木薯酒糟沼气发酵污泥生物干燥条件优化

利用生物干燥方法,通过添加微生物菌剂,将木薯酒糟沼气发酵后污泥进行干燥实验.利用响应面法对影响污泥干燥工艺的条件进行优化,确定生物干燥过程中接种量、通风量、温度对物料含水率的影响.最后得到在接种量1.5％、通风量6.5 L/h、温度36℃时,固态发酵96 h物料含水率可降到30％以下.     

间歇曝气下短程硝化耦合污泥微膨胀稳定性

污泥微膨胀耦合短程硝化是一种利用低溶解氧(DO)引发丝状菌有限繁殖和亚硝酸盐(NO-2-N)积累来协同提高氮的去除率并降低能耗的新工艺.为分析该工艺启动的可行性和长期稳定性,采用两个间歇式反应器(SBR)并通过调整曝气方式,考察低DO(0.3~0.8 mg·L-1)下污泥沉降性、亚硝酸盐累积率(NAR)、总氮的去除特性、优势丝状菌和硝化菌群的动态变化.结果表明,缺氧∶好氧=15 min∶30 min的间歇曝气运行方式下,可以实现NAR约为50%和稳定的污泥微膨胀,污泥体积指数(SVI)稳定在170~200 m L·g-1.实时连续曝气可以实现NAR为95%以上,并且NO-2-N的累积引发了以Type 0092型为优势丝状菌的污泥微膨胀,但无法长期维持.改变运行方式为间歇曝气,运行60 d左右可以实现短程硝化和微膨胀耦合及长期稳定维持,TN的去除率稳定在66%.FISH分析间歇曝气引发污泥微膨胀主要丝状菌是M.parvicella和Type 0092型.Q-PCR对硝化菌群定量分析得出SBR A初期和末期AOB占全菌的比例分别由0.53%提高到2.19%,NOB由17.5%降至3.2%.SBR B里AOB由0.51%提高到1.53%,而NOB由18.05%降至11.01%.     

Ambient air temperature Effects on the temperature of sewage sludge composting process

Using data obtained with a full-scale sewage sludge composting facility, this paper studied the effects of ambient air temperature on the composting temperature with varying volume ratios of sewage sludge and recycled compost to bulking agent. Two volume ratios were examined experimentally, 1 ： 0 ： 1 and 3 ： 1 ： 2. The results show that composting temperature was influenced by ambient air temperature and the influence was more significant when composting was in the temperature rising process： composting temperature changed 2.4-6.5℃ when ambient air temperature changed 13℃. On the other hand, the influence was not significant when composting was in the high-temperature and/or temperature falling process： composting temperature changed 0.75-1.3℃ when ambient air temperature changed 8-15℃. Hysteresis effect was observed in composting temperature＇s responses to ambient air temperature. When the ventilation capability of pile was excellent（at a volume ratio of 1：0：1）, the hysteresis time was short and ranging 1.1-1.2 h. On the contrary, when the proportion of added bulking agent was low, therefore less porosity in the substrate（at a volume ratio of 3：1：2）, the hysteresis time was IonQ and ranging 1.9-3.1 h.     

Use of additive and pretreatment to control odors in municipal kitchen waste during aerobic composting

The effects of adding a bulking agent and chemically pretreating municipal kitchen waste before aerobic composting were studied using a laboratory-scale system. The system used 20-L reactors and each test lasted 28 days. The objective was to decrease NH₃ and H₂S emissions during composting. The bulking agent, dry cornstalks, was mixed with the kitchen waste to give a mixture containing 15% (wet weight) bulking agent. A combined treatment was also conducted, in which kitchen waste mixed with the bulking agent was pretreated with ferric chloride (FeCl₃). Less leachate was produced by the composted kitchen waste mixed with bulking agent than by the kitchen waste alone, when the materials had reached the required maturity. The presence of cornstalks also caused less H₂S to be emitted, but had little impact on the amount of NH₃ emitted. The FeCl₃ was found to act as an effective chemical flocculant, and its presence significantly decreased the amounts of NH₃ and H₂S emitted. Kitchen waste mixed with cornstalks and treated with FeCl₃ emitted 42% less NH₃ and 76% less H₂S during composting than did pure kitchen waste.     

