SNAD反应器中颗粒污泥和絮体污泥脱氮特性

通过血清瓶批试研究了温度为30℃时, SNAD(simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidization and denitrification)反应器内的颗粒污泥R1(1~2.5mm)和絮体污泥R2(0~0.25mm)的脱氮特性. 结果表明,颗粒污泥的好氧氨氮和好氧亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为0.166,0kgN/(kg VSS×d).厌氧氨氧化、亚硝态氮反硝化、硝态氮反硝化总氮去除速率分别为0.158,0.105,0.094kgN/(kg VSS×d).絮体污泥的好氧氨氮氧化活性和好氧亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为 0.180,0kgN/(kg VSS×d).厌氧氨氧化、亚硝态氮反硝化、硝态氮反硝化总氮去除速率分别为0.026,0.096,0.108kgN/(kg VSS×d).颗粒污泥和絮体污泥都具有良好的亚硝化性能和反硝化性能.颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化性能良好,絮体污泥的厌氧氨氧化性能较差.扫描电镜显示,在SNAD颗粒污泥的表面主要是一些短杆菌和球状菌.在SNAD颗粒污泥中心区域主要为火山口状细菌.在絮体污泥中,同时存在短杆菌,球状菌和火山口状细菌.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器脱氮特性

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（GMBR）连续运行71 d,对模拟生活污水表现出良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化(SND)能力.进水TOC浓度为56.8～132.6mg/L时,膜出水TOC去除率为84.7%～91.9%;进水氨氮浓度为28.1～38.4mg/L时,稳定运行阶段氨氮去除率为85.4%～99.7%,总氮去除率为41.7%～78.4%.结合反应器中污泥生长形态,对不同粒径污泥的同步硝化反硝化研究表明,好氧条件下絮状污泥几乎没有反硝化能力,SND能力来源于颗粒污泥,并且随着污泥粒径的增大,反硝化速率以及总氮去除效率提高.通过扫描电镜对颗粒污泥外观以及沿传质方向剖面内部特征的观察分析,对颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化的作用过程进行了探讨.     

EGSB反应器中厌氧颗粒污泥的脱氮特性研究

以厌氧污泥为接种物,启动膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器,经过3个月的连续运行,反应器中出现了颗粒污泥,表现出持续去除氨氮的能力,并出现了厌氧氨氧化现象.为了验证EGSB反应器中厌氧氨氧化反应的存在,并探讨厌氧颗粒污泥的生物脱氮特性,从EGSB反应器中取出颗粒污泥,并与亚硝化反应器中的活性污泥进行了对比研究.结果表明,好氧污泥反应器对TN、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别为45 5%、13 4%和99 9%;厌氧颗粒污泥反应器对TN、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别为54 3%、21 7%和99 9%.厌氧颗粒污泥反应器中NH+4 N的去除速率比较稳定,约为3 17mg·L-1·h-1(以N计).上述结果充分表明,EGSB反应器中发生了厌氧氨氧化反应.     

生物淋滤法提高制革污泥脱水性能的研究

通过1000L的搅拌釜式(STR)生物淋滤反应器,在去除制革污泥中重金属铬的同时,研究了生物淋滤技术对处于不同反应阶段污泥的比阻值、ζ电位值、自然沉降性、离心脱水率、离心液中悬浮固体(SS)浓度等指标的影响,并采用电镜扫描仪观测污泥颗粒结构的变化,评价原始污泥和生物淋滤污泥的脱水性能差异.结果表明,生物淋滤处理后,其比阻值从195×10¹²m/kg下降到5.4×10¹²m/kg;ζ电位从-25.8mV上升到+2.6mV,污泥由疏松的絮状变成紧实的块状;12h的自然沉降率达到61%;2000r/min时离心脱水率达到83%,离心后上清液中SS下降到946mg/L,固体回收率达到97.3%.制革污泥经过生物淋滤处理后,脱水性能得到了明显的提高.     

