模拟干旱胁迫对岷江干旱河谷—山地森林交错带4种乡土植物抗氧化酶系统的影响

为解干旱河谷—山地森林交错带植物在干旱胁迫条件下的抗性生理特征,以交错带4种典型植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、岷江柏(Cupressus chengiana)、高山柳(Salix paraqplesia)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)为研究对象,测定干旱胁迫条件下植物叶片抗氧化酶活性以及游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)和色素含量的变化.干旱胁迫显著降低了4种植物叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量,增加了叶片Pro和MDA含量,增加了细胞膜透性,提高了过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,表明交错带植物在干旱胁迫条件下具有较强的抗旱能力.相对于岷江柏和高山柳,狗尾草和沙棘在相应水分条件下表现出较高的叶绿素a/b、Pro含量及POD、SOD和CAT活性,抗旱能力较高;而高山柳叶片上述各指标相对较低,抗旱性相对较差.研究结果为了解交错带不同生活型物种在干旱条件下的适应提供了理论依据.图2表2参26     

臭氧胁迫下外源喷施亚精胺和EDU对小麦生理指标的影响

采用开顶式气室模拟研究外源喷施亚精胺(Spd)和EDU对O3胁迫下小麦生理指标变化的影响,测定的生理指标包括丙二醛含量(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、过氧化物酶活性(POD)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)、可溶性蛋白质含量、还原型谷胱甘肽含量(GSH)、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性(GR)、抗坏血酸含量(ASA)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性(APX)。结果表明,外源喷施Spd和EDU可不同程度地提高小麦叶片的SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR活性,降低MDA和ASA含量,提高GSH和可溶性蛋白含量。当Spd的浓度为0.25、0.50和0.75mmol·L-1时,小麦叶片POD活性比对照处理提高90.0%～226.7%,CAT活性提高21.4%～40.6%,APX活性提高164.2%～191.0%,MDA含量降低9.7%～42.5%。喷施300mg·L-1EDU可导致小麦叶片POD、CAT和APX活性分别比对照处理提高76.8%、27.4%和128.1%,MDA和ASA含量降低,GSH含量提高25.6%。以上结果说明Spd和EDU是2种比较有效的缓解小麦O3胁迫的抗氧化剂,可用来防护O3对小麦的毒害。     

喀斯特地区4种造林幼苗的抗旱性评价

以杜英、伞花木、侧柏、栾树1年生幼苗为试验材料,通过调控土壤含水量,设置1个无干旱胁迫对照和3个干旱胁迫强度处理(分别为每2、4、6、8 d浇水1次),比较4种幼苗叶片相对含水量(RWC),质膜相对透性(RMP),丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖(SS)含量,过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化.结果表明,经干旱胁迫后,各供试树种叶片RWC减少,RMP增大,SS、Pro和MDA含量增加,POD活性变化趋势不同.利用隶属函数法对供试树种进行抗旱性综合评价,4个树种的抗旱性强弱为伞花木>侧柏>栾树=杜英.对6个生理牛化指标抗旱系数进行相关分析的结果表明,MDA含量、POD活性和Pro含量之间相关性较为紧密.对供试幼苗的测试指标做方差分析,并采用SSR法进行多重比较的结果显示,RMP、MDA含量、POD活性、Pro含量4个指标可用以评价供试树种苗期抗旱性强弱.     

盐胁迫下硅对黄瓜叶片抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化物的影响

采用无土盆栽试验方法,研究了轻度和重度盐(NaCl)胁迫下,硅对黄瓜Cucumis sativus L.叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量的影响.施硅量设置5个水平,分别为0.0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 g SiO2·kg-1基质;钠盐(NaCl)胁迫设置轻度(每kg基质2.0 g)和重度(每kg基质5.0 g)胁迫两个水平.结果表明:硅显著提高了黄瓜叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,与不施硅的盐分胁迫处理相比,SOD活性提高了3.65%～130.1%,POD活性提高了11.7%～85.9%,CAT活性提高了44.6%～117.1%;MDA含量显著降低了1.0%～25.8%.施硅量相同,重度盐分胁迫处理SOD、POD、CAT活性低于轻度盐分胁迫,MDA含量高于轻度胁迫处理.相同盐分胁迫下,施硅量愈大,SOD、POD、CAT活性愈高,MDA含量愈低;轻度盐分胁迫条件下,硅对SOD、POD、CAT活性的提升作用大于重度盐分胁迫.以上结果说明硅对黄瓜叶片抗氧化酶活性和膜质过氧化物的影响与施硅量和盐分胁迫程度密切相关.     

