鱼类镰刀菌的研究Ⅲ：几种药物对鱼类镰刀菌的抑制作用

研究发现制霉素（14．4～16．0mg·L－1）、K制剂（4．0mp·L－1）和孔雀绿（3,0～40mp·L-1）对镰刀菌Fu2和尖F1抑制效果好,而对Fu1-2抑制效果差;优氯净（2．0mg·L－1）能抑制Fu1-2,而不抑制Fu2和尖F1;龙胆紫（1．0mg·L-1）可抑制尖F1,而不抑制Fu2和Fu1-2制霉素对鱼毒性最小,而孔雀绿毒性最大．     

镨对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长和根系形态的影响

为了解稀土镨对镉胁迫下水稻（OryzasativaL．）根系毒害的缓解效应,以水稻幼苗为实验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究了50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下不同浓度镨对水稻幼苗根系鲜质量、形态和根系活力的影响。结果表明,50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下,水稻根系生长受到明显的抑制,根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力明显降低,且随镉处理时间的延长,抑制程度加重。但镉对根系平均直径无明显影响。23—184μmol·L-1的镨对水稻镉毒害有一定的缓解效果,可不同程度的减轻镉对幼苗的伤害,促进了镉胁迫下根系鲜质量、根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积的增加,提高了根系活力,且随着处理时间的延长,缓解效应愈加明显,与单镉毒害相比,镨处理5天后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了0．92％～14．8％、1．61％～16．3％、2．57％～20．3％、1．52％-17．2％和3．71％～32．8％,处理10d后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了2．55％-31．2％、1．44％～21．4％、1．78％～27．2％、2．16％～23．4％和8．14％～52．9％;此外,23．184μmol·L-1的镨处理对直径≤1．0mm的根长和根表面积、直径0．5mm〈D≤1．0mm的根体积影响较大,其分别提高了0．9％～24．3％、1．9％。32．6％、0．4％～33．2％,其中以92μmol·L-1镨缓解效果最好。但随着镨浓度的进一步加大,当镨浓度达到230μmol·L-1时,反而会使水稻根系受到更严重的毒害。     

有机磷农药草甘膦异丙胺盐对球形棕囊藻的刺激效应

设置0、0．001、0．01、0．1、l和10mg·L-16个质量浓度梯度,测定了草甘膦异丙胺盐（Glyphosate—isopropylammonium）农药对球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）生长、叶绿素a含量、SOD和CAT活性的影响,探讨了有机磷农药对球形棕囊藻的毒物刺激效应。结果表明,低浓度的草甘膦异丙胺盐对球形棕囊藻的生长呈现出刺激效应。在实验所设定的6个质量浓度梯度范围内,0．001mg·L0和0．01mg·L-1质量浓度处理下的刺激效应最为显著。该两个质量浓度处理下,球形棕囊藻的平均相对增长率比对照分别提高了1．27％和0．45％,叶绿素a含量分别比对照提高了9．2％和2．5％,SOD活性提高了5．9％和7．2％,CAT活性提高了93％和155％;而当草甘膦异丙胺盐质量浓度在0．1mg·L-1以上时,球形棕囊藻的生长率、叶绿素a含量、SOD活性均显著低于对照。草甘膦异丙胺盐在0．001mg·L-1和0．01mg·L-1范围内对球形棕囊藻均呈现刺激效应,而高于0．1mg·L-1时球形棕囊藻各生理指标表现出显著抑制效应。研究结果为了解有机磷农药对海洋微藻生长的影响特征,揭示有机磷农药对微藻产生低促高抑的规律和为深入探索赤潮暴发的成因提供依据。     

苄·丁可湿性粉剂中丁草胺在稻田土壤和田水中残留动态

采用气相色谱法研究了35％苄·丁可湿性粉剂中丁草胺在2006年和2007年湖北省、广东省2年两地水稻田土壤和水中的残留降解动态和最终残留量。研究结果表明丁草胺在土壤和田水添加回收率分别为82．78％～93．20％和90.31％～93．51％,丁草胺在稻田土壤和田水中降解动态符合一级动力学指数模型,在湖北省和广东省水稻田土壤中的半衰期分别为3．21～3．83d、2．49～3．66d,水稻田水中的半衰期分别为1．20～1．66d、1．13～1．48d。861g（a．i．）·hm^-2和高剂量1292g（a．i．）·hm^-2两个剂量施药后丁草胺在稻田土壤中的最终残留量为0．0010-0．0029mg·kg^-1。     

