栀子中京尼平甙对CCl4急性小鼠肝损伤保护作用的生化机理研究

预先给小鼠灌胃不同剂量的京尼平甙后,以四氯化碳造模,通过测定小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天氡氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)以及肝脏内GSH的含量并制作组织病理切片,研究了京尼平甙对四氯化碳肝损伤小鼠的保护作用,结果表明,京尼平甙能抑制四氯化碳肝中毒小鼠血清中ALT和AST的活性以及增加肝脏内GSH的含量.然后研究了京尼平甙对正常小鼠肝微粒体内细胞色素P4502E1和细胞色素P4503A活性的影响以及肝脏内谷胱甘肽(GSH)系统的影响,表明京尼平甙对正常小鼠肝微粒体内CYP4502E1具有明显的抑制作用,并能增强肝脏内谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)以及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性.以上3个酶与自由基形成以及清除有关.图1表3参16     

南方灵芝子实体的化学成分

南方灵芝[Ganoderma australe(Fr.)Pat.,Bull.]为一种常见的生长在阔叶树枯立木、倒木和伐桩上的灵芝属真菌,具有很好的药用和保健价值.采用硅胶、凝胶柱色谱、反相ODS柱和高效液相色谱等方法从野生南方灵芝子实体的乙醇提取物中分离到14个化合物,结合核磁共振(1H-NMR,13C-NMR)、质谱(MS)、红外(IR)、紫外(UV)等波谱技术将其分别鉴定为灵芝烯酸G甲酯(Methyl ganoderenate G,1)、灵芝烯酸G(Ganoderenic acid G,2)、灵芝烯酸A(Ganoderenic acid A,3)、灵芝烯酸A甲酯(Methyl ganoderenate A,4)、灵芝烯酸D(Ganoderenic acid D,5)、灵芝烯酸F(Ganoderenic acid F,6)、灵芝酸AP(Ganoderic acid AP,7)、7β,23α-dihydroxy-3,11,15-trioxolanosta-8,20E(22)-dien-26-oic acid(8)、Elfvingic acid A(9)、3β,5α-dihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one(10)、对羟基苯甲酸(p-hydroxybenzoic acid,11)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid,12)、油酸-α-单甘油酯(9-octadecenoic acid-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester,13)及谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,14).其中,化合物1为新化合物,化合物1-9为从南方灵芝中首次分离得到的羊毛甾烷型三萜化合物.     

非暴露式气管滴注3种典型纳米材料对大鼠肝、肾的毒性效应

为探讨纳米二氧化硅(Nano-SiO2)、纳米四氧化三铁(Nano-Fe3O4)和单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)对大鼠肝、肾的毒性效应,将49只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为7组,包括生理盐水对照组,以及3种纳米材料的低剂量组(2mg·mL-1)和高剂量组(10mg·mL-1),采用非暴露式气管滴注法染毒,每2d染毒1次,每次每只0.2mL,共染毒5周,眼眶取血后处死大鼠,称肝、肾重量计算脏器系数,测定大鼠血清中反映肝、肾功能的生化指标,并对肝、肾进行病理学观察.结果表明,1)3种纳米材料均可导致大鼠体重明显降低,但对肝、肾脏器系数无明显影响;2)病理学观察发现,3种纳米材料均可导致大鼠肝细胞轻度脂肪变性,肾脏则无明显改变;3)3种纳米材料均可导致大鼠肝功能异常,部分肝功能指标如谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)等出现显著降低;4)3种纳米材料均可导致大鼠肾功能异常,部分肾功能指标如尿酸(UA)、肌酐(CREA)、尿素氮(BUN)等出现显著升高或降低.以上结果提示,经呼吸道染毒的Nano-SiO2、Nano-Fe3O4和SWCNTs均可对大鼠肝、肾产生一定的毒性效应.     

