二氧化硫处理草浆黑液的特性研究

分析，研究了用ＳＯ２酸化碱法草浆黑液，主要包括；１．用ＳＯ２酸化黑液，不同ＰＨ时黑液木质素的析出量；２．黑液吸收ＳＯ２的特性；３．黑液浓度对黑液吸收ＳＯ２的影响；４．黑液固形物等去除率与ＰＨ值的关系。     

腈纶废液回收的研究

介绍了离子交换工艺，离子交换树脂的交换原理，论述了ＮａＳＣＮ与ＣＯＤ的相关性，提出了污水回收装置进料流量及再生剂（ＮａＯＨ）流量的设定值，为操作程序的时间更改提供了依据，使之提高了ＮａＳＣＮ的回收率，降低了腈纶的ＮａＳＣＮ的单耗。     

液膜分离在造纸黑液治理中的应用

液膜分离在造纸黑液治理中的应用潘碌亭朱亦仁（阜阳师范学院化学系，阜阳２３６０３２）吴成康（阜阳师范学院科技处）关键词液膜法；黑液；木质素．１前言目前，我国造纸工业普遍采用碱法制浆，而蒸煮制浆过程中产生的黑液含有大量的有机物和无机物，ＣＯＤ值很高，黑液...     

旋流板塔在碱性黑液烟气脱硫中的应用

本文研究了用模拟燃煤烟气处理造纸黑液的工艺，着重设计并改进了旋流板塔作为酸析吸收塔，确定了其最佳工作条件。结果表明，常温常压下，四级吸收采用液气比Ｌ＝３．０－３．０Ｌ／ｍ＾３时，黑液ＣＯＤ去除率可达６０．０％，ＳＯ２去除率在８８．０％－９９．９％。     

乳状液膜法处理造纸黑液的研究

本文介绍了液膜法处理造红黑液的传质机理及膜配方：黑液中有机物选择性透过液膜，属Ⅰ型促进迁移。实验结果表明，以煤油，ＬＭＡ－１，Ｈ２ＳＯ４组成的体系较稳定，且ＬＭＡ－１含量为３ｇ／１００ｍＬ煤油，内相试剂Ｈ２ＳＯ４溶液浓度为４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，黑液中ＣＯＤ去除率为９８％以上。     

超滤法从造纸黑液中提取木质素制备活性炭

应用超滤技术从造纸黑液中提取木质素制备活性炭是黑液综合治理的一条新途径，且适合于中、小型造纸厂。经超滤处理过的黑液，ＣＯＤ去除率达到６０％－６５％，ＢＯＤ５去除率达到８０％以上。黑液中木质素提取率达到８０％－８５％，由木质素制成的活性炭得率高，吸附容量大，其主要技术指标均优于沪Ｑ／ＨＧ１１－２２４－８７的标准。     

电镀废水的处理研究

研究了含铬、铜、锌电镀废水的处理方法。用ＢａＣｌ２沉淀铬后，加入Ｎａ２ＳＯ４除去多余的钡，然后用ＮａＯＨ沉淀Ｃｕ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋，经压滤后排出清水。     

制浆黑液循环利用的试验研究

本文对制浆黑液循环利用的可行性进行了研究。造纸黑液在酸化沉降木质素后，得到的酸化清液继续苛化，苛化后水样的色度、悬浮物及ＣＯＤ的去除率分别达到９３％、９４％和８９％以上，ｐＨ值达到１４，补充少量药剂后即可直接用于原料的蒸煮。研究表明该方法用于中小造纸厂的黑液处理是可行的。     

大气CO2倍增和盐度对滨藜离子水平和叶绿素荧光诱导动力学的效应

研究了ＣＯ２倍增和ＫＣｌ、ＮａＣｌ对盐生植物中亚滨藜幼苗生长，叶绿素含量，Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋水平和叶绿素ａ荧光诱导动力学的影响。结果表明，３００ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ可刺激中亚滨藜的生长，而同浓度的ＫＣｌ则抑制，ＣＯ２倍增使植物株生长增强：     

玉米杆爆破法制浆初探

本论文是以Ｎａ２ＣＯ３预处理玉米杆，然后用爆破法制浆，测定纸浆得率和纸浆的部分物理性能。通过改变压力、最高压力下的保温时间、药品Ｎａ２ＣＯ３用量，对式样进行了分析，得出以下结论：玉米杆采用爆破法处理可获得具有良好的裂断长及撕裂指数的纸浆；在Ｎａ２ＣＯ３用量２％时纸浆得率最高，增加药品用量纸浆得率相应降低。长时间在最高压力下保温裂断长逐渐下降。但撕裂指数呈先上升后下降趋势；纸浆得率也随保温的延长逐渐     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of used lubricating oil on two mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina

