水生高等植物对太湖重金属的监测及其评价

本文用化学分析方法研究了太湖水生高等植物对重金属的吸收积累特性,并用污染度P=(x-x)/x来评价太湖重金属的污染程度.其结论为:1)植物体中的重金属含量在污染区的高于非污染区;2)河口区植物体中的含量高于其它湖区;3)自然湖泊底质中重金属含量高则植物体中的重金属含量也高.这说明水生高等植物具有对湖泊重金属的监测能力.其评价为:太湖目前的环境质量较好,但存在1％面积的局部污染.     

红树林系统处理牲畜废水营养盐的研究

在2种盐度条件下（淡水与盐度30的人工海水）通过温室盆栽系统对比研究了2种主红树植物木榄和秋茄对牲畜废水的处理效应。牲畜废水的加入使植物体P含量增加1－4倍，N含量增加0.04-1.30倍。淡水条件 下秋茄和木榄系统N的处理效率分别为84.3%和95.5%，海水条件 下则为92.7%和98.0%，淡水条件下秋茄和木榄系统P的处理效率分别为79.2%和91.8%，海水条件下则为88.0%和97.8%，盐度对秋茄植物体N的去除无显著效应。2种植物体对P的处理效率为4％，远比N的处理效率低，废水来源的营养 盐大多被土壤去除。     

沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放过程及规律

在实验室模拟条件下研究了常见沉水植物苦草、金鱼藻在自然衰亡过程中主要营养盐氮、磷的释放过程,探索沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放规律. 结果表明:秋、冬季低温条件下,苦草、金鱼藻逐渐衰亡腐败,该过程向水体中释放的氮、磷很少,大部分氮、磷保留在植物残体中. 至次年天气回暖后,植物体的腐败分解有所加快,向水体释放氮、磷并有部分氮、磷沉积进入底泥. 苦草、金鱼藻具有较低的分解速度,有利于降低系统中氮、磷的循环速度. 残留植物体的生物量可影响植物体的分解速度和程度,较大的生物残留量会引起水体缺氧,植物残体分解加剧,导致水质严重恶化.      

电镀含铬污水的生物监测

本文选用紫露草和矮慈姑对电镀污水进行了生物监测试验,发现低浓度含铬污水使细胞分裂产生明显抑制作用,致使植物体受到不同程度的损伤。为电镀含铬污水的监测提供了简易的方法。     

无公害的植物杀虫剂

植物杀虫剂是指用于防治害虫的植物体的提取物的化学改良性物质。它可以是植物体的全部或一部分,也可以是其中含有的某种有效成分。已知有相当一部分植物如烟草,除虫菊,鱼藤等早已被大量作为杀虫剂使用。植物杀虫剂的特点是不产生公害,它的有效成分     

原油对草原多年生植物影响调查研究

本文以被原油污染的草原上分布最广、产量高、营养丰富的牧草－羊草为例，研究了土壤－植物系统污染的生态效应。测定土壤和植物体中石油污染物及营养成分和株高，与未污染的羊草进行比较表明：植物体通过土壤对石油污染物均有吸收残留效应，特别是对酚类、3－4苯并芘（Bap)强一些；对三大营养成分；蛋白质有降低的趋势，脂肪无正负效应，但对淀粉有明显增加作用，平均相对提高12．42％；生长发育性状未表现出异常形态；作为饲草从食物链的途径可影响畜产品的质量，间接可能影响人体健康。     

甲磺隆对沉水植物伊乐藻的生理生态效应研究

采用室内水培实验方法,研究不同浓度甲磺隆对伊乐藻生长的影响及其体内光合色素含量和3种抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明,甲磺隆可以刺激伊乐藻新芽萌发,但是对植株的生长具有明显的抑制作用.浓度≤5.mg/L的甲磺隆在实验初期可促进伊乐藻体内叶绿素含量的增加,随时间的延长,最终抑制叶绿素的合成,降低了植物体的光合作用能力.低浓度条件下, CAT及POD活性先升高后降低,而SOD活性持续升高.较高浓度和较长时间处理时,伊乐藻抗氧化酶系统活性下降.甲磺隆胁迫可以引起伊乐藻体内活性氧的产生和积累,诱导抗氧化酶活性,当胁迫超过一定强度时,抗氧化酶活性受到抑制,活性氧不能及时清除,从而对植物体形成氧化损伤,这可能是该类除草剂对水生植物的重要致毒机制之一.     

土壤中铜镉植物可利用性的表征

文章选取江西红壤和江苏黄棕壤两种酸、中性土壤为研究对象,在污染企业周边采集红壤-青菜,黄棕壤-水稻样品共22组,分析了土壤-植物体中重金属铜和镉的含量。同时,选取了0.1mol/LHCl、1mol/LNH4OAc、0.1mol/LEDTA和0.1mol/L柠檬酸4种化学提取剂提取土壤中重金属。结果表明,在综合考虑重金属铜、镉的毒性水平,不同种类植物的吸收系数和植物体含水率的差异后,0.1mol/LHCl能较好地反应土壤中重金属的植物可利用性,其与植物体内重金属权重离子冲量相关的决定系数达0.885。     