火箭推进剂单推-Ⅲ对大鼠肝、肾的毒性效应

为探讨新型火箭推进剂单推-Ⅲ(主成分为肼)对大鼠肝、肾的毒性效应及其作用机制,将24只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:生理盐水对照组,低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,采用灌胃方式染毒,单次染毒剂量分别为0、0.70、2.35、7.05mg·kg-1(以单推-Ⅲ中的肼计算),每天1次,连续染毒7d,眼眶静脉丛取血后腹主动脉放血处死大鼠,称肝、肾重量计算肝、肾的脏器系数,测定大鼠血清中反映肝、肾功能的生化指标,并对肝、肾进行病理学观察.结果表明,1)单推-Ⅲ染毒可导致大鼠出现后肢运动障碍,并显著提高大鼠肝、肾脏器系数及血糖水平;2)病理学观察发现,单推-Ⅲ染毒可导致大鼠肝脏灶性及汇管区少量炎症细胞浸润,肝细胞脂肪变性,肾脏则无明显改变;3)单推-Ⅲ染毒可导致大鼠肝功能异常,部分肝功能指标如谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、直接胆红素(D-BIL)等出现显著升高或降低;4)单推-Ⅲ染毒可导致大鼠肾功能异常,部分肾功能指标如尿素氮(BUN)、尿酸(UA)、肌酐(CREA)等出现显著升高或降低.综合以上实验结果可以看出火箭推进剂单推-Ⅲ对大鼠肝、肾组织可产生一定的毒性效应,并可造成一定程度的中枢神经损伤。     

黄精多糖对老龄大鼠记忆获得和记忆再现的影响

用中药黄精（Ｐｏｌｙｇｏｎａｔｕｍｓｐ．）中提取的多糖ＰＰ三种剂量连续灌胃老龄大鼠,于ｄ１５和ｄ３０进行迷宫测定,以检测黄精多糖对大鼠记忆获得和记忆再现的影响．结果显示：连续灌胃１５ｄ,黄精多糖能明显降低大鼠迷宫测试中的错误次数,显著提高大鼠学习和记忆能力;ｄ３０测试获同样结果,潜伏期测试表明能明显缩短潜伏期．另外ＰＰ对大鼠的体重变化无影响,也无副作用     

光生物反应器培养紫球藻及藻粉降血脂的研究

研究了搅拌式光生物反应器中搅拌速度、通气量对紫球藻生长、胞外多糖和藻细胞超微结构的影响．实验结果表明：在特定光照(1000μmolm^-2s^-1)和培养温度(25℃)条件下，当搅拌转速为200r／min、通气量为0．71vvm时，藻生长速度和胞外多糖含量最高；增加通气量有利于藻细胞胞外多糖及生物量的提高．对藻细胞超微结构的观察发现，与摇床培养相比，搅拌式光生物反应器使藻细胞淀粉颗粒明显增多，粘质鞘层变薄，光合片层增多．动物实验表明，紫球藻能明显降低摄食高脂饲料SD大鼠血脂TC、TG、LDL-C水平，并提高HDL-C含量．实验结果预示，紫球藻对预防动脉粥样硬化和冠心病的发生有一定的意义．图2表3参26     

PFOS致大鼠肝毒性及其作用机制研究

通过全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluomoctane sultanate,PFOS)大鼠灌胃染毒实验评价PFOS对肝功能的影响,探讨PFOS肝毒性反应的潜在机制与可能途径。将Sprague Dawley (SD)雄性大鼠随机分为3组,分别以0 mg·kg~(-1)、5 mg·kg~(-1)和10 mg·kg~(-1)PFOS灌胃染毒28 d。以HE和油红染色法观察大鼠肝脏形态改变。ELISA法测定各组谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)含量变化。化学比色法测定肝匀浆脂代谢水平和氧化产物含量。RT-PCR法检测肝脏内氧化应激以及脂代谢相关基因表达水平。结果表明,PFOS暴露大鼠体重显著降低而肝脏系数显著增加(P0.05),与对照组相比PFOS组血清肝功能酶均出现随PFOS浓度增加而升高(P0.05)。同时大鼠肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-px)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平在高剂量组显著升高(P0.05),超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)含量先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05)。且肝脏中脂代谢水平也随PFOS浓度的增加而出现显著改变(P0.05)。PFOS组基因表达均较对照组显著上升(P0.05)。以上结果说明PFOS具有明显的肝毒性作用,可影响肝脂代谢水平,这可能与PFOS引起的氧化应激所导致的损伤有关。     

