城市公交车在实际道路上的C O2排放特征

应用车载式尾气排放测试设备对北京国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ排放标准的柴油公交车和国Ⅲ排放标准压缩天然气公交车在实际道路上的尾气CO2排放特征进行了实测研究,测试时间为30 787 s,行驶里程达到168.58 km,共获得30 787组有效数据,测试数据能够反映车辆在实际道路上的排放特征。3种类型车辆测试期间在实际道路上的CO2排放因子分别为(1.10±0.24)g/m、(0.99±0.23)g/m和(1.02±0.21)g/m。车辆的排放状况与车辆的行驶工况有密切关系,车速较低,加速度越大,CO2排放速率和排放因子越大,车辆在匀速且车速较快时排放速率和排放因子较低。     

轻型汽油车VOCs排放特征及其大气反应活性

采用车载式尾气测量系统对国Ⅱ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ轻型汽油车在实际道路排放的尾气进行样品采集,并采用GC-MS、GC-FID对尾气中烷烃、烯烃、苯系物进行测试分析.结果表明轻型汽油车的VOCs排放因子随排放标准的提高显著降低,国Ⅱ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ3种车型的排放因子分别为49.62、21.65、6.72mg/km.苯系物占测定VOCs组分的比例最高,占到总VOCs的47.43%~60.52%.由排放的VOCs估算获得不同标准车型的臭氧生成潜势及二次有机气溶胶生成潜势分别为24.64~234.14mg/km和13.24~125.32mg/km.在对国Ⅲ车型进行的不同速度的实验结果显示,轻型汽油车尾气VOCs排放因子及相应的臭氧生成潜势和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势均随实验车速的升高而降低.     

基于实际道路测试的轻型汽油车甲烷排放因子模型构建与评估

针对目前机动车温室气体甲烷(CH₄)排放因子缺乏的问题,利用便携式尾气测量系统(Portable Emission Measurement System,PEMS)对13辆轻型汽油车开展实际道路车载测试,获得汽油车CH₄排放因子及排放特征.结果表明,轻型汽油车CH₄排放因子随着国标加严而下降,国6轻型汽油车CH₄排放因子相较于国1车辆下降了约94.5%.基于CH₄逐秒排放特征分析发现,在实际行驶工况下CH₄排放变动剧烈,排放峰值通常出现在高速或高加速工况.同时,研究发现CH₄排放因子与燃烧效率(MCE)、机动车比功率(VSP)呈现显著相关性,通过CH₄与MCE、VSP的关系构建了轻型汽油车不同标准下的基于MCE及基于VSP的排放因子模型.以一辆国4汽油车实测值对模型进行验证与评估,该车CH₄排放因子的实测值为(3.9±0.6) mg·km^-1,基于MCE、VSP的模型模...     

现实工况下挖掘机尾气排放特征分析

为量化挖掘机在实际施工作业中尾气排放特征,研究选取成都市不同建设工地在用的8台挖掘机,利用便携式尾气测量系统对其进行现实工况下的尾气排放测量,测试按挖掘机的不同作业特点分怠速、行走和作业进行.测量的尾气排放污染物包括CO、HC、NO和PM_2.5.结果表明,挖掘机的尾气排放随工况的不同而不同,怠速时NO排放平稳,行走和作业时排放速率波动较大.满足不同尾气排放标准的挖掘机,其尾气排放也有所不同,例如,国Ⅱ阶段的挖掘机与国Ⅰ阶段的挖掘机相比,其在怠速、行走、作业工况下尾气排放的NO分别减小8%、35%和5%,PM_2.5分别降低88%、87%和80%.另外,本研究中挖掘机尾气排放的实测结果与我国非道路机械尾气排放因子技术指南中推荐的用于排放清单估算的排放因子相比,也均有显著不同.这说明,开展非道路机械尾气排放现实工况下的测量,对于提高尾气排放清单精准度具有重要作用.     

轻型汽油车尾气PM2.5的排放特征

为研究轻型汽油车尾气PM_2.5的排放特征,利用整车测试台架和颗粒物稀释采样系统,对12辆轻型汽油车尾气的PM_2.5进行了采集,并进一步分析了PM_2.5排放因子及其碳质组分——OC(有机碳)和EC(元素碳)的排放特征;在此基础上,参考文献研究结果,计算了我国轻型汽油车分阶段PM_2.5排放因子,结合活动水平数据估算轻型汽油车PM_2.5排放量.结果表明:测试的国Ⅰ前~国Ⅳ轻型汽油车PM_2.5平均排放因子分别为(73.2±3.8)(50.5±45.4)(34.7±18.4)(22.6±10.3)和(1.0±0.2)mg/km,随排放阶段升级而显著降低.OC是轻型汽油车尾气PM_2.5中的主要碳质组分,在TC(总碳)中所占比例超过90%. 2012年我国轻型汽油车PM_2.5排放量为21 828.7 t,占机动车颗粒物排放总量的3.5%,其中仅占轻型汽油车保有量17%的国Ⅰ及以前车辆排放了约43%的PM_2.5. 研究显示,轻型汽油车尤其是国Ⅰ及国Ⅰ前车辆颗粒物排放不容忽视,在机动车颗粒物减排工作中应给予足够重视.      