An outdoor experiment was set up to investigate the effects of used lubricating oil(5 L/m~2)on Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco. and Avicennia marina(Forsk)Vierh.,two salt-excreting mangroves.A.marina was more sensitive to used lubricating oil than A. corniculatum and canopy-oiling resulted in more direct physical damage and stronger lethal effects than base-oiling.When treated with canopy-oiling,half of A.corniculatum plants survived for the whole treatment time(90 d);but,for A.marina,high mortality (83%)resulted from canopy-oiling within 3 weeks and no plants survived for 80 d.Base-oiling had no lethal effects on A.corniculatum plants even at the termination of this experiment,but 83% of A.marina plants died 80 d after treatment.Forty days after canopy- oiling,93% ofA.corniculatum leaves fell and no live leaves remained on A.marina plants.By the end of the experiment,base-oiling treatment resulted in about 45% ofA.corniculatum leaves falling,while all A.marina leaves and buds were burned to die.Lubricating oil resulted in physiological damage to A.corniculatum leaves,including decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents,nitrate reductase,peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities,and increases in malonaldehyde contents.For both species,oil pollution significantly reduced leaf,root,and total biomass,but did not significantly affect stem biomass.Oil pollution resulted in damage to the xylem vessels of fine roots but not to those of mediate roots.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Degradation mechanism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in supercritical water oxidation

The 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)is a potential carcinogens and TNT contaminated wastewater,which could not be effectively disposed with conventional treatments.The supercritical water oxidation(SCWO)to treat TNT contaminated wastewater was studied in this article.The TNT concentration in wastewater was measured by high-performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC)and the degraded intermediates were analyzed using GC-MS.The results showed that SCWO could degrade TNT efficiently in the presence of oxygen.The reaction temperature,pressure,residence time and oxygen excess were the main contributing factors in the process.The decomposition of TNT was accelerated as the temperature or residence time increased.At 550℃,24 MPa,120 s and oxygen excess 300%,TNT removal rate could exceed 99.9%.Partial oxidation occured in SCWO without oxygen.It was concluded that supercritical water was a good solvent and had excellent oxidation capability in the existence of oxygen.The main intermediates of TNT during SCWO included toluene,1,3,5-trinitrobenzene,nitrophenol,naphthalene,fluorenone,dibutyl phthalate,alkanes and several dimers based on the intermediate analysis.Some side reactions,such as coupled reaction,hydrolysis reaction and isomerization reaction may take place simultaneously when TNT was oxidized by SCWO.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Air quality nearby road traffic tunnel portals： BTEX monitoring

A monitoring campaign of BTEX （benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o- m- and p-xylene） was carried out nearby two tunnel portals in the urban area of Naples with the aim to verify air quality in this kind of urban sites. Sampling was carried out using the active adsorption technique. Sampling time was 1 h. Ambient temperature and traffic flow measurements were carried out during each sampling operation. The results indicate that average benzene concentrations at both sites exceed the limit value of 10 μg/Nm^3 established by the European Community （EC） （Dir. 2000/69）. Concentration levels of other BTEX are relatively high as well. A correlation between BTEX concentration and two wheeler vehicle flow was observed.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

Alga-lysing bioreactor and the dominant bacteria strain

Alga-lysing bacteria have been paid much attention to in recent years. In this study, the alga-lysing strain P05 which was isolated from an immobilizing biosystem was immobilized by coke and elastic filler, forming two biological reactors. The removal efficiencies of algae, NH3-N and organic matter using the two reactors were studied. The results showed that strain P05 was an ideal algal-lysing bacteria strain because it was easy to be immobilized by coke and elastic filler which are of cheap, low biodegradability and the simple immobilization procedure. After 7 d filming, the biological film could be formed and the reactors were used to treat the eutrophic water. These two reactors were of stability and high effect with low cost and easy operation. The optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each reactor was 4 h. The algae removal rates were 80.38% and 82.1% (in term of Chl-a) of coke reactor and filler reactor, respectively. And that of NH3-N were 52.3% and 52.7%. The removal rates of CODMn were 39.03% and 39.64%. The strain P05 was identified as Bacillus sp. by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and comparison with sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database.