运动对2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二恶英急性暴露大鼠肝脏抗氧化能力的影响

观察8周中等强度游泳运动对2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二恶英(2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,2,3,7,8-TCDD)急性暴露大鼠肝脏氧化应激的影响。以8周龄雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠为研究对象,将大鼠随机分为玉米油静养组(NC组)、玉米油运动组(EC组)、TCDD静养组(NT)和TCDD运动组(ET组)。将TCDD溶于玉米油中,NT和ET组大鼠按照10μg·kg-1(以单位体重计)腹腔注射TCDD,NC和EC组大鼠注射等量玉米油。正式实验开始后,EC和ET组大鼠进行运动(尾部负重5%游泳30min),每周运动5 d,共8周,NC和NT组大鼠不进行任何运动干预。8周后,称重并宰杀大鼠,收集血清和肝组织样本,待测血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)的活性;肝组织丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性。将数据进行多因素方差分析,结果表明,染毒可升高大鼠血清AST的活性,增加肝脏MDA的含量,降低肝脏SOD、CAT和GSH-Px的活性;运动可降低大鼠肝脏GSH-Px的活性;染毒后运动可减少肝脏MDA的含量,升高肝脏SOD、CAT和GSH-Px的活性。研究表明,TCDD急性暴露可导致大鼠肝细胞功能受损,导致大鼠肝脏发生氧化应激。8周有氧运动改善TCDD急性暴露诱导的肝细胞损伤,改善肝脏氧化应激,这可能是运动改善TCDD肝毒性的机制之一。     

灵芝深层发酵生产胞外多糖和灵芝酸的动力学分析

利用Sigmoidi函数构建了灵芝深层发酵生产胞外多精和灵芝酸的非结构动力学模型,并根据Boltzmann拟合求解出模型参数,模型预测值能够较好地吻合实验所测值.细胞最大比生长速率цmax为4.63x10-2 h-1,葡萄糖最大比消耗速率qs,max为6.70x10-2 h-1,胞外多糖最大比合成速率qEPs,max为4.65x10-3h-1,灵芝酸最大比合成速率qGA,max为9.09xlO-4 h-1.灵芝胞外多糖的合成与细胞的生长呈现部分偶联关系;灵芝酸的合成与细胞的生长呈现偶联关系,偶联系数αGA为0.020 4 g g-1.胞外多糖对葡绚糖的最大得率系数(YEPS/S)为O.214 g g-1;灵芝发酵40～80 h代谢碳流迅速从菌体自身生长迁移至胞外多糖合成,用于合成胞外多糖的最大碳流为23.60/0.     

运动对2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁英持续暴露大鼠肝脏氧化应激的影响

为探索运动对2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁英(2,3,7,8-TCDD)持续暴露大鼠肝脏氧化应激的影响,本研究将7周龄雄性SD大鼠适应性喂养1周后,随机分为对照(NC)、运动对照(EC)、染毒1(NT1)、运动染毒1(ET1)、染毒2(NT2)、运动染毒2(ET2)、染毒3(NT3)、运动染毒3(ET3)、染毒4(NT4)及运动染毒4(ET4)共10组。染毒组(NTs、ETs)腹腔注射TCDD(溶于玉米油),对照组及各染毒组首次剂量依次为0、0.4、1.6、6.4、25.6μg·kg~(-1)(以单位体重计),之后每周给予上述剂量的21%作为维持剂量,持续染毒8周;运动组尾部负重5%游泳,每周5 d,每次30 min。实验结束取材,测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、活性氧(ROS)含量。结果显示:1)染毒可升高各染毒组大鼠血清AST活性及NT4组大鼠血清ALT活性,增加NT2、NT3组肝脏MDA含量,而降低NT1、NT2组大鼠血清ALT活性;2)运动可升高大鼠血清AST及ALT活性,增加大鼠肝组织GSH-Px活性;3)运动可升高染毒大鼠血清AST活性(T1剂量),降低染毒大鼠血清ALT活性(T1剂量),降低染毒大鼠血清AST活性(T3剂量),升高染毒大鼠血清ALT活性(T3、T4剂量),增加染毒大鼠肝组织SOD活性(T2、T3剂量)、CAT活性(T1、T2、T3剂量)及GSH-Px活性(T2、T3、T4剂量),降低染毒大鼠肝组织MDA含量(T2、T3、T4剂量)及ROS含量(T1、T3剂量)。结果表明,2,3,7,8-TCDD持续暴露8周可引起大鼠肝细胞氧化应激损伤,并产生剂量依赖效应;而有氧运动可增加2,3,7,8-TCDD持续暴露(T2、T3剂量)大鼠肝组织抗氧化酶活性,有效降低氧化应激损伤而减轻肝毒性。     