龙葵和茄子幼苗对镉胁迫的生理响应

采用营养液培养法研究了镉胁迫条件下龙葵和茄子幼苗的生长及生理响应.结果表明:镉胁迫使龙葵和茄子幼苗生长受到不同程度影响.龙葵在镉浓度低于50 μM条件下,地上部干物质量仅下降15.48%%(P＞0.05),根系干物质量在镉浓度低于100 μM下增加111.11%(P<0.05),根系活力也呈先升后降的趋势;茄子地上部干物质量和根系活力在所有镉处理下均低于对照,根系干物质量在镉浓度高于25 μM时即呈现下降趋势,降幅达47.06p.59%,茄子对镉胁迫的耐受性相对较弱.镉胁迫还导致龙葵和茄子幼苗叶片色素含量降低,叶片相对电导率、MDA含量和可溶性糖含量增加,SOD、POD、CAT变化不一致.龙葵叶片SOD活性随镉胁迫程度的增加先增高后降低,POD和CAT活性基本上表现为逐渐上升趋势,而茄子叶片中SOD活性逐渐下降,POD逐渐上升,CAT呈先降后升又降的变化规律,龙葵体内的3种抗氧化酶对镉胁迫起到较强的抗氧化保护作用.     

抗坏血酸对铜胁迫下广藿香幼苗生长、铜积累和抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过室内水培试验,研究了外源添加抗坏血酸(Ascorbic acid,As A)对铜(Copper,Cu)胁迫下广藿香(Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.)幼苗生长、Cu~(2+)积累和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果显示,与对照相比,10—80μmol·L-1Cu~(2+)降低了广藿香幼苗的苗长、根长、植株生物量和根系耐性指数,且随Cu~(2+)浓度增大抑制作用增强.与Cu~(2+)胁迫相比,外源添加0.10—0.50 mmol·L~(-1)As A提高了广藿香幼苗的苗长、根长、植株生物量、根系耐性指数、根系活力以及SOD、POD、CAT和APX酶活性,降低其根系相对电导率、MDA含量和Cu~(2+)含量;随As A浓度的增加,苗长、根长、植株生物量、根系耐性指数、根系活力以及POD和CAT活性先升高后下降,相对电导率、MDA含量和Cu~(2+)含量先下降后上升,SOD和APX活性则一直增加.结果显示,外源添加0.25 mmol·L~(-1)的As A能提高广藿香幼苗细胞清除活性氧的能力,一定程度上缓解40μmol·L~(-1)Cu~(2+)胁迫对膜系统的伤害,减轻Cu~(2+)胁迫对广藿香幼苗生长的毒害作用.     

Zn2+胁迫及恢复下番茄幼苗根系中抗氧化系统的动态变化

通过温室水培试验,研究1.0×10-4mol/LZn2 胁迫及解除胁迫对番茄(Lycopersicom esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系中抗氧化系统的动态变化.结果表明,胁迫条件下,番茄根系丙二醛(MDA)和蛋白质含量增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD,EC1.15.1.1),过氧化氢酶(CAT,EC1.11.1.6)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX,EC1.11.1.9)活性上升,而过氧化物酶(POD,EC1.11.1.7)活性下降;AsA-GSH循环代谢受影响;抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX,EC1.11.1.11)活性在胁迫d1、d3上升,随后下降,而谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR,EC1.6.4.2)活性在胁迫1~5d时下降,随后上升;抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量上升.解除胁迫后,根系中MDA和蛋白质含量随时间延长逐渐减少,接近对照;POD和APX活性增加,而SOD、CAT和GR活性及GSH含量先升高,随后减少;GPX活性和AsA含量却降低;恢复后根系中抗氧化物水平仍然高于对照.依据实验结果,文中讨论了胁迫及恢复过程中植物AsA-GSH循环代谢的作用.图3参16     

