北江上游水环境重金属污染及生态毒性的时空变化

为了解北江中上游(翁源段)翁江及横石河沿岸地区水环境中重金属污染现状及其时空变化特征,分别于2013年8月(丰水期)和2014年3月(枯水期)采集两条河流及其周边地区不同点位的地表水及地下水,分析了水体中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn 6种重金属元素的含量及变化,并结合发光菌毒性测试方法对水体的生态毒性进行了评价.结果表明,横石河受重金属污染较翁江严重,丰、枯水期重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的平均浓度分别为1029.0、11086、36.200、114.00μg·L-1和444.20、8332.2、31.300、41.200μg·L-1,分别是地表水III类水质标准值的2.96、41.1、24.8、8.31倍和1.38、33.9、21.2、3.47倍;各重金属浓度最高值均出现在S1处,且该点位的水体明显呈酸性(p H=3.23),究其原因发现大宝山矿区是横石河水体重金属的主要污染源.生态毒性测试结果显示,不同时期横石河河水及沿岸地下水体对发光菌均产生了显著的毒性效应,其中,S1处水样丰、枯水期的抑制率分别高达100%和97.3%,为剧毒;而翁江仅丰水期时S12、S14处的河水水样表现出一定的低毒性.     

博斯腾湖流域浅层地下水重金属分布特征

从新疆博斯腾湖流域采集67个浅层地下水样品,测定其中Cu、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni和Zn 6种重金属元素的含量,采用Nemerow综合污染指数对地下水中重金属污染程度进行评价,借助GIS技术与地统计法分析地下水中重金属含量与污染水平空间分布格局。结果表明:①博斯腾湖流域地下水6种重金属元素平均含量均未超出《国家地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848—2017)中Ⅲ类标准的限值;②研究区地下水重金属Cd、Cu、Ni与Zn的最佳变异函数理论模型为指数模型,Mn为球状模型,Cr为高斯模型。地下水中6种重金属元素空间分布格局各不相同,均出现含量高值区;③研究区地下水中Cd呈现中度污染,Ni存在点源污染,其它4种元素均呈现无污染。地下水中重金属元素综合污染指数介于0. 23～2. 22之间,平均值为0. 73,呈现轻微污染。Cd与Ni是研究区地下水中污染最高的元素,研究区地下水Cd与Ni污染值得关注。     

电镀厂下游水体中重金属的分布特征及其风险评价

以苏南某电镀厂下游地表水和浅层地下水为研究对象,探讨电镀厂废水对其造成的影响,采用ICP-AES分析了地表水与地下水样品中重金属Zn、Mn、Cr、Cu和Ni的含量.结果表明,电镀厂向河流中排放Zn、Mn、Cr、Cu和Ni等酸性污染物,浓度分别达到1.34、3.77、28.1、6.40和9.37 mg·L-1,pH为2.32,除Zn外皆超过国家污水综合排放标准,是构成下游河流中重金属沿程分布的主要原因.重金属在井水中的分布特征,未能说明其受到河水重金属的影响,表明重金属在土壤中迁移率较低.风险评价结果显示,地表水水质明显下降,河水中Ni和Mn超标严重,Cr和Cu也有部分样点不同程度地超过Ⅲ类标准限值.以14口井水为地下水中,除Mn元素有4个样点属于Ⅳ类地下水之外,其它重金属皆达到生活饮用水标准.     

宿南矿区土壤重金属含量特征及其来源解析

为研究淮北煤田宿南矿区土壤重金属含量特征,测试了土壤中重金属Fe、Mn、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cu的含量,采用地累积污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属污染进行评价,并运用多元统计分析对重金属污染来源进行解析。结果表明,Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cu的均值含量不超过土壤环境质量二级标准;综合评价结果显示,Cd污染累积程度明显,且Cd是最主要的生态风险因子;聚类分析将重金属划分为具有相似地球化学过程的3组,即Ⅰ类(Fe、Ni和Pb)、Ⅱ类(Mn、Cu和Cd)和Ⅲ类(Zn和Cr);主成分分析从重金属元素中筛选出3个主成分(PC1、PC2和PC3),PC1(Mn、Cu和Cd)表示为煤矿开采与道路煤尘扩散污染,PC2(Fe、Ni和Pb)解析为土壤母质与尾气排放作用,PC3(Zn和Cr)表示交通运输与农业生产活动污染。     

北江流域横石河-翁江沿岸土壤重金属污染特征分析

采集了北江流域翁源县境内受大宝山矿区影响的横石河-翁江沿岸13个土壤剖面共49个土样,分析了河流沿岸土壤中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,讨论了土壤重金属含量的空间变化特征、污染程度以及潜在生态风险.结果表明:横石河沿岸(I区)土壤重金属污染较翁江沿岸(II区)严重,I区As、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为26.6~430,1.99~11.9,31.7~765,63.5~646mg/kg; II区As、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为4.16~51.3,0.830~4.67,3.99~103,17.6~83.7mg/kg;重金属含量差异分析显示,土壤重金属污染与污染源类型(大宝山矿山开采、农业、交通污染、生活垃圾等)、河水-地下水交互作用以及土壤理化性质(有机质含量、微粒组分)有关;As、Cu、Cd是研究区内主要的重金属污染元素,尤其以Cd污染最为严重,I区、II区Cd的地累积系数分别为6.13和4.84,属于极度污染和强-极度污染水平;土壤毒性单位评价结果显示,I区土壤(S23除外)剖面毒性单位(∑TU)均大于4,属于中毒性;II区土壤剖面∑TU普遍较低.     