好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥细菌种群结构对五氯酚污染的响应研究

应用一种新的微生物分子生态学方法--末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)法研究了好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥在毒性化合物五氯酚(PCP)影响下的废水处理性能及其微生物种群结构的响应.结果表明,PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,颗粒污泥和活性污泥的COD去除率为38%、77%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了56%和15%.另外,PCP浓度为20 mg·L-1时,去除率为13%和58%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了86%和40%,说明PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,对颗粒污泥的影响大于对活性污泥的影响.PCP对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥的细菌种群结构都产生了明显的影响,而且好氧颗粒污泥的变化程度大于活性污泥;PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,好氧颗粒污泥中的细菌种群数量明显下降,TRFs片段数从26下降到14,但活性污泥中的细菌种群数量基本不变,污泥中细菌种群结构的变化趋势与污泥的水处理性能的变化趋势相一致.     

采用Anammox颗料污泥工艺对酵母废水进行脱氮处理的研究

本实验采用先进的厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）颗粒污泥工艺对某酵母厂的二沉出水进行了毒性实验与连续流实验.毒性实验结果表明该类废水对Anammox细菌有一定的抑制作用,但没有影响最终的去除效果;而近一个半月的连续流实验数据则表明：在进水氨氮浓度300～360mg/1的情况下,污泥负荷与容积负荷可以稳定地上升,出水氨氮在50mg/l以下,亚硝酸盐氮维持在5mg/l左右,氨氮去除率可这80%以上.     

污泥生物炭对低C/N废水好氧颗粒污泥长期运行稳定性的影响

将污泥生物炭作为载体培养好氧颗粒污泥,研究培养成熟的好氧颗粒污泥在碳氮比(C/N)由10降为4条件下的长期运行稳定性.结果表明,通过添加生物炭培养成熟的好氧颗粒污泥颗粒结构更紧密,不易解体.虽然丝状菌Thiothrix大量增殖,但是好氧颗粒沉淀性能良好,SVI₃₀始终维持在50mL/g左右;系统COD去除效率达到90%以上,TN去除率为70%左右.高通量测序分析表明,加炭系统微生物多样性有所降低,但具有反硝化功能的细菌数量增加,提升了系统脱氮性能.添加污泥生物炭培养成熟的好氧颗粒污泥具有更好的脱氮性能和长期运行稳定性,有利于低C/N条件下的高氨氮废水处理.     

舟山港潮间带生物体内的细菌学研究

对舟山港受排污水影响的表层海水和潮间带生物体内的细菌数量和种类进行了研究.在单齿螺、僧帽牡蛎、平背蜞体内共分离出60株菌株,使用API－20E系统进行细菌种类鉴定,其中优势菌为少动鞘氨醇单胞菌、浅黄华丽单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌等．一些动物和人类的致病菌如杀鲑气单胞菌、脑膜炎脓毒性黄杆菌也在其中出现.在潮间带生物体内和表层海水中各类细菌数量均较高,其中潮间带生物体内细菌总数平均为8×10⁵个/g、粪大肠杆菌数平均为9×10²个／g、弧菌数平均为1.5×10⁵个／g,不同的潮间带生物中,细菌数量相差很大.     

纳米氧化锌颗粒胁迫对氨氧化细菌共代谢去除磺胺嘧啶的影响

为了探究纳米氧化锌颗粒(nZnO)胁迫下氨氧化细菌(AOB)共代谢去除抗生素能力的变化规律,本研究选择了一种广泛使用的磺胺类抗生素磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)作为实验对象,通过考察不同浓度的nZnO胁迫下富集AOB污泥中氨氮浓度、SDZ浓度、胞外聚合物(EPS)、关键酶活性及活性氧(ROS)的变化特征,探究nZnO赋存对富集AOB污泥及其共代谢降解去除SDZ能力的影响.结果表明,一定浓度范围(0～25 mg·L^-1)内,nZnO对水中氨氮的转化存在浓度抑制效应,随着nZnO浓度的升高,氨氧化速率逐渐降低;nZnO处理后AOB中的关键功能酶—氨单加氧酶和羟胺氧化还原酶的活性均显著下降,50 mg·L^-1 nZnO处理组酶活下降的最为显著;nZnO刺激下产生了大量的ROS,并且ROS的产量与nZnO浓度呈正比;在0～25 mg·L^-1 nZnO的范围内,SDZ的去除率随着nZnO浓度的升高而逐渐降低,但50 mg·L^-1 nZnO实验组的SDZ去除率达到最高,甚至超过了空白对照组.     