phlb基因在普通小麦与簇毛麦杂种F1中的作用

通过CS、CSph1b与Haynaldiavillosa杂交,幼胚拯救,获杂种F1,其结实率分别为6．67％（12／18）、625％（25／400）对杂种F1植株花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体行为观察发现CS×H.villosa杂种F1平均每PMC仅有1．61条染色体形成二价体和三价体,平均构型为2n＝28＝26．391＋0．79Ⅱ＋0．007Ⅲ,平均染色体交叉数为0．84;而CSph1b×H．villosa杂种F1每PMC中有14．43条染色体发生联会,形成二价体和多价体,平均约型为2n＝28＝13．551Ⅰ＋5．95Ⅱ＋0．55Ⅲ＋0．22Ⅳ,为9．72,其中56％以上的PMC具1～4个多价体（三、四价体）表明Ph1b基因强烈诱导了普通小麦与H.villosa间的部分同源染色体配对杂种F1育性极差,自交均不结实.CS×H.villosa杂种F1与CS回交结实率为6．67％（4／60）,但CSph1b×H．villosa杂种F1与CS、CSph1b回交极难,结实率仅为0．45％（6／1320）．CSph1b×H．villosa杂种已与普通小麦回交成功,为利用ph1b实现簇毛麦优良基因直接对小麦遗转移奠定了基础．     

乙虫腈及其代谢产物在稻田中的残留消减动态研究

采用加速溶剂萃取提取、florisil固相萃取小柱净化、气相色谱（电子捕获检测器）测定的方法,研究了江苏南京、江西南昌和福建永泰3地稻田施用乙虫腈农药后,乙虫腈农药及其代谢产物在水稻植株、田水和土壤中的残留消减动力学规律,以及在水稻植株、土壤、稻壳和糙米中最终残留情况。结果表明,乙虫腈母体在南京、南昌和永泰3地水稻植株、土壤、和稻田水中的消减半衰期分别为3．0、4．1和8．3d,9．2、16．9和9．9d,2．8、6．9和10．9d;母体和代谢产物总量在南京、南昌和永泰3地水稻植株、土壤、和稻田水中的消减半衰期分别为8．5、8．2和4．0d,37．1、58．2和20．2d,4．4、8．2和10．8d。在稻田中按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量1．5倍施用乙虫腈,施药1~2次时,在收获的糙米中乙虫腈的均未检出。     

中国绿色照明工程展望

从１９９２年以来发达国家和发展中国家都在实施绿色照明工程,中国绿色照明工程（ＣＧＬＰ）是第九个五年计划的主要节能项目,该工程在节约资源、保护环境、提高中国的生活水准和提高所制造照明设备的质量方面将发挥重要作用。     

《生态毒理学报》论文写作格式要求

<正>1．标题和序号:按国家新闻出版行业标准CY/T 35-2001(《科技文献的章节编号方法》)规定,论文正文部分按层次列标题．标题序号为3级(1→1．1→1．1．1),3级以下不设标题,可采用序号或字母列出顺序．标题务求简练,并避免“有序号,无标题”现象．     

亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼（GIFTOreoohromisniloticus）血清非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

试验设置了不同浓度亚硝酸盐氮（空白对照、0．75mg·L-1、1．50mg-L-1、3．00mg·L-1和5．00mg·L-1）,研究了亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼（GIFTOreochromisniloticus）血清非特异性免疫酶（溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶、补体c3）活性的影响。结果表明：罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性均呈现出随亚硝酸盐氮浓度升高而降低的趋势,且当亚硝酸盐氮浓度小于1．50mg·L-1时,罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性与对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）,说明低于1．50mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮不会对罗非鱼机体免疫力产生显著影响;而高于3．00mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮胁迫能够显著（P〈O．05）降低罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性,最大下降率分别达到31．75％、27．40％、14．43％,从而显示出高浓度亚硝酸盐氮（〉3．00mg·L-1）能够对罗非鱼机体产生强烈的氧化胁迫和免疫损伤,导致机体免疫力下降,增加罗非鱼对致病菌的易感性。本研究认为,3．00mg·L-1可能是亚硝酸盐氮胁迫引起罗非鱼机体免疫力显著降低的阈值。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定青菜中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺残留

研究并建立了同时测定青菜中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺残留量的高效液相色谱紫外检测分析方法。冷冻干燥并均质后的青菜样品经V（氨水）：V（甲醇）=5：95的混合溶液超声辅助浸提、离心、旋转蒸发、固相萃取等浓缩净化处理后,用高效液相色谱定量。分离色谱柱为AgilentNH：柱,流动相为矿（乙腈）：V（水）=90：10的混合溶液,流速为1mL·min-1,检测波长为214nm。环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺的标准曲线在0．05～10．0mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积线性良好,相关系数不低于0．9995,在0．2～4．0mg.kg-1添加范围内,环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺的平均回收率分别为81．26％～87．69％和78．24％～82．33％,相对标准偏差分别为2．75％～6．18％和3．99％～6．67％,方法的最低检测浓度分别为11．30和20．38μg·k-1。该方法操作简单且灵敏度高,适用于青菜样品中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺残留检测。     

Do exurban communities want more development?