采用发光菌和统计法评估地下水水质 ——以“珠江三角洲”滨海小流域为例

以珠江三角洲滨海小流域地下水为研究对象,采用费氏弧菌(Vibrio ficheri)和化学指标主成分分析法综合评价不同人类活动背景下的地下水(8个饮用水井和6个观测井)以及海水水质.结果表明:15个水样中的阳离子以K+和Na+为主,占阳离子总量的平均百分比为71.55%±14.67%.阴离子的浓度差异较大,饮用水井(T1~T8)的阴离子以HCO3-为主,观测井(D1~D6)的阴离子以Cl-为主,平均百分比分别为53.84%±18.21%和66.37%±22.16%.除T3、T4和D3无毒外,其余水样对发光菌具有一定的抑制效应,其中D2和D4对发光菌的抑制率大于30%,为中毒性,海水水样则对发光菌产生了“刺激发光”效应,30min的发光抑制率为-12.45%;通过水样化学指标的主成分分析,计算井水的综合得分,排泄区D2~D4 (8~15m潜水含水层)得分较高,D5 (承压含水层)、D6 (基岩裂隙含水层)以及D1(5m潜水含水层)得分较低,唐家镇除T1地下水埋深最深(17.92m),得分最高,其余地下水(T2~T8)位于地表以下10m内的含水层,得分较低;发光抑制率与第一主成分具有良好的负相关性(P<0.05),经拟合方程预测的毒性结果准确率为75%,“假阴性”水样个数为0.     

焦作市南郊土壤重金属含量分析与评价

对焦作市南郊土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu、Co、Mn进行测定分析,并采用单因子与综合污染指数法进行了分析评价,根据土壤重金属含量特征,讨论了土壤重金属污染的原因。结果表明:研究区表层土壤中目标重金属大多处于背景值以下,或是轻度污染水平,其中Ni为主要污染因子,Pb为轻污染,Mn、Zn和Cu单因子指数值大多都在1左右,土壤仍处于尚清洁或警戒线等级,Co处于安全等级;综合污染指数大部分处于轻污染或以上等级。     

广州市污水污泥中的重金属及其农用探讨

分析了广州市6种污水污泥中重金属(Zn,Cu,Pb,Cr,Mn和Ni)质量分数及其存在形态,并对污泥农业利用过程中施用的最大量进行了估算.结果表明:广州不同来源污水污泥中.(Cu),w(Zn),w(Mn)和,(Ni)较高,变幅较大,而w( Ph )和w( Cr)低.除一种污泥中w(Cu)超标外,其他重金属基本符合国家农用控制标准(G1318918-2002),但所有污泥中重金属质量分数都超过广州市农田土壤平均值.不同重金属以及同一重金属在不同污泥中的形态分布也不同,其中Zn,Mn和Ni的潜在迁移性强,Cu和Cr中的还原态占有很大的比例,污泥中Pb主要以还原态和残渣态存在.根据广州市主要旱地赤红色土壤静态环境容量和动态环境容量计算表明,污泥农用过程中Cu和Zn是主要监控污染元素,不同来源污泥的最大施用量有明显差异.为保证土壤环境的安全,建议将Cu和Zn作为控制城市污水污泥农用过程中最高施用量的计算参考指标.     

贵阳市比例坝垃圾填埋场渗滤液中重金属污染现状调查

为了解贵阳市比例坝生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液中重金属污染现状,对该填埋场产生的渗滤原液及周边水样中的重金属Fe、Mn、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni、Cu、As、Hg等的含量进行了调查分析。结果表明,渗滤原液中除Fe、Mn含量较高外,其余重金属含量较低或未检出,经过现场渗滤液处理站的处理,重金属含量均远低于相关排放标准或未检出;渗滤液对周边地下水的重金属污染主要表现为Fe和Mn,对周边地表水的重金属影响不大。     

基于析因设计的多种重金属对发光菌联合毒性研究

文章采用析因设计的方法,研究沉积物水浸提液掺杂的多种重金属Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb和Ni对发光菌的联合毒性。通过对试验结果进行方差分析和多元线性回归,建立了重金属浓度和发光菌发光抑制率的关系模型:T=97.983Cu+41.111Cd-27.297Zn+129.869Pb+16.715Ni-5 803.639Cu*Cd+2 270.182Cd*Zn-6 411.870Cd*Pb-675.052Cd*Ni-3 108.544Pb*Ni+15 9552.434Cd*Pb*Ni+274 718.434Zn*Pb*Ni。模型分析结果表明:Zn对联合毒性产生负的影响,Cu、Cd、Pb、Ni对联合毒性具有正的贡献;Cd*Zn二元交互作用和Cd*Pb*Ni、Zn*Pb*Ni三元交互作用表现为协同作用,Cu*Cd、Cd*Pb、Cd*Ni、Pb*Ni二元交互作用表现为拮抗作用,而重金属四元和五元交互作用对联合毒性的贡献不显著。上述重金属联合毒性的作用可为沉积物中重金属复合污染控制提供参考。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.