电力行业碳捕集现状和发展趋势

全面介绍了燃煤电厂3种CO2捕集技术,包括燃烧前捕集,燃烧后捕集以及富氧燃烧捕集技术。通过对各种CO2捕集技术的对比,提出各种捕集方法的适用范围和优、缺点。在此基础上调查了我国碳捕集技术的研究以及碳捕集示范工程项目的进展,分析了我国电力行业碳捕集技术现状和面临的问题并对电力行业碳捕集发展趋势进行了探讨。     

二氧化碳捕集技术的最新研究进展

较全面地剖析和解读了目前二氧化碳(CO2)捕集技术现状,通过燃烧后、燃烧前、氧燃烧等各种二氧化碳捕集技术的对比,提出各种捕集方法的适用范围和优、缺点,同时介绍了二氧化碳捕集技术的最新进展和发展方向。     

基于鼓泡反应器高压联合脱除富氧燃烧烟气中NOx和SOx的建模分析

富氧燃烧技术能有效地实现碳捕集,但NO_x和SO_x等酸性气体的存在不利于CO_2的运输和封存。CO_2的压缩是运输前的必要过程,故研究烟气在高压下联合脱硫脱硝,对碳捕集和封存技术的应用具有重大意义。基于实验获得的传质系数,并结合文献中的反应机理和动力学建立鼓泡反应器的传质及动力学耦合模型,通过龙格-库塔数学方法对这一非稳态问题进行求解,模拟研究了NO和SO_2单独吸收和不同压力下联合吸收过程中产物的变化规律。结果表明:NO_x和SO_x在液相中的相互作用促进了SO2、NO2的吸收和液相中SO_4~(2-)、HSO_4~-的大量生成,同时也生成了大量的温室气体N_2O;联合吸收过程中,溶液的pH从7迅速降低到5以下,结束时溶液pH约为2; HADS(HNO(SO_3)_2~(2-))和HAMS(HNOHSO_3~-)为主要N-S化合物;压力提高,有利于SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、HADS和HAMS的生成,同时也导致N_2O的生成量增多。     

二氧化碳捕集技术研究

介绍了目前碳捕集技术研究现状,并对燃烧前碳捕集、燃烧后碳捕集以及富氧燃烧等三种碳捕集技术的原理和特点进行了详细的分析。对于燃烧前碳捕集主要方法:化学吸收法、物理吸附法和薄膜法等做了相应介绍;列举了燃烧前碳捕集常用捕集方法的应用实例,同时指出了碳捕集技术的未来发展方向。     

燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝技术的发展趋势

国家颁布的各燃煤行业新的大气污染物排放标准对脱硫脱硝装置提出了更高的要求。通过分析总结现有污染物控制技术的特点及发展应用前景,发现现有主流脱硫脱硝技术存在破坏区域生态环境、生成新的固体废物、与农业争夺氨资源等种种缺陷,并不完全适合我国的国情和污染控制需求。而烟气脱硫脱硝一体化且副产物可商品化技术,将烟气中SO₂和NO_x制备成硫酸、硝酸或氮肥,不仅弥补我国硫资源的短缺,避免氨资源的浪费,同时对农业用氮肥行业可进行有益的补充,将是我国燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝技术的主要发展趋势。     

固体吸附剂用于燃煤烟气碳捕集的分析

控制和减缓化石燃料电厂的二氧化碳排放对于缓解大气中二氧化碳浓度的持续上升具有重要意义。作为一种燃烧后CO2捕集技术,固体二氧化碳吸附剂具有低能耗、弱腐蚀性、易再生等优点,在二氧化碳减排领域有着广泛的应用前景。主要综述了温度对固体吸附剂吸附二氧化碳的影响,对比分析了多种多孔材料吸附剂的特点,重点介绍了浸渍法制备的固态有机胺吸附剂,介绍了温度对固态胺吸附剂吸附性能的影响机理。在此基础上对比了不同的固态胺吸附剂在75℃下对CO2的吸附能力。分析发现,相对于其他类型的二氧化碳固体吸附剂,固态胺吸附剂是一种适用于从高温湿烟气中捕集二氧化碳的吸附剂。     

燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝技术研究

燃煤烟气对生态环境具有很大的影响,其主要成分是氮氧化物和二氧化硫,燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝技术已经成为控制大气污染的主要手段,是各国环保部门重要研究的课题。本文主要介绍而了固相吸附完成脱硫脱硝工艺、气体或者固体催化在燃煤烟气中的脱硫脱硝应用和高能电子活化氧化在燃煤烟气中脱硫脱硝应用。希望我国的脱硫脱硝技术能够更加完善。     

燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝一体化技术研究

二氧化硫（SO2）和氮氧化物（NOX）是燃煤产生的空气污染物中最主要的两种．有效控制燃煤排放二氧化硫（SO2）和氮氧化物（N0x）是我国节能减排的主要目标也是世界需要解决的关键领域问题。本文探讨国内脱硝技术和脱硫脱硝技术的一体化融合技术发展和应用的趋势,重点研究世界脱硝技术的技术特点和应用．包括常见的脱硫脱硝．脱硫脱硝同步的原理、主要分类和应用前景。     