复合菌剂强化餐厨垃圾好氧生物处理性能研究

为探索复合菌剂对餐厨垃圾好氧生物处理过程和腐熟效果的影响,利用4组自制的堆肥反应器进行小规模试验。以木屑为辅料,分别投加适用于常温条件下有机质分解的菌剂碧沃丰®除污(WD)、前期筛选制备的复合耐高温菌剂(TB)和WD+TB复合微生物菌剂,以不投菌为空白组(CK),通过测定堆体总重、温度、含水率、干基有机质含量、pH值、水溶性氨氮及硝态氮、腐殖化系数(E465/E665)、电导率(EC)、种子发芽率指数(germination index GI),研究处理过程。结果表明,初始含水率为(63.5±0.5)%,初始干基有机质含量为(96.6±0.9)%,初始碳氮比为34.9±2.7,辅料20%(质量分数),接种量25 mL/kg下,(WD+TB)组堆料高温期持续时间最长、温度峰值最高,可持续7d 50 ℃以上高温,最高温度达到72 ℃;总重减量率和有机质减量率最高,分别为80.7%和64.3%,日均有机质减量率是CK组的2.13倍;水溶性氨氮和E4/E6最低,种子发芽率指数 (96.3±26.7)%最高。说明WD+TB复合微生物菌剂可以有效提升餐厨垃圾好氧生物处理效果,并显著提高堆肥效率。     

寒冷地区城市污水处理厂改进工艺的运行效能

为了提高传统活性污泥法的处理水平,在大庆乘风庄污水厂,通过调整曝气池第一廊道曝气量,造成缺氧,形成无内回流A/O工艺,考察了曝气池经简易改造后的污染物,尤其是营养盐的去除效果,并对曝气池中的污泥特性,特别是冬季发生污泥膨胀的原因进行了分析.结果表明,该工艺可明显地提高其氮磷去除水平.冬季发生的污泥膨胀除与低氧低负荷有关外,低温也是原因之一.     

生物倍增工艺对于长效预防污泥膨胀的作用探讨

结合工程实例,探讨了实际应用中生物倍增工艺表现出良好的污泥沉降性能的原因。指出工艺提供的均匀微孔曝气以及低溶解氧的实时自动控制避免了氧限制型污泥膨胀的发生;实时控制下的大比倍循环稀释特点使其具有较强抗冲击负荷能力,可避免低温、低负荷型污泥膨胀的发生;长泥龄运行使MLVSS/MLSS由0.71降低到0.66,污泥中活性比例的降低也有助于形成好的污泥沉降性能;此外,从生态学角度分析了高污泥浓度使活性污泥系统中丝状菌的自然控制力得到加强,提出利用高污泥浓度来预防污泥膨胀的生态学方法。     

厨房垃圾处理的工艺试验

采用高温好氧法对厨房垃圾进行了处理，测定了温度、ＣＯＤ、含水率、重量对反应过程的影响，结果表明，当通风量为０．２ｍ＾３／ｈ，加料量小于０．６ｋｇ／ｄ，反就时间短，且各参数均达到平衡。     