Most land-use surveys of exurban residents focus on eliciting preferences for residential development and open space conservation. This article, in contrast, reports on a stated preference study of exurban residents that assesses the relative attractiveness of a variety of commercial and recreational land uses. Focus group participants and town planners proclaimed a demand for certain commercial services such as modern grocery stores and fine-dining restaurants, but survey respondents generally exhibit a strong preference for no additional development beyond the current rate of development. Results show that if additional development is to occur, then recreational services are generally preferred over more traditional commercial development. Combining two commercial services in a single development project are strongly preferred to stand-alone developments. Our approach illustrates how planners may uncover misconceptions about and priorities for land conversion through examining residents’ preferences.     

Quantifying Loss of Acoustic Communication Space for Right Whales in and around a U.S. National Marine Sanctuary

The effects of chronic exposure to increasing levels of human‐induced underwater noise on marine animal populations reliant on sound for communication are poorly understood. We sought to further develop methods of quantifying the effects of communication masking associated with human‐induced sound on contact‐calling North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in an ecologically relevant area (～10,000 km²) and time period (peak feeding time). We used an array of temporary, bottom‐mounted, autonomous acoustic recorders in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary to monitor ambient noise levels, measure levels of sound associated with vessels, and detect and locate calling whales. We related wind speed, as recorded by regional oceanographic buoys, to ambient noise levels. We used vessel‐tracking data from the Automatic Identification System to quantify acoustic signatures of large commercial vessels. On the basis of these integrated sound fields, median signal excess (the difference between the signal‐to‐noise ratio and the assumed recognition differential) for contact‐calling right whales was negative (?1 dB) under current ambient noise levels and was further reduced (?2 dB) by the addition of noise from ships. Compared with potential communication space available under historically lower noise conditions, calling right whales may have lost, on average, 63–67% of their communication space. One or more of the 89 calling whales in the study area was exposed to noise levels ≥120 dB re 1 μPa by ships for 20% of the month, and a maximum of 11 whales were exposed to noise at or above this level during a single 10‐min period. These results highlight the limitations of exposure‐threshold (i.e., dose‐response) metrics for assessing chronic anthropogenic noise effects on communication opportunities. Our methods can be used to integrate chronic and wide‐ranging noise effects in emerging ocean‐planning forums that seek to improve management of cumulative effects of noise on marine species and their habitats. Cuantificación de la Pérdida de Espacio de Comunicación Acústica para Ballenas Francas Dentro y Alrededor de un Santuario Marino Nacional en E. U. A.     

城市地表颗粒物重金属分布特征及其影响因素分析

城市地表颗粒物作为重金属的重要载体,严重危害城市人群和水体,已成为城市环境的重要研究对象。阐述了对地表颗粒物重金属的空间、粒径、赋存形态等分布特征及其影响因素进行系统分析的意义。通过对国内不同城市不同功能区的重金属（主要为：Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb）数据进行对比分析,各功能区重金属污染情况为：Cu、Pb：工业区〉商业区〉交通区〉居民区〉休闲区;Zn：工业区〉交通区〉商业区〉居民区〉休闲区;Cd：交通区〉工业区〉商业区〉居民区〉休闲区,同时各功能区中Zn、Pb含量波动性较大。整体上国内工业区、交通区和商业区地表颗粒物重金属污染严重。与我国的土壤重金属背景值相比,4种金属中Cd污染程度最为严重。探讨了与国外部分城市地表颗粒重金属污染特征之间的差异,指出国内城市重金属含量均值整体上低于欧美发达城市,而国内一线城市重金属含量明显偏高。系统分析了颗粒物重金属的粒级效应,赋存形态以及生物有效性。综述了城市交通活动（主要为交通流量、车辆行驶速度、变速频率、车辆类型、道路特征等）、降雨冲刷事件、雨前干燥期、大气风力作用、和其他因素对地表颗粒物重金属分布特征的影响。某种程度上,道路车辆的行驶速度和变速对颗粒物重金属累积的影响作用大于交通流量。不同降雨事件和雨前干燥期对重金属分布特征影响的研究结论不一,但地表颗粒对大气PM2.5重金属贡献较大。今后应在以下方面进一步加强对城市地表颗粒物重金属的研究：建立颗粒物粒径划分标准;加强重金属在降雨冲刷过程变化规律的分析;探讨地表颗粒物与大气颗粒物重金属转换关系;还应开展中小型城市,城乡结合部（城中村）地表颗粒物重金属污染特性研究。     