燃煤烟气同时脱硫脱硝机理概述

按机理的不同,将烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术分为两大类。较全面的介绍了目前有代表性的同时脱硫脱硝技术的机理和特点。认为同时脱硫脱硝技术相比于单独脱硫脱硝具有良好的经济性和灵活的技术选择性。其中以钙基吸附剂为主体的常温干法/半干法同时脱硫脱硝技术,有低成本、脱除产物易处置、不用水或少用水等特点,是适合我国国情的一项燃煤污染防治技术。     

对燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝一体化技术应用的研究

燃煤是我国水电厂动力的最主要来源,这也决定了我们必然面临解决二氧化硫和氮氧化物排放带来的问题。     

MDEA-TETA混合液捕集电厂烟气中CO2的实验研究

分别以MDEA溶液和MDEA-TETA混合液为吸收剂对电厂烟气中的CO_2进行捕集.在相同的实验条件下,研究了吸收时间、吸收液浓度配比和反应温度对CO_2吸收率的影响,并对两种吸收剂的吸收效果进行对比分析.结果表明:吸收效率随着温度的升高而下降,温度低于45℃时,混胺吸收剂MDEA-TETA的吸收效率受温度的影响显著,温度高于45℃时,单一吸收剂MDEA的活化性能大幅度增强.MDEA-TETA混合液中两种胺的配比为6∶1,反应温度在25~65℃内,反应时间在5~20 min内时CO_2的吸收效果较佳,吸收率达90%以上,不同配比的混胺吸收剂的吸收效果均优于MDEA的吸收效果.     

Toward rational design of amines for CO2 capture: Substituent effect on kinetic process for the reaction of monoethanolamine with CO2

Amines have been considered as promising candidates for post-combustion CO₂ capture. A mechanistic understanding for the chemical processes involved in the capture and release of CO₂ is important for the rational design of amines. In this study, the structural effects of amines on the kinetic competition among three typical products (carbamates, carbamic acids and bicarbonate) from amines + CO₂ were investigated, in contrast to previous thermodynamic studies to tune the reaction of amines with CO₂ based on desirable reaction enthalpy and reaction stoichiometry. We used a quantum chemical method to calculate the activation energies (E_a) for the reactions of a range of substituted monoethanolamines with CO₂ covering three pathways to the three products. The results indicate that the formation of carbamates is the most favorable, among the three considered products. In addition, we found that the E_a values for all pathways linearly correlate with pK_a of amines, and more importantly, the kinetic competition between carbamate and bicarbonate absorption pathways varies with pK_a of the amines, i.e. stronger basicity results in less difference in E_a. These results highlight the importance of the consideration of kinetic competition among different reaction pathways in amine design.     

Probing the potential of polyester for CO2 capture

Global warming, the major environmental issue confronted by humanity today, is caused by rising level of green house gases. Carbon capture and storage technologies offer potential for tapering CO2 emission in the atmosphere. Adsorption is believed to be a promising technology for CO2 capture. For this purpose, a polyester was synthesized by polycondensation of1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride and cyanuric acid in pyridine and dichloromethane mixture. The polymer was then characterized using FT-IR, TGA, BET surface area and pore size analysis, FESEM and CO2 adsorption measurements. The CO2 adsorption capacities of the polyester were evaluated at a pressure of 1 bar and two different temperatures（273 and 298 K）.The performance of these materials to adsorb CO2 at atmospheric pressure was measured by optimum CO2 uptake of 0.244 mmol/g at 273 K. The synthesized polyester, therefore, has the potential to be exploited as CO2 adsorbent in pre-combustion capture process.     

Synthesis, characterization and experimental investigation of Cu-BTC as CO2 adsorbent from flue gas

Porous Cu-BTC material was synthesized by the solvothermal method. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to test the phase purity of the synthesized material and investigate its structural stability under the influence of flue gas components. The thermal stability of the material was determined through thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to study the microstructure of the material. Cu-BTC was demonstrated not only to have high CO₂ adsorption capacity but also good selectivity of CO₂ over N₂ by means of packed bed tests. The adsorption capacity of Cu-BTC for CO₂ was about 69 mL/g at 22°C. The influence of the main flue gas components on the CO₂ capacity of the material were discussed as well.     

以粉煤灰为原料制备低温CO2吸附剂的工艺参数优化

利用高铝粉煤灰预脱硅液作为载体原料,通过使用胺基化合物对载体改性制备低温CO_2吸附剂.应用6 sigma中的工具,对制备工艺进行优化,得到理想的吸附剂,并对吸附剂样品进行表征.结果表明制备的CO_2吸附剂表现出良好的CO_2吸附性能.此类CO_2吸附剂具有吸附容量高(160 mg·g~(-1))、吸附速率快、对设备腐蚀低、成本低廉等特点,是一种极具工业应用潜力的CO_2吸附剂.     