堆肥污泥对杨树幼苗主要抗逆生理动态变化的影响

采用温室盆栽实验研究堆肥污泥对两个杨树品种[凌丰三号(Populus×euramaricanacl.‘Lingfeng 3’)和欧美杨108号(Populus×euramericana‘Guariento’)]幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、脯氨酸(Pro)及丙二醛(MDA)含量在不同生长季(污泥施用后的4周、9周、16周和21周)动态变化的影响,分别设置低量污泥(15 t hm-2,LS)、中量污泥(30 t hm-2,MS)、高量污泥(60 t hm-2,HS)和对照(不施污泥,CK)4个处理。结果表明:施用堆肥污泥对2个杨树品种幼苗叶片的SOD、POD及CAT活性的影响在不同生长季均为显著,其中POD活性普遍有所降低,SOD活性基本呈现降低趋势,而CAT活性则因不同品种、污泥用量和生长季而异。施用堆肥污泥对两个品种叶片Pro含量的影响除了污泥施用前期(4周后)外,其他生长季均为显著。污泥对2个品种叶片的膜质过氧化的影响在不同生长季有所差异,在4周和21周后的影响均显著,而在9周和16周后的影响均不显著,并且在污泥施用前、中期(即4周和16周后),叶片的MDA含量基本呈现增加趋势,而在21周后MDA含量则普遍有所降低。由此说明,杨树幼苗对污泥施用有一个适应过程,但因品种和污泥用量而异。     

水杨酸对铅胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响

以黄瓜幼苗为材料,研究了外源水杨酸对铅胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明:水杨酸使铅胁迫的黄瓜幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量下降,可溶性蛋白质含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低;在0~1 mmol.L-1范围内的外源SA对铅胁迫的黄瓜幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量下降量和超氧化物歧化酶活性增加量与水杨酸处理浓度呈正相关,与外源水杨酸处理浓度呈正相关,而过氧化物酶活性增加量与外源水杨酸浓度呈负相关。外源水杨酸的作用可能是通过提高黄瓜叶片对膜脂过氧化的抗性来提高黄瓜幼苗对铅毒害的耐受力。     

链格孢菌对白车轴草抗旱性的影响

在盆栽自然水分干旱胁迫条件下,研究了接种链格孢菌(Alternaria tenuis Nees)对白车轴草(Trifolium repens L.)抗旱性相关的生理生化指标的影响,结果表明:接种组与对照组叶片的电导率(EC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量均与干旱处理时间呈显著正相关,而叶片相对含水量(RWC)、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量与处理时间呈显著负相关。链格孢菌的侵染能促进干旱胁迫下白车轴草叶片EC和MDA含量的增加,延缓Pro的积累,加速叶片RWC和ASA含量的降低。到达干旱处理的第6天,接种组的EC、MDA含量分别比对照高20.06%、68.79%(p<0.05),而RWC、Pro含量和ASA含量分别比对照低7.03%、25.3%、77.43%(p<0.05)。此外,接种组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均于处理的第4天开始显著低于对照;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也于处理的第6天下降并显著低于对照,为对照的79.79%(p<0.01)。表明链格孢菌会降低干旱胁迫下白车轴草的渗透调节能力和保护酶的活性,加剧活性氧的积累和膜脂过氧化程度,使白车轴草的抗旱性降低。     

模拟酸雨对薇甘菊种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

薇甘菊是入侵性杂草,已在我国华南地区及云南部分地区造成严重危害。我国华南地区同时也是强酸雨分布区域。采用不同pH值的模拟酸雨对薇甘菊种子及幼苗进行处理,测定其对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。测定了不同pH值下薇甘菊幼苗叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧阴离子产生速率、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性。结果表明,薇甘菊种子具有较强的耐酸能力,pH≥3．5时均能正常萌发,pH≤3．0时不能萌发。不同pH值模拟酸雨对薇甘菊幼苗叶绿素含量影响不显著。随着模拟酸雨pH值下降,超氧阴离子产生速率上升,丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化物酶活性呈先上升后下降。pH3．5时,丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性均达最大值;pH4．0时超氧化物歧化酶活性达最大值。结果表明薇甘菊对华南地区酸雨胁迫表现出适应。     