A review on environmental distributions and risk management of phenols pertaining to the endocrine disrupting chemicals in Taiwan

Some phenols, including pentachlorophenol, dichlorophenol, alkylphenols (nonylphenol & octylphenol) and bisphenol-A, have been identified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These phenolic EDCs are extensively used in a wide range of household products, thus posing potential health risks for humans exposed to them. From the viewpoints of ecotoxicology, human health and regulations, it is urgent to restrict the emissions and releases of these estrogenic chemicals from the industrial processes and commercial products. This review article first focused on the physicochemical properties of phenolic EDCs and their industrial/commercial uses. Furthermore, their environmental distributions and regulatory frameworks for integrated risk management of these chemicals in Taiwan were conducted as a case study. Emphasis was thus put on the cross-ministerial joint venture (i.e., environment, health, agriculture, labor, and industry authorities), and the government policy on the risk management of EDCs. Finally, some recommendations for pollution prevention and toxicity reduction of phenolic EDCs were also addressed and analyzed to progress towards a sustainable society in Taiwan.     

Evaluating predictive errors of a complex environmental model using a general linear model and least square means

A general linear model (GLM) was used to evaluate the deviation of predicted values from expected values for a complex environmental model. For this demonstration, we used the default level interface of the regional mercury cycling model (R-MCM) to simulate epilimnetic total mercury concentrations in Vermont and New Hampshire lakes based on data gathered through the EPAs Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (REMAP). The response variable for the GLM was defined as R-MCMs predictive error: the difference between observed mercury concentrations and modeled mercury concentrations in each lake. Least square means of the response variable are used as an estimate of the magnitude and significance of bias, i.e., a statistically discernable trend in predictive errors for a given lake type, e.g., acidic, stratified, or oligotrophic. Using our approach, we determined lake types where significant over-prediction and under-prediction of epilimnetic total mercury concentration was occurring, i.e., regions in parameter space where the model demonstrated significant bias was distinguished from regions where no significant bias existed. This technique is most effective for finding regions of parameter space where bias is significant. Drawing conclusions concerning regions that show no significant bias can be misleading. The significant interaction terms in the GLM demonstrated that addressing this problem using univariate statistical techniques would lead to a loss of important information.     

In search of quorum effects in metacommunity structure: species co-occurrence analyses

Alternative models of community assembly emphasize regional, stochastic, dispersal-based processes or local, deterministic, niche-based processes. Community ecology's historical focus on local processes implicitly assumes that local processes surpass regional processes over time or across space to derive nonrandom metacommunity structure (i.e., a quorum effect). Quorum effects are expected late in succession among nearby sites, whereas quorum effects are not expected early in succession among distant sites. I conducted a meta-analysis of zooplankton data sets encompassing time scales of one to thousands of years and spatial scales of <1 m to thousands of kilometers. Species co-occurrence analyses statistically evaluated presence/absence patterns relative to random patterns obtained with Monte Carlo null models. A series of weighted analyses was conducted and alternative randomization algorithms and null models were evaluated. Most zooplankton metacommunities were randomly structured in unweighted analyses, and the distribution of significant structure did not follow quorum effect predictions. Weighted analyses (e.g., by habitat area) revealed significant, nonrandom structure in most zooplankton metacommunities, but the distribution of significant structure still did not adhere well to quorum effect predictions. Finally, additional weighting for study scale (number of sites) nullified most significant area-weighted structure, and again, the distribution of significant structure did not follow quorum effect predictions. Overall, a quorum effect was not supported, perhaps related to zooplankton life histories and energetics and/or the quorum effect itself. Results at the presence/absence level of resolution indicated that local processes did not generally override regional processes over time or across space to drive community structure. A full integration of dispersal- and niche-based concepts in metacommunity dynamics will be most fruitful for unraveling community assembly. Species co-occurrence analyses were scale dependent (habitat area and study size). Future analyses should use weights for important factors (e.g., habitat area), and meta-analyses should include study scale as an additional factor contributing to apparent patterns.     