重金属对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响

以葡萄糖为碳源,以絮状污泥为接种污泥,以序批式污泥反应器为反应装置,考察了重金属离子锌、铜和铅对好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性及去除有机物、氨氮的影响.结果表明,在温度为25℃,pH值为7时,成功实现了好氧颗粒污泥的培养.重金属的加入使得污泥颗粒变小,在重金属离子浓度2～50mg/L范围内,三种金属离子锌、铜和铅对COD的去除率...     

热喷处理污泥及其复混肥的养分效率与生物效应

采用室内分析和田间生物试验，研究了热喷处理污泥及其复混肥的养分供应能力及它们在农地上施用对土壤肥力、青菜产量及其品质的影响。结果表明：热喷处理能有效杀灭污泥中病原物，除自，并可使污泥中水溶性有机碳和速效氮含量分别提高87％，19％和35％，施用热喷污泥制成的复混肥不但比等养分的无机复合肥多增产38％，而且青菜体内Vc和水溶性总糖等营养品质也有明显的提高，NO3^-却只有无机复合肥处理的一半左右，污泥经势喷处理有利于提高污泥中养分的生物有效性，特别是热喷污泥制成的复混肥氮磷养分利用率显著高于无机复合肥，施用污泥和污泥复混肥还能提高土壤肥力，比单纯大量施用污泥要安全得多，土地使用年限可延长40倍。     

污泥吸附剂的制备及其对含Pb2+模拟废水的吸附特性研究

以污水处理站脱水污泥和煤为原料,通过共热解法制备污泥吸附剂,并将其用于吸附含Pb2+的模拟废水.同时,考察了污泥吸附剂制备过程中热解温度、配比、热解时间、粒径对碘吸附值及产率的影响,以及吸附时间、温度、pH值、污泥吸附剂投加量对吸附效果的影响,并对其吸附动力学和热力学特性进行了探讨.结果表明,制备污泥吸附剂的最佳条件为...     

Effect of seed sludge on characteristics and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated by using different kinds of seed sludge in sequencing batch airlift reactor.The influence of seed sludge on physical and chemical properties of granular sludge was studied;the microbial community structure was probed by using scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that seed sludge played an important role on the formation of aerobic granules.Seed sludge taken from beer wastewater treatment plant(inoculum A) was more suitable for cultivating aerobic granules than that of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant(inoculum B).Cultivated with inoculum A, large amount of mature granules formed after 35 days operation, its SVI reached 32.75 mL/g, and SOUR of granular sludge was beyond 1.10 mg/(g·min).By contrast, it needed 56 days obtaining mature granules using inoculum B.DGGE profiles indicated that the dominant microbial species in mature granules were 18 and 11 OTU when inoculum A and B were respectively employed as seed sludge.The sequencing results suggested that dominant species in mature granules cultivated by inoculum A were Paracoccus sp., Devosia hwasunensi, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., while the dominant species were Lactococcus raffinolactis and Pseudomonas sp.in granules developed from inoculum B.     

厌氧消化污泥和未消化污泥在TG-MS上的热化学特性比较

利用热重-质谱联用仪对厌氧消化污泥和未消化污泥的燃烧和热解过程分别进行了研究.结果表明,2种污泥燃烧和热解过程中的热失重行为都可分为失水、有机物分解、无机物分解3个阶段.在300～350℃温度范围内,无论燃烧还是热解过程,未消化污泥有机物分解造成的热失重现象均比厌氧消化污泥明显.无机物分解阶段,厌氧消化污泥主要是碳酸盐的分解,未消化污泥主要是硫酸盐的分解.采用同步质谱仪对热解和燃烧的气态产物进行了分析,结果表明,污泥燃烧和热解过程除了产生大量的H2O和CO2外,热解过程还产生CH4、C2H6、C4H10、C7H8等有机气体以及H2.厌氧消化污泥热解时有机气体产生量小于未消化污泥.     