基于车载测试的重型柴油车尾气典型烷烃排放特征

本文采用车载排放测试系统对11辆国Ⅰ~国Ⅳ标准重型柴油车进行实际道路测试,利用GC-MS对样品中典型烷烃进行定量分析,解析重型柴油车尾气典型烷烃排放特征及规律.结果表明,排放标准对重型柴油车尾气中正构烷烃、藿烷类有机物排放有显著影响,总体呈现随排放标准的加严而降低的趋势,相比于国Ⅰ测试车辆,国Ⅳ测试车辆正构烷烃、17α(H),21β(H)-C30藿烷(C30-藿烷)、22S-和22R-17α(H),21β(H)-C31升藿烷(22S-C31升藿烷;22R-C31升藿烷)总排放因子分别降低了72.23%,64.95%,70.78%和74.68%.气相正构烷烃呈双峰前锋型,以C17~C18为主峰碳,固相呈单峰前锋型,以C18~C21为主峰碳.藿烷类有机物其22S-C31升藿烷/(22S-C31升藿烷+22R-C31升藿烷)的比值在0.46~0.56之间,平均值为0.50,符合石油中藿烷的分布特征.正构烷烃总排放因子与17α(H),21β(H)-C30藿烷总排放因子呈现出一定的线性关系,其R~2为0.926 8.此外,行驶工况对测试车辆正构烷烃及藿烷类有机物排放有较大影响,非高速工况下排放因子是高速工况的1.69~2.42倍.     

北京市轻型汽油车蒸发排放总量评估

通过实际测试得到轻型汽油车蒸发排放热浸和昼间排放因子,结合北京市轻型汽油车保有量和车辆使用情况,基于MOVES模型评估北京市轻型汽油车蒸发排放总量.结果表明,国五和国六标准车辆的平均蒸发排放因子分为1.03,0.37g/test;轻型汽油车蒸发排放随行驶里程增加未出现明显劣化趋势;北京市轻型汽油车蒸发排放总量为8299...     

国Ⅲ柴油公交车尾气排放实际道路测试研究

应用车载式尾气排放测试设备对北京国Ⅲ排放标准的柴油公交车在实际道路上的尾气排放特征进行了实测研究,测试时间为10 552 s,行驶里程达到61.97 km,共获得10 552组有效数据,测试数据能够反映车辆在实际道路上的排放特征。车辆在实际道路上尾气排放NOx、CO、THC和PM的排放因子分别为14.12±2.54g/km、8.04±2.51 g/km、0.158±0.022 g/km和3.16±1.73 g/km。研究结果表明,油耗及污染物排放与各行驶工况下的速度、加速度均密切相关,车辆在高速加速行驶状态下易产生高的排放速率。车速小于10 km/h时排放因子远大于车速较快时的排放因子,车辆在加速时的排放因子最大,减速时最小。车辆在30 km/h～50 km/h速度区间内等速行驶时,油耗与排放因子最为经济且环境友好。测试车辆排放的颗粒形态主要集中在累积模式,属于纳米或超细微粒。     

机动车尾气碳质气溶胶排放因子及其稳定碳同位素特征

机动车尾气是大气碳质气溶胶的重要人为来源,其排放因子与稳定碳同位素组成是重要的基础数据.选取多辆不同类型在用机动车,进行多种工况、冷/热条件下启动的台架试验,收集各测试阶段尾气分析其碳质组分含量与稳定碳同位素比值,并探讨其影响因素.结果表明,总碳排放因子大小为：重型柴油车>轻型柴油车>轻型汽油车,轻型天然气车虽然在低速与中速阶段排放因子极低,但高速行驶阶段可达到重型柴油车的排放水平.各型车冷启动的排放因子均高于热启动,NEDC工况的排放因子整体低于WLTC工况,应与其测试车速有关.汽油车和天然气车各测试阶段排放有机碳(OC)均远高于元素碳(EC),柴油车OC与EC排放因子相近,各类车辆OC/EC都随测试车速的提高而上升.稳定碳同位素EC重于OC,同位素比值大小关系均呈现：汽油车<天然气车<轻型柴油车<重型柴油车,现有源解析的稳定碳同位素源谱较难反映汽油车与天然气车特征.在排放治理与源解析工作中,应注意替代燃料的使用与机动车老化过程所造成的排放因子与同位素特征值的变化影响.     

遥感法用于车辆实际道路行驶污染状况评估

为了评估满足不同排放标准的在用车在实际道路行驶条件下的污染状况,以2013年3-11月间在北京市朝阳区收集的16.5×104组在用汽油车排放遥感测试大数据为基础,对北京市的在用车实际道路排放水平进行分析和评价.结果表明:新车排放标准升级明显降低了在用车的CO、HC和NO平均排放浓度.从国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ到国Ⅲ以及从国Ⅲ到国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ,每次标准升级使得在用车的CO排放浓度平均降低12%~15%,HC和NO排放浓度分别降低13%和40%左右.与2003年相比,北京市2013年机动车CO、HC和NO排放的平均浓度分别下降了52.1%、82.1%和65.3%,排放标准升级带来的减排效果十分明显.未来排放标准升级过程中应当强化对在用车实际驾驶过程排放的监管,同时积极引导老旧车辆的淘汰更新,加大对排放造假行为的执法和处罚力度.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.