植被生化信息遥感提取的星地同步试验设计与实施

植物体内部生理生态过程对物质和能量的交换与传递起着重要作用,而植物体本身的生化物质含量影响和控制着这些过程的进行。随着成像光谱技术的发展,利用高光谱遥感数据估测植被生化信息成为遥感发展的前沿。论文以云南勐遮地区高光谱星地同步试验为例,详细介绍了试验中研究区与最佳观测时期选择、研究样点选择、试验内容、方法以及试验流程设计等,并着重比较星地同步试验与传统野外试验的区别,旨在为今后该类试验的设计与实施提供经验借鉴。结果表明,星地同步试验在设计和实施时必须充分考虑传感器本身的性能特点、观测数据获取时的潜在风险、遥感影像处理的需要以及卫星观测数据、地面光谱数据和生化数据等的同步性问题。     

用树叶、树皮含硫量监测包头市大气SO2污染的探讨

植物与周围环境不断进行着气体交换,当外界大气环境发生变化时,就会对植物产生影响,这种影响会在植物体有关部位以各种形式反映出来.研究表明,植物中含硫量与大气SO2浓度呈现出密切相关性,因此,可以通过植物含硫量来反映大气SO2的污染状况.     

Attempts to train goldfish to respond to magnetic field stimuli

Two different conditioning procedures, one appetitive and the other aversive, were used in separate attempts to demonstrate response to magnetic fields in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Our results lead us to question those of an orientation experiment by Becker, although we recognize the possibility that goldfish may be sensitive primarily to magnetic field direction rather than intensity and that their directional sensitivity may be evidenced most readily by orientation in the field.     

从生态旅游到低碳旅游——从理念到实践

阐述了生态旅游、低碳旅游的基本概念,分析了生态旅游存在的不足,提出低碳旅游的量化及建立各项标准及其指标评价体系并将之融入低碳旅游全过程以实现低碳旅游的标准化,重点在于实现低碳理念、低碳参与者及低碳实践3个方面的有机结合,以促进旅游业的可持续发展的可操作性建议.     

以学定教,提高课堂教学效率

根据心理学理论,学习是一个学生内化的过程,学生是自主学会的,而不是被动教会的。因此在教学中,教师只有做到以学定教,才能有效提高教学效率,促进学生对知识的掌握。     

如何做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应

应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置中的首要环节,是对污染事故及时、正确地进行应急处理、减轻事故危害和制定恢复措施的根本依据。文章从制定应急监测预案、加强应急监测能力建设、摸清污染源状况、加强应急培训和应急演练等方面对做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应作了简要的阐述,供大家探讨。     

Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change

The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts of Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% to 2050, but there are places where losses are likely to be much more severe. Increasing frequencies of heat stress, drought and flooding events will result in yet further deleterious effects on crop and livestock productivity. There will be places in the coming decades where the livelihood strategies of rural people may need to change, to preserve food security and provide income-generating options. These are likely to include areas of Africa that are already marginal for crop production; as these become increasingly marginal, then livestock may provide an alternative to cropping. We carried out some analysis to identify areas in sub-Saharan Africa where such transitions might occur. For the currently cropped areas (which already include the highland areas where cropping intensity may increase in the future), we estimated probabilities of failed seasons for current climate conditions, and compared these with estimates obtained for future climate conditions in 2050, using downscaled climate model output for a higher and a lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can be identified where the increased probabilities of failed seasons may induce shifts from cropping to increased dependence on livestock. These zones are characterised in terms of existing agricultural system, current livestock densities, and levels of poverty. The analysis provides further evidence that climate change impacts in the marginal cropping lands may be severe, where poverty rates are already high. Results also suggest that those likely to be more affected are already more poor, on average. We discuss the implications of these results in a research-for-development targeting context that is likely to see the poor disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change.     

Soil microbial response to herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola

Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes.     

亲近自然的一条捷径——向你推荐《生物多样性知识达人手册》

"它随处可见,从最大的海洋到最小的水坑,从最茂密的森林到最干旱的荒漠,从最富饶的沼泽到最高的山峰……它是一个活的银行账户,为人类全部事业和财富提供资本.它是什么?它就是……生物多样性." 翻开《生物多样性知识达人手册》的第一页,在"开头的话"中,你就能读到上面这一段饶有趣味的文字,让你不自觉地联想到我们所处的环境和我们赖以生存的地球.没错,这是一本新鲜出炉的、以生物多样性为主题的读物,用生动有趣的方式告诉你,什么是生物多样性?生物多样性为什么重要?你怎样才能保护好这个星球的生物多样性?     

重归大自然——密西西比河之行

密西西比河是美国第一大河。它一路曲曲弯弯向着墨西哥湾蜿蜒流去．沿途形成广袤的洪泛平原,滋润着美国大陆41％的土地。水量也比美国其他河流都要多。密西西比河及其洪泛平原哺育着400多种野生动植物。北美地区40％的水禽都沿着密西西比河的路径迁徙。密西西比河对于美国。如同长江对于中国,无论从经济还是生物多样性保护等方面,其作用都是举足轻重。     

浅谈如何做好孩子的入学准备

从幼儿园升入小学是孩子迈入知识殿堂的关键一步,也是孩子人生的一大转折。如何协助家长和教师,帮助孩子顺利实现这次转折是非常重要的。基于此目的,结合多年从事幼小教育工作的实际,并根据教育部颁布的《幼儿园教育指导纲要》精神,紧扣学前儿童的心理和学习特点,阐述如何让孩子在各方面得到系统的锻炼和提高,为顺利升入理想的小学、并尽快适应小学阶段的学习和生活做好准备。