Comparative hepatic and renal toxicity of cadmium in male and female rats

Rats (male and female) were exposed to 0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg cadmium as cadmium chloride for 3 days and subsequently sacrificed for cadmium concentration and other biochemical variables indicative of hepatic and renal damage. The absorption of cadmium was supported by biochemical changes, which were significantly higher in females than in males. This could be due to higher rate of intestinal absorption of cadmium in females than males. Male and female rats both showed relatively higher cadmium concentration in kidneys than in liver. Female rats also showed the similar trend in tissue metal levels as compared to male rats. However, hepatic and renal histopathological observations showed that female rats suffered from severe hepatic injury like hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes, granulation, bile duct proliferation etc. In comparison to female rats, male rats did not show much remarkable changes. Renal damage was more prominent in female than male in the form of renal tubular damage; most of the tubular nuclei were pyknotic, congestion of the boundary of cortex and medulla etc. The results suggested that females were comparatively more vulnerable to the toxic effects of cadmium than males.     

灵芝中重金属的检测及其健康风险初步评价

为了研究灵芝中重金属的污染状况,对北京市一些药店及部分中医门诊部所售的不同产地灵芝中的As、Hg、Pb等重金属元素含量进行了测定.结果表明,灵芝中As含量范围为0.016￣0.239mg·kg-1,平均值0.117mg·kg-1,Hg含量范围从未检出到0.43mg·kg-1,平均值0.115mg·kg-1,Pb含量范围从未检出到0.256mg·kg-1,平均值0.047mg·kg-1,As、Pb含量均符合我国《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》,Hg有5例超标,占样品总数的25%,主要是野生灵芝.健康风险初步评价结果表明,服用灵芝的人群,成人每人每日通过灵芝摄入As、Hg、Pb分别为0.18￣2.3μg、0.17￣2.3μg、0.07￣0.94μg,分别占每日允许摄入量(ADI)的0.14%￣1.9%、0.4%￣5.4%、0.03%￣0.4%,对人体健康风险不大.但是对于个别野生和人工种植灵芝而言,每日摄入总汞量可达0.47￣6.24μg,占ADI的1.1%￣15%,对人体健康存在一定的风险.     

Radical scavenging activity of Trianthema triquetra in male albino rats intoxicated with CCl4

Radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of Trianthema triquetra root was investigated against CCl4 in rats. The rats were treated with T. triquetra (100 mg, 200 mg/kg b.w.) for a period of 7 days. Antihepatotoxic effect was studied by assaying the activities of thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx),catalase (CAT), super oxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin C (Vit. C). Lipid peroxidation is evidenced by an increase in the value of TBARS and also a distinct diminution in the level of GSH, Vit. C at 200 mg/kg b.w. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as GPx, CAT SOD and Vit. E is significantly recovered towards an almost normal level in animals coadministrated with T. triquetra. The maximum protection against CCl4 induced hepatic injury was afforded by the dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. of Trianthema triquetra.     

Lead-induced alterations in protein-deficient rat liver–role of zinc

This study was designed to determine the protective effects of zinc (Zn) using liver marker enzymes in the serum and liver along with hepatic elemental profile in lead (Pb)-treated protein-deficient (PD) Sprague–Dawley male rats. Zn in the form of zinc sulfate at a dose of 227?mg?L^?1 in drinking water was administrated to control, PD as well as Pb-treated PD rats for 8 weeks. Pb treatment was given orally as lead acetate at a dose level of 100?mg?kg^?1 body weight to control and PD rats. The effects of different treatments were studied on the activities of enzymes that included alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum. The status of different elements (Cl, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Pb) in liver was also studied. Rats given PD diet and Pb showed significant inhibition in serum ALP activity associated with significant elevation in both AST and ALT activities. Serum ALP activity showed a significant inhibition week 1 until week 8 in Pb-treated PD rats. In contrast, serum AST activity was elevated both at 3 and 8 weeks while serum ALT activity was elevated at 8 weeks in Pb-treated PD rats. Pb treatment to PD rats elevated hepatic ALP, AST and ALT activities but depressed hepatic AST. Zn supplementation to Pb-treated PD rats restored the altered enzyme activities. The levels of K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se and Rb were altered in protein deficiency. Furthermore, treatment with Pb to these animals depressed the Cu levels. Zn treatment to Pb-treated PD animals tended to restore the levels of altered elements. Hence, the present study clearly suggests that Zn plays an important role in regulating the liver marker enzymes and essential elements under conditions of Pb toxicity and protein deficiency.     