Soil enzyme activities and their indication for fertility of urban forest soil

To reveal the biological characteristics of urban forest soil and the effects of soil enzyme on soil fertility as well as the correlation between physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, 44 urban forest soil profiles in Nanjing were investigated. Basic soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were analyzed in the laboratory. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase were determined by potassium permanganate titration, TTC (C₁₉H₁₅N₄·Cl) colorimetry, phenyl phosphate dinatrium colorimetry, and anthrone colorimetry, respectively. The result showed that soil pH, organic carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) had great effects on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 0–20 cm thick soil. However, pH only had great effect on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 20–40 cm thick soil. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were important biological indicators for the fertility of urban forest soil. Both in 0–20 cmand 20–40 cmsoil, soil enzyme system (hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase) had a close relationship with a combination of physicochemical indicators (pH, organic C, total N, available K, available P, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and microbial biomass carbon (C_mic)). The more soil enzyme activities there were, the higher the fertility of urban forest soil.     

Size exclusion chromatography for the removal of pigments from extracellular ligninolytic enzyme extracts from decayed wheat straw

Solid-state fermentation of wheat straw was carried out by a native white rot basidiomycete Daedaleopsis flavida strain 5A. Extract prepared from the 12-day decayed wheat straw contained extracellular ligninolytic enzymes like manganese peroxidase (MnP), manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and laccase along with straw-degraded products and pigments. Sephacryl S-200 size exclusion chromatography in 16/100 column was used for the separation of these ligninolytic enzymes and straw-degraded products and pigments. Recovery of pigment-free ligninolytic enzyme activities as protein was 40% of the total proteins loaded and specific LiP activity increased 34 fold after size exclusion chromatography. Thus accurate estimation of LiP by veratryl alcohol oxidation assay was possible only after the removal of interfering pigments. The reproducibility of size exclusion chromatography is adjudged satisfactory from the consistent results obtained after seven repetitive uses of matrices.     

Zinc and copper induced changes in physiological characteristics of Vigna mungo (L.)

The effect of deleterious concentration of zinc and copper provided either individually or in combination in the nutrient media was investigated in order to assess the effect of metal interaction in Vigna mungo (L.). Both metals showed negative effect and led to a marked decrease in seed germination (20%), seedling growth (91.7%) and nitrate reductase activity (85.7%) with the increase in metal concentrations. The present study also emphasizes on the response of catalase and peroxidase enzyme under zinc and copper stress. Both antioxidant enzymes exhibited an increasing trend under different treatment conditions but it was reverse at highly toxic metal concentration. The results showed active involvement of peroxidase enzyme in regulating oxidative stress rather than catalase enzyme, as the specific activity of peroxidase enzyme got increased by 8.94% under the combined metals stress whereas catalase activity got declined by 60.97% in comparison to control due to excessive stress. The combined effect of copper and zinc metal was more pronounced in comparison to their individual effects.     

NaCl胁迫对不同柑橘砧木品种抗氧化系统的影响

采用土培的方式,研究了不同浓度的NaC(l0,50,100,150,250,350mmol·L-1)对岑溪酸橘Citrus reticulata Blanco、龙州土柠檬Citrus limonia Osbeck和临桂砧板柚Citrus grandis Osbeck叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧自由基(O2·-)含量的影响。结果表明,随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬和临桂砧板柚3种柑橘叶片中O2·-均有不同程度的增加,表明在NaCl处理下3种柑橘均受到了不同程度的O2·-胁迫。NaCl处理对岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬SOD、POD活性,临桂砧板柚MDA含量的影响不显著(P0.05),但引起临桂砧板柚SOD活性、岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬APX活性显著增加(P0.05)。在不同浓度的NaCl处理下,3种柑橘叶片的CAT活性均有不同程度的下降,但GSH的含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而增加,在NaCl处理浓度为350mmol·L-1时,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬、临桂砧板柚GSH含量分别比对照提高了137%、59.1%、90.8%,表明GSH在解毒NaCl胁迫时起重要作用。     