污泥预处理对微生物絮凝剂制备及性能的影响

试验研究了不同污泥预处理方法对微生物絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能的影响.结果表明,污泥经碱热预处理后释放的有机物质量最大,SCOD/TCOD可达到0.56.以碱热预处理污泥作为基质制备的微生物絮凝剂,其产量为2.3 g·L-1,高于热预处理的1.6 g·L-1,酸热预处理的0.6 g·L-1,以及未接种污泥絮凝剂的18 mg·L-1.采用响应面分析法对碱热预处理污泥制备的微生物絮凝剂与PAM复配改善污泥脱水的过程进行了优化,实验分别拟合了关于污泥比阻(SRF)和干污泥量(DS)的二次模型,决定系数(R2)分别为0.9057和0.9171,表明拟合情况良好.实验中最佳的污泥脱水条件为微生物絮凝剂投加量12.6 g·kg-1,PAM投加量1.0 g·kg-1,Ca Cl2投加量59.7 mg·L-1,p H值6.7,搅拌速度185r·min-1.在此条件下,DS和SRF分别为29.1%和2.2×1012m·kg-1,表明碱热预处理污泥制备的微生物絮凝剂与PAM的联合使用有助于改善污泥脱水性能.     

好氧污泥絮体与厌氧颗粒污泥的剪切稳定性分析

通过标准的剪切实验装置检测了好氧污泥絮体和厌氧颗粒污泥在不同剪切条件下剥离的分散胶体浓度的变化.结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥的剪切敏感性(KSS)比好氧活性污泥高1个数量级,证明了好氧活性污泥的剪切稳定性更好.好氧活性污泥絮体在剪切下剥离的分散胶体平衡浓度(md,∞)分别随着污泥悬浊液的固体浓度(mT)和剪切强度(G)的增加而增加.AE模型的模拟结果显示,好氧活性污泥絮体样品1在剪切作用下粘附-剥离的平衡常数(Km)比样品2的高,相应的DG0adh/RT值更小,证明其在剪切作用下的粘附过程更易发生.修正AE模型可以更好地模拟不同剪切强度下污泥絮体上分散胶体的剥离过程,其不仅能够给出未施加剪切的稳定状态时因布朗运动而导致的分散胶体浓度,而且能确定与污泥絮体上分散胶体的剥离能量相关的DH/R值.模拟结果表明,好氧活性污泥絮体样品1上分散胶体的剥离需要更多的能量,剪切强度的升高对样品2的影响更加明显.活性污泥剪切稳定性的差异证明了其与污泥结构、性质以及污水处理厂运行效果之间的关系比较复杂.     

酸化污泥回流的生物淋滤技术处理制革污泥

采用回流——即在原始污泥中添加淋滤结束的生物酸化污泥继续进行淋滤的方法,研究了回流比、混合污泥起始pH值、酸化污泥pH值对生物淋滤技术去除制革污泥中重金属铬的影响.结果表明,采用回流的方法能够同步完成原污泥的预酸化和接种,当控制回流后混合污泥的起始pH值在4.00左右时,经过3d的淋滤,污泥的pH值下降到1.95以下,污泥中铬的溶出率达到95%以上.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DDCOD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K2 Fe O4oxidation and KMn O4 oxidation. The degree of disintegration(DDCOD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K2 Fe O4oxidation was more efficient than KMn O4 oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K2 Fe O4and KMn O4 oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K2 Fe O4oxidation, and increased slightly with KMn O4 oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K2 Fe O4oxidation, and did not changed with KMn O4 oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K2 Fe O4and KMn O4 oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DD_COD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.