化铝的水解形态与Al-Ferron反应动力学

以铝酸钠为碱化剂合成了具有不同 Si/Al摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝(2.0mol·l-1左右),利用Al-Ferron和Al-NMR研究了铝的水解聚合形态和动力学过程.结果表明,用NaAlO2作碱化剂制备的聚合铝混凝剂与Na2CO3制备的混凝剂相比,Alb减少,Alc增加.随着Si/Al摩尔比的增加,Alb/Al13形态的含量逐渐减小,高聚体Al形态含量逐渐增大.Al-Ferron络合动力学符合准一级化学反应方程,拟合方程式中的部分常数与Al形态含量密切相关,并随制备方法和Si/Al摩尔比的变化而呈规律性变化.     

聚硅氯化铝(PASC)的形态分布及转化规律Ⅲ.Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法与27Al-NMR法的比较

本文对Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和27Al-NMR法对PASC和PAC 中铝的形态分布的测定结果进行了对比分析和讨论.结果表明,在PAC中,Al13和Al b之间具有良好的对应关系,Al13/Alb比值为1.0左右.但对PASC而言,情况有所不同,在低碱化度(B)和低Al/Si摩尔比情况下,Al13和Alb之间不存在对应关系,Al13和Alb比值远远小于1.0,随着B值和Al/Si摩尔比的升高,Al13 /Alb比值逐渐趋近于1.0.这意味着在低B值和低Al/Si摩尔比情况下,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物间的相互作用,形成了铝硅复合新产物,该新产物对PASC中铝的形态分布产生了影响.     

聚硅氯化铝(PASC)的形态分布及转化规律Ⅰ.Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究PASC溶液中铝的形态分布及转化规律

采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法比较研究了PASC与PAC中铝的形态分布及转化规律.实际结果表明,在PASC中,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物间的相互作用,使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化.在相同B值条件下,PASC中Ala和Al b的含量低于PAC中相应Als和Alb的含量,而PASC中Alc的含量却大于PAC中Alc的含量.共聚法制备的PASC(共)与复合法制备的PASC(复)相比较,PASC(复)具有较高的Ala和 Alb含量,较低的Alc含量.这说明制备工艺对PASC中铝的形态分布具有一定的影响.     

聚硅氯化铝(PASC)的形态分布及转化规律——Ⅲ.Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法与(27)~AI-NMR法的比较

本文对Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和~(27)AI-NMR法对PASC和PAC中铝的形态分布的测定结果进行了对比分析和讨论.结果表明,在PAC中,Al_(13)和AI_b之间具有良好的对应关系,Al_(13)/Al_b比值为1.0左右 但对PASC而言,情况有所不同,在低碱化度(B)和低Al/Si摩尔比情况下,Al_(13)和Al_b之间不存在对应关系,Al_(13)和Al_b比值远远小于1.0,随着B值和Al/Si摩尔比的升高,Al_(13)/Al_b比值逐渐趋近于1.0.这意味着在低B值和低Al/Si摩尔比情况下,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物间的相互作用,形成了铝硅复合新产物,该新产物对PASC中铝的形态分布产生了影响.     

聚合氯化铝Al13模型化合物的量子化学计算

采用MNDO方法对聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al13模型化合物进行了量子化学计算.结果表明:作为电子给体化学反应的活性点主要是羟基氧原子或羟基桥键氧原子,作为电子受体化学反应的活性点主要是六配位的Al.羟铝比(OH/Al)大的模型物, 铝氧四面体中Al所带正电荷明显减少,表明OH/Al比大时将有更多的电子流向Al(Ⅲ).与此同时,羟桥Al-O的键级会逐渐减小,有利于PAC的水解.水解过程实际上是通过OH-的HOMO和被水解形态组分的LUMO相互作用使Al-O(H2O)键断裂形成Al-O(OH)键的过程.     

“平面型”十三聚合铝形态水交换反应的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函DFT量子化学计算,初步探讨了"平面型"十三聚合铝(F-Al13)的水交换反应.在B3LYP/6-31G水平下模拟了气相体系中全水合F-Al1153+与脱质子形态(F-Al913+和F-Al313+)中η-OH2(1)键合水位点的水交换反应;比较了F-Al13和K-Al13两种不同十三聚合铝形态的水交换反应特点;讨论了不同铝形态(二聚铝Al2、三聚铝Al3、Al6六元环以及Al7Anderson内核等)水交换反应研究对于阐明F-Al13形成机制的重要意义.     

单核Zn(Ⅱ)水合和水解形态的量子化学计算

利用量子化学计算气相中锌离子各种水合和水解形态的几何结构、电荷分布以及水合和水解反应的Gibbs自由能变和焓变．结果表明,除了水合锌离子外,锌离子各种水解络合物的配位数均小于6;对于深度水解产物Zn（OH）3^-和Zn（OH）4^2-,内层无水分子的键合．水合作用和水解作用互相抑制,水合作用阻碍了水解产物进一步水解（Zn（OH）2除外）,水解作用使得水合变得困难．内层键合水分子数的增加降低了水合形态中Zn上的电荷,使得水解形态Zn上的电荷升高．     

"类龟式"Al13盐酸盐的制备及絮凝性能

采用氯化铝溶液电解法、氯化铝溶液溶铝法、稀盐酸溶铝法、氯化铝溶液碱性阴离子树脂交换法、氯化铝溶液补水蒸馏法、氯化铝溶液压溶氢氧化铝或氧化铝法等促使氯化铝水解-聚合的方法,通过控制起始溶液的浓度、水解-聚合的程度和体系的温度,制成"类龟式"Al13含量超过96.5%的聚合氯化铝结晶,其中电解法制备的产物纯度达99.9%,盐基度61.48%,总铝(Al2O3)33.75%,水不溶物0.01%,Alb达97%.化学分析、X-射线粉末衍射和X-射线单晶结构解析结果表明,产物是一种由十三个铝氧八面体连接组成的Al13(OH)24Cl15·37H2O化合物.高岭土模拟水样和黄河水样絮凝试验表明,絮凝效果优于市售固体聚合氯化铝、氯化铝和硫酸铝,经絮凝处理的黄河水主要水质质量指标达到国家生活饮用水标准GB5749-85的要求.     

混凝体系中水解铝盐的再稳现象的研究

基于铝水解聚合形态产生再稳现象的反应机制,对Al13的再稳现象的成因、影响铝水解形态吸附再稳发生的因素进行了分析,同时从理论上对胶粒表面浓度与凝聚剂剂量、体系随pH变化对混凝效果的影响、颗粒物的扩散传质速率进行了研究．结果表明：再稳现象的产生与凝聚剂剂量与胶体颗粒物表面浓度的相对比值、混凝体系的pH和流体的扩散输送状况有关．尤其是低颗粒物表面浓度下的混凝最易出现再稳．图3,参12．     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture