HPLC法检测灭蝇胺在黄瓜和土壤中的残留

建立了高效液相色谱测定灭蝇胺在黄瓜和土壤中残留的方法,灭蝇胺的最小检出量为4×10-10g.对黄瓜样品,在005—50mg·kg-1时,平均回收率为762—862%;变异系数为04—20%,最低检出浓度为002mg·kg-1.对土壤样品,在02—50mg·kg-1时,平均回收率为854—881%;变异系数为06—14%,最低检出浓度为002mg·kg-1.     

施药与采样技术对代森锰锌在苹果和土壤中残留量的影响

研究了施药技术和采样方法对土壤和苹果中代森锰锌残留原始沉积量的影响.结果表明,在不同剂型、相同有效成分用药量下,代森锰锌在土壤中的原始沉积量不同,30%代森锰锌悬浮剂喷雾后在土壤中的原始沉积量(1.37—1.57 mg·kg-1)高于70%可湿性粉剂(1.03—1.26 mg·kg-1)和75%水分散粒剂(1.04—1.17 mg·kg-1);同种剂型和剂量条件下,施药液量对代森锰锌在土壤中的原始沉积量有显著影响,随着施药液量的增加,原始沉积量呈递减趋势.喷片孔径从0.7 mm增大至1.6 mm时,代森锰锌在土壤中的原始沉积量由0.76 mg·kg-1增大至0.90 mg·kg-1.样品直径6 cm和8 cm对苹果上原始沉积量影响不大.相同施药量下不同苹果品种残留量差异显著.重复间小直径样品所占比例升高,残留量增大.可见施药技术和采样方法是影响农药原始沉积量的主要因素.     

代森锰锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲在马铃薯和土壤中的残留动态

采用田间试验方法研究代森锰锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲(ETU)在马铃薯和土壤中的残留动态.气相色谱法定量分析,本方法马铃薯中代森锰锌和ETU的平均回收率分别为85.41%-95.47%和87.71%-92.19%;土壤中代森锰锌和ETU的平均回收率分别为85.61%-103.09%和91.08%-94.46%.结果表明:代森锰锌和ETU在马铃薯茎叶中消解较快,在合肥市和天津市两地其消解半衰期分别为6.41-7.89d和6.16-7.15d;在土壤中的消解半衰期分别为5.26-7.71d和9.80-10.16d.在马铃薯上使用了72%锰锌·霜脲可湿性粉剂,按照推荐剂量的2倍(3240gai·ha-1)最多施药4次,采收期距最后一次施药7d,马铃薯中代森锰锌残留量小于1.0mg·kg-1,ETU小于0.05mg·kg-1.说明该药为低残留、易消解农药.     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱检测猪粪中残留的四环素类抗生素

本研究建立了超高效液相色谱/四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC/Q-ToF Ms/Ms)测定猪粪中残留土霉素、四环素和金霉素的方法.样品分别经Mc Ⅰ lvaine-Na2EDTA缓冲液和超声提取、SPE固相萃取后,采用超高效液相色谱分离,紫外检测外标法定量,四级杆-飞行时间串联质谱仪正离子模式定性.在0.5mg·kg-1DW-10 mg·kg-1Dw(dry weight)范围内,土霉素、四环素、金霉素的标准曲线R2均大于0.99,相对标准偏差小于3%,样品加标平均回收率在70.0%-113.0%之间;采用该方法,土霉素、四环素和金霉素的检测可在5min内完成,它们的检出限分别为0.1 mg·kg-1,0.1 mg·kg-1和0.2 mg·kg-1.北京地区万头养猪场猪粪样品的检测结果表明,这3种四环素均有不同程度的检出,其中土霉素浓度范围10.5mg·kg-1DW-513.4 mg·kg-1DW,四环素浓度范围12.53-77.10 mg·kg-1Dw,金霉素浓度范围0.0-19.22 mg·kg-1Dw.     

湘中某工矿区土壤及作物砷污染特征及其健康风险评价

为研究湘中某工矿区土壤及作物砷污染特征及健康风险,采集稻田和菜园土壤及对应的糙米和蔬菜样品,测定其砷含量,评价土壤和作物砷污染特征与人类健康风险.研究结果表明,66个稻田土壤样品中,砷含量均值为91.91 mg·kg-1;18个菜园土壤样品中,均值为69.06 mg·kg-1.对应的66个糙米样品中,砷(以无机砷计)均值为0.45 mg·kg-1;61个叶菜类蔬菜样品中,砷含量均值为4.89 mg·kg-1,8个根茎类蔬菜样品中,砷含量均值为1.03 mg·kg-1.单因子污染评价结果表明,稻田土壤样品中砷轻、中、重度污染的比例分别为36.36%、15.15%、28.79%;菜园土壤为:45.45%、39.39%、15.15%;糙米为:38.89%、22.22%、33.33%.蔬菜为:8.70%、18.83%、66.67%.人类健康风险评价结果表明,糙米、叶菜类蔬菜和根茎类蔬菜的日均暴露剂量(ADD)分别为:8.57×10-4、5.43×10-4、0.28×10-4mg·kg-1·d-1,其中糙米和叶菜类蔬菜超过了美国环境保护局(USEPA)和世界卫生组织(WHO)制定的成人砷允许摄入量3×10-4mg·kg-1·d-1.糙米的危险度(HQ)为2.86,叶菜类蔬菜为1.81,根茎类蔬菜为0.09.该工矿区土壤、水稻和蔬菜均存在不同程度的砷污染,对人体健康存在较大的潜在风险.     

咪鲜胺及其代谢物在黄瓜和土壤中残留的分析方法

建立了气相色谱法测定咪鲜胺及其代谢物在黄瓜和土壤中残留的分析方法.咪鲜胺的最小检出量为15×10-11g;最低检出浓度为0001mg·kg-1;在浓度为002—20mg·kg-1时,平均回收率为756%—1060%;变异系数为25%—115%.     

阿维菌素在油菜和土壤中残留及降解行为研究

在北京和山东两地对阿维菌素在油菜和土壤中的残留以及降解动态进行了研究.样品衍生化后用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器对阿维菌素进行分析,在0.005 mg·kg-1-0.100 mg·kg-1的浓度下,该方法在油菜和土壤中的回收率分别为88.3%-99.3%和85.9%-95.9%,相对标准偏差分别为4.0%-7.2%和4.4...     

稻田样品中丁虫腈及其代谢产物的残留分析方法

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱法同时测定稻田环境样品中丁虫腈及其代谢产物的残留分析方法,即:稻田水样品以二氯甲烷萃取,水稻土样品以丙酮提取后再经乙酸乙酯萃取,稻株样品以乙腈提取后用CarbonNH2固相萃取小柱净化,然后均用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)检测。结果表明,稻田水中丁虫腈及其代谢产物的最低检测质量浓度均为0.01 mg·L-1,土壤和水稻植株中目标物最低检测质量含量为0.015 mg·kg-1。在该方法条件下,当添加水平为0.05～1.0 mg·L-1(或mg·kg-1)时,稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中丁虫腈及其代谢产物的平均回收率为75.1%～109.2%,变异系数为1.0%～7.9%。     

噻嗪酮在番茄和土壤中的残留分析

建立了一种固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱检测噻嗪酮在番茄和土壤中残留的方法.方法的添加回收率为79.8%-109.2%,变异系数为2.8%-7.0%.最小检出量为6×10-11g,最低检测浓度为0.01mg·kg-1.消解动态研究表明,噻嗪酮在番茄中的消解半衰期为3.27-3.83d,在土壤中的消解半衰期为10.57-12.91d.最终残留试验研究表明,在嚷嗪酮含量为432g(a.I.)-ha-1与216g(a.I.)·ha-1,施药2次和3次的情况下,噻嗪酮在番茄中的最终残留2d为0.076-0.237 mg·kg-1,3d为0.013-0.105mg·kg-1噻嗪酮在土壤中的最终残留2d为0.067-0.294mg·kg-1,3d为0.044-0.197mg·kg-1.     

60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂中吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的残留分析

建立了一种固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱检测60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂中吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的残留方法.方法的回收率为80.4%-98.4%,变异系数为1.8%-3.8%.最小检出量为2×10-10g,最低检测浓度为0.01 mg·kg-1.消解动态研究表明,吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中消解较快,其半衰期分别为3.7-3.8d和8.7-10.2d.最终残留试验表明,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂900mg(a.i.)·kg-1喷雾,4次药后7d,吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的最终残留量分别为0.1585-0.1886mg·kg-1和0.6935-0.7245 mg·kg-1,低于CAC规定吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄中的最高允许残留量(MRL值)2.0 mg·k-1.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.