Nickel toxicity in partially hepatectomized rats: I. accumulation of radioactive nickel in various organs and subcellular fractions of liver

The distribution of radioactive nickel (50 μmol/kg/200μ Ci S.C.) was studied in various organs as well as in the hepatic subcellular fractions of sham operated and partially hepatectomized rats at 16 hr after injection. ⁶³Ni was maximally accumulated in kidney followed by lung, liver, heart and spleen. The incorporation of ⁶³Ni was lowered in partially hepatectomized rats compared to sham operated ones. Subcellular binding of ⁶³Ni showed significantly high affinity of nickel to cytosol followed by nuclear, mitochondria and microsomes in both the groups.     

Solubilization of water-insoluble beta-glucan isolated from Ganoderma lucidum

The fungal beta-D-glucan is a biological response modifier (BRM), but a major obstacle to the clinical utilization of beta-glucan BRMs is thei relative lack of solubility in aqueous media. Water insoluble fungal glucans extracted by alkali from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum were sulfated to yield their corresponding water-soluble derivatives. Insoluble glucan is dissolved in methyl sulfoxide and urea, and is partially sulfated with sulfuric acid. The sulfated glucan (SGL) yield prepared from insoluble glucan (IGL) was 85%, the sulfation degree of SGL was about 14.9%, and the solubility of SGL was above 95% in water. The monosugar SGL content was 34.9% alpha-glucose and 35.9% beta-glucose. The mean molecular weight (MW) of SGL was shown as a single peak on Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography, and their MW was approximately 9.3 kDa. The 13C NMR spectrum analysis shows that SGL has a high similarity with the beta-(1-->3)-linked triple-helical control.     

糯小麦回交改良群体中Wx基因的遗传和品质效应

在基因型鉴定的基础上,利用糯小麦杂交后代BC5F2代回交改良群体研究了各基因缺失对降低直链淀粉含量的效果和各基因合成直链淀粉的能力,以及直链淀粉含量与农艺性状、品质性状、淀粉糊化特性等的相关性。研究发现,在Wx基因的所有8种基因型之间,直链淀粉含量差异显著;研究单缺失基因型发现,对直链淀粉含量减少效应最大的是Wx-B1b,减少效应最小的是Wx-A1b,而Wx-B1b和Wx-D1b没有显著差异;研究双缺失基因型发现,Wx基因合成直链淀粉的能力以Wx-B1a最高,Wx-A1a最低,而Wx-B1a和Wx-D1a差异很小.直链淀粉含量与株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状相关不显著,表明淀粉品质育种可以与高产育种实现有机结合.直链淀粉含量与SDS-沉降值呈显著负相关(r=-0.726),说明直链淀粉含量降低在一定程度上有利于提高小麦营养与加工品质.全糯类型的淀粉糊化特性与其他类型显著不同,具有最高的峰值粘度和稀懈值,最低的低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、峰值时间、糊化温度、起始糊化温度,表明糯小麦淀粉在食品和工业上具有特殊用途;稀懈值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.969),其它粘度参数与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关(最终粘度r=0.797,低谷粘度r=0.910、反弹值r=0.954、峰值时间r=0.970、糊化温度r=0.962、起始糊化温度r=0.932).表5参37     

Chlorpyrifos induces oxidative stress in rats

This study was carried out in male Wistar rats to determine the potential effects of chlorpyrifos (CHP) on oxidative stress, as was reported for organophosphorus (OP) pesticides. Following an acute, daily 3- or 14-day exposure with CHP at doses of 2.5, 5, or 25 mg kg^?1 data showed significant increases in malondialdehyde levels at both exposure durations and at all doses, except for 2.5 mg kg^?1, in hepatic and aorta, kidney, and plasma samples. The nitrites (NO) showed elevation at 25 mg kg^?1 in aorta, at 3- and 14-day exposure, in hepatic tissue with all doses at 3-day exposure, but not at 14-day with a 5 mg kg^?1 dose. In plasma, increases occurred only at 25 mg kg^?1 at both exposure times, and in kidney at all doses and both exposure durations. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity in the aorta sample was statistically significant at all doses at 3 days and at 14 days, except at 2.5 mg kg^?1; and in hepatic tissue only at 25 mg kg^?1 dose at both durations. In plasma SOD activity was elevated at all doses at 3 days, but at 14 days only at 25 mg kg^?1. Data suggests that oxidative stress may be involved in the effects of CHP on rats.