抗氧化系统在蜈蚣草细胞砷解毒机制中的作用

砷超富集植物——蜈蚣草体内可以富集高浓度的砷且不表现出受害症状,暗示蜈蚣草细胞具有较强的砷解毒机制.为探讨抗氧化系统在蜈蚣草砷解毒机制中的作用,测定了0、0.5、1和2mmol/L的砷酸盐[As(Ⅴ)]、亚砷酸盐[As(Ⅲ)]和二甲基胂酸盐(DMA)处理下蜈蚣草愈伤组织的丙二醛(Malonyldiadehyde,MDA)含量、非酶类抗氧化物质含量和酶类抗氧化物质的活性.结果表明,0.5mmol/L As(Ⅴ)和DMA就可以诱导氧化胁迫的产生,浓度越高胁迫程度也越严重.而1mmol/L的As(III)仍未使蜈蚣草愈伤组织产生氧化胁迫.在As(Ⅲ)处理下,酸溶性巯基含量增加,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量不变,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性增加.在As(Ⅴ)处理下,酸溶性巯基含量减少,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量略有上升;CAT和POD活性先增加后减少.在DMA处理下,酸溶性巯基含量减少,叶绿素含量降低而类胡萝卜素含量增加,CAT和POD活性先增加后减少.与As(Ⅴ)和DMA相比,As(Ⅲ)处理下高酸溶性巯基含量、高氧化酶活性和低MDA含量暗示As(Ⅲ)对蜈蚣草的毒性可能比As(Ⅴ)和DMA要小.这些结果表明,酸溶性巯基和酶类抗氧化物质(CAT和POD)在蜈蚣草细胞砷解毒机制中发挥着重要作用.图4参22     

苹果茎沟病毒对梨树幼苗生长及过氧化物酶活性的影响

Based on growth level and peroxidase activity, a comparative study and paried-samples t test were made between vires-free Zaosu pear seedlings and the seedlings inoculated with apple stem grooving virus(ASGV). The results showed : ( 1 )virus-free Zaosu pear seedlings grew better than inoculated ones. Of the seedlings the height, diameter, branches and autumn braches differed statistically significantly; (2)the peroxidase activity of inoculated seedlings was higher than that of virus-free ones, and the peak of peroxidase activity occurred on about d 7 and d 24 after inoculation. Fig 1, Tab 1, Ref 9     

水分胁迫对燥红土和变性土上生长的玉米叶片几种酶活性的影响

采用盆栽控制试验，研究了不同处理条件下，水分胁迫对金沙江干热河谷典型土壤(燥红土和变性土)生长的玉米(Zea mays L.)叶片中几种酶活性的影响．结果表明：(1)在一定的水分胁迫范围内，玉米叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASP)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均随着土壤含水量的降低而升高，但过度胁迫时，酶活性降低；(2)随着土壤含水量降低，玉米叶片中保护酶活性的变化规律略有差异，这与二者的土壤物理性质有关；(3)施肥处理和栽培方式对玉米叶片的酶活性有影响，增施有机肥和Zn肥可提高适度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片中POD、CAT、ASP和PPO活性．图4参35     

Studies on the role of six enzymes in the metabolism of kinetin in mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)

The activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, O-demethylase, ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase, belonging to two main classes of detoxification enzymes (i.e. hydrolases and oxido-reductases), mostly involved in metabolism and degradation of xenobiotics in insects, were assessed under the influence of kinetin, a plant growth regulator (PGR). The nymphs (48-52 hr old) of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) were permitted to feed on radish plant, Raphanus sativus L. treated with kinetin (400 ppm) for 13, 25 and 37 hr. It was found that the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased significantly when compared with the control of the same age group, which indicated that these enzymes might be playing a significant role in the metabolism of kinetin in this insect. The activity of O-demethylase showed an increase up to 25 hr of the treatment but it decreased under prolonged treatment whereas the activity of succinate dehydrogenase fluctuated insignificantly. ATPase showed a decrease in the activity with the treatment suggesting kinetin's interference in synthesis of ATPase.