Global Habitat Protection: Limitations of Development Interventions and a Role for Conservation Performance Payments

Abstract: Conservation biologists, policy makers, and citizens have identified the protection of native ecosystems in low-income nations as a global social objective. Among the more popular initiatives toward this objective is the use of development interventions in the peripheral areas of endangered ecosystems. Such interventions indirectly provide desirable ecosystem services by redirecting labor and capital away from activities that degrade ecosystems (e.g., agricultural intensification) and by encouraging commercial activities that supply ecosystem services as joint products (e.g., ecotourism). I examined the economics of such interventions and the available empirical evidence and concluded that development interventions are hindered by (1) the indirect and ambiguous conservation incentives that they generate, (2) the complexity of their implementation, and (3) their lack of conformity with the temporal and spatial dimensions of ecosystem conservation objectives. In contrast, paying individuals or communities directly for conservation performance may be a simpler and more effective approach. In recent years there has been widespread experimentation with contracting approaches to ecosystem conservation. Conservation contracting can (1) reduce the set of critical parameters that practitioners must affect to achieve conservation goals, (2) permit more precise targeting and more rapid adaptation over time, and (3) strengthen the links between individual well-being, individual actions, and habitat conservation, thus creating a local stake in ecosystem protection. In situations where performance payments are unlikely to work, indirect development interventions are also unlikely to work. Thus, despite the potential barriers to developing a system of conservation contracts in low-income nations, my analysis suggests that performance payments have the potential to improve the way in which ecosystems are conserved in these nations.     

Discard analysis and damage to non-target species in the "rapido" trawl fishery

This paper describes the catch composition in the rapido trawl fishery and the direct effects on non-target species. All data were collected on commercial fishing vessels so as to reflect commercial rapido-trawling practice. The effects on non-target species were measured using two different damage scales (three- and seven-level scales) depending on the morphology of the taxa. Damage assessment was performed taking into account the whole fishing process by collecting individuals that passed through the cod-end, individuals that were retained in the cod-end and dropped onto the deck and individuals that were collected at the end of the sorting operation just before their return to the sea. Due to differences in the habitat and spatial distribution of target species, discard/commercial ratio was very different among the three different target species fisheries: 1:6 in the queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) fishery, 2:1 in the flatfish (Solea spp., Platichthys flesus, Psetta maximus and Scophthalmus rhombus) fishery and 9:1 in the scallop (Pecten jacobaeus) fishery. Damage sustained by non-target species was species-specific and related to the morphology of different organisms. The sorting operation produced similar levels of injury to those of the gear itself: all discarded animals showed higher levels of damage after the sorting than before. Damage to animals that had passed through the cod-end followed the same pattern, and these data could give an estimate of the "unobserved mortality". Our observations indicated a higher impact on non-target species caused by the queen scallop fishery than that caused by the flatfish fishery. This could be due to the total amount of hard-shelled species (in the queen scallop fishery, A. opercularis accounted for 87% of the total catch biomass) in any given haul, since shells macerated the catch during towing. Discarded animals from the queen scallop fishery showed higher levels of damage than those collected in the flatfish fishery. The rapido trawl fishery seemed to exert a strong selective pressure on the macrobenthic community, being able to modify the epibenthic fauna structure which, in heavily exploited fishing grounds, was dominated by bivalves, gastropods, crabs, starfish and brittlestars.     

A Procedure for Making Optimal Selection of Input Variables for Multivariate Environmental Classifications

Abstract:  Multivariate classifications of environmental factors are used as frameworks for conservation management. Although classification performance is likely to be sensitive to choice of input variables, these choices have been subjective in most previous studies. We used the Mantel test on a limited set of sites for which biological data were available to iteratively seek a definition of environmental space (i.e., intersite distances calculated with a set of appropriately transformed and weighted environmental variables) that had maximal correlation with the same sites described in a biological space. The procedure was used to select input variables for a classification of New Zealand's rivers that discriminates variation in fish communities for biodiversity management. The classification performed (i.e., discriminated biological variation) better than classifications with subjectively chosen variables. The inherently linear measures of environmental distance that underlie multivariate environmental classifications mean that they will perform best if they are defined based on variables for which there is a linear variation in the biological community throughout the entire range of the variable. Classification performance will therefore be improved when variables that have nonlinear relationships with biological variation are transformed to make their relationship with biological turnover more linear and when the contributions of environmental factors that have particularly strong relationships with biological variation are increased by weighting. Our results indicate that attention to the manner in which environmental space is defined improves the efficacy of multivariate classification and other techniques in which the environment is used as a surrogate for biological variation.