膜法氨水吸收脱除烟气中CO2的研究

以氨水为吸收剂,对聚丙烯中空纤维膜分离烟气中CO2进行了实验研究.结果表明:随着气体流量和入口CO2浓度的增加,CO2去除率下降而传质速率增加;随着氨水浓度和氨水流量的增加,CO2去除率和传质速率均显著增加,但当氨水浓度大于2.5 mol·L-1,吸收液流量大于80m L·min-1后,膜接触器对CO2去除率和传质速率基本保持不变;膜接触器连续运行15 d后其吸收性能显著下降,CO2去除率、传质速率、总传质系数均下降约40%~50%.接触角测量、SEM及XPS表征结果表明:随着操作的进行,聚丙烯膜在吸收液环境中接触角逐渐降低,疏水性减弱,造成膜孔润湿;同时碳酸盐在膜孔形成结晶,堵塞膜孔,使得传质阻力进一步增加,从而造成膜接触器吸收性能的下降.     

Sorbents with high efficiency for CO2 capture based on amines-supported carbon for biogas upgrading

Sorbents for CO_2 capture have been prepared by wet impregnation of a commercial active carbon(Ketjen-black, Akzo Nobel) with two CO_2-philic compounds, polyethylenimine(PEI)and tetraethylenepentamine(TEPA), respectively. The effects of amine amount(from 10 to70 wt.%), CO_2 concentration in the feed, sorption temperature and gas hourly space velocity on the CO_2 capture performance have been investigated. The sorption capacity has been evaluated using the breakthrough method, with a fixed bed reactor equipped with on line gas chromatograph. The samples have been characterized by N_2 adsorption–desorption,scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray(SEM/EDX). A promising CO_2 sorption capacity of 6.90 mmol/gsorbenthas been obtained with 70 wt.% of supported TEPA at 70℃ under a stream containing 80 vol% of CO_2. Sorption tests, carried out with simulated biogas compositions(CH_4/CO_2mixtures), have revealed an appreciable CO_2 separation selectivity; stable performance was maintained for 20 adsorption–desorption cycles.     

粉煤灰用于碳捕集、利用及封存的研究进展

总结了国内外粉煤灰用于CO₂捕集、利用和封存的不同技术研究进展,同时对今后的研究和机遇进行了展望.粉煤灰自身可通过直接干式、半干式、湿式和间接方法对CO₂进行矿化捕集封存,在CO₂矿化的同时降低粉煤灰自身重金属的浸出,并且矿化后的粉煤灰因有效降低游离CaO和MgO的含量而更适合于制作混凝土添加剂.粉煤灰也可制成活性炭、沸石和多孔二氧化硅等产品,并对CO₂进行物理吸附捕集,制成产品的类型主要取决于粉煤灰自身的成分组成和理化性质.在CO₂利用方面,粉煤灰除了可拓展建材的利用途径外,还可制作CO₂多种化学工艺所需催化剂或催化剂载体,以及制作新型材料拟薄水铝石等.我国“双碳”目标的提出及燃煤电厂粉煤灰自身的理化特性为粉煤灰提供了一条新的综合利用途径.     

Influence of SO2 in incineration flue gas on the sequestration of CO2 by municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

The influence of CO2 content and presence of SO2 on the sequestration of CO2 by municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI) fly ash was studied by investigating the carbonation reaction of MSWI fly ash with different combinations of simulated flue gas.The reaction between fly ash and 100% CO2 was relatively fast;the uptake of CO2 reached 87g CO2/kg ash,and the sequestered CO2 could be entirely released at high temperatures.When CO2 content was reduced to 12%,the reaction rate decreased;the uptake fell to 41g CO2/kg ash,and 70.7% of the sequestered CO2 could be released.With 12% CO2 in the presence of SO2,the reaction rate significantly decreased;the uptake was just 17g CO2/kg ash,and only 52.9% of the sequestered CO2 could be released.SO2 in the simulated gas restricted the ability of fly ash to sequester CO2 because it blocked the pores of the ash.     

粉煤灰对烟气中CO2的吸收特性及矿物相演变机理研究

粉煤灰矿化CO₂是一种极具前景的减少燃煤电厂CO₂排放的技术.然而,目前还缺乏从矿物学角度对碳酸化反应机理的详细认识.本研究选取了3种粉煤灰开展碳酸化实验和矿物学研究,考察碳酸化过程中温度对碳酸化能力及粉煤灰矿物学变化的影响.结果表明,在任一温度下,BJ粉煤灰的碳酸化率均高于YA和LY粉煤灰,这是由于BJ粉煤灰中硬石膏、钙铁石和无定形相等活性矿物相含量较高,LY粉煤灰缺少高活性的钙、镁结晶相.对YA粉煤灰而言,升高温度可显著提高透辉石、尖晶石、黑钙铁矿和方镁石的转化率.在碳酸化YA粉煤灰中同时检测出碳酸钙和碳酸镁/铁,说明除含钙相其他活性元素(Mg和Fe)也参与了碳酸化过程.因此,需要对每个粉煤灰原始材料的矿物学和操作温度进行具体的个案优化,以最大限度地提高固定CO₂能力和碳酸化率.结果还表明温度对不同晶型碳酸钙的形成具有重要作用.方解石在低温(40和80℃)下形成,而文石在高温(180和220℃)下形成.