低溶解氧污泥微膨胀的发生及脱氮除磷效果优化

采用SBR工艺以缺氧/好氧运行模式处理实际生活污水,在常温条件下通过降低溶解氧诱发活性污泥微膨胀,使污泥的容积指数(SVI)维持在150～220mL/g之间.研究了低溶解氧污泥微膨胀现象的发生和诱因微生物的生长,并对污泥微膨胀状态下系统的脱氮除磷效果进行优化.结果表明,常温条件下诱发污泥微膨胀的丝状菌主要有M.parcicella、0803型和H.hydrossis,其中M.parcicella为优势丝状菌,在丝状菌中所占比例最大.研究还发现,在低氧运行期间SBR出水正磷酸盐明显降低,COD略有升高但影响不大,但氨氮去除率明显下降,由95%以上下降到65%.通过采用厌氧/好氧/缺氧的运行模式:瞬间进水→厌氧搅拌(0.75h)→曝气(5h)→缺氧搅拌(2.25h)→静沉、排水(1h),氨氮和总氮的去除率均达到95%以上,出水总氮5mg/L,同时,PO43--P去除率达到95%以上,实现了低溶解氧污泥微膨胀系统高的脱氮除磷效率.     

卧式螺旋式污泥好氧动态堆肥装置的试验研究--含水率对污水厂消化污泥一次发酵的影响

采用自行设计的卧式螺旋式污泥好氧堆肥装置 ,利用间歇式动态工艺 ,以木屑为调理剂 ,对厌氧消化污泥进行了中温堆肥的试验研究。本试验控制物料配比为污泥∶木屑 =10∶1 0 (湿重比 ) ,通气量为 5 0m3 h·t,采用 5组不同的含水率 (5 1 0 %～ 71 0 % )对物料进行一次发酵。研究了含水率对该螺旋式动态堆肥装置的影响 ,重点探讨了含水率与堆体温度、有机物去除和pH、TN、有机C变化的关系 ,确定了该装置的最佳含水率为 5 0 %～ 5 5 % ,并且认为在同等通气条件和物料配比下 ,在一定范围内 ,含水率越高 ,堆体温度越低 ,对有机物的降解也越不利     

不同通风方式对污泥堆肥的影响

采用2种通风方式和5种调理剂进行污泥堆肥,堆温均能顺利达到设定温度(60℃),并能保持一段高温期,堆肥产品的卫生学指标达到了无害化国家标准.同采用正压强制通风相比,采用自然通风与正压强制通风相结合方式,堆温上升迅速,能耗更低.但正压强制通风能加快堆料含水率的降低和有机质的降解.堆料含水率能极大地影响污泥堆肥过程,堆料的含水率不宜超过80%,在污泥堆肥过程中不必对堆料的pH值进行调整.     

Carbon conservation strategy for the management of pig slurry by composting: Initial study of the bulking agent influence

The intensification of the livestock production systems implies a potential environmental risk, associated with the great generation of animal wastes and slurries and their storage and management. Manure management is associated with considerable emissions of ammonia (NH₃) and greenhouse gases (GHG). However, the potential for GHG mitigation is highly dependent on the waste treatment strategy considered. This laboratory study aims to evaluate the influence of the type of bulking agent used on the potential reduction of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission, dealing with carbon (C) conservation when the solid fraction of pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) slurry is managed by composting. For this, a composting experiment in batch reactors was run with four mixtures elaborated using the solid fraction of pig slurry (SPS) and different materials (maize (Zea mays) stalks, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) gin and garden prunings) as bulking agents. The potential C conservation in the mixtures was evaluated by determining the CO₂ emissions; the evolution of the mixtures, the thermal profile developed and the thermodynamics of the process were also studied. The mixtures elaborated with cotton gin and garden prunings showed the fastest temperature development, and also the highest CO₂ emissions. However, the use of maize stalks as bulking agent reduced CO₂ emissions due to its slow degradability: this could constitute a suitable strategy to promote C conservation during the management of pig slurry by composting.     

不同运行方式下低溶解氧污泥微膨胀的可行性研究

污泥微膨胀是一种利用低溶解氧（DO）引发丝状菌繁殖来实现污水节能处理的新方法.为分析该方法的可行性,采用4个间歇式反应器（SBR）模拟不同的工艺,考察了低DO下（DO=0.5 mg/L）各反应器的污泥沉降性、絮体结构、污染物去除特性及曝气能耗.结果表明,全程好氧运行方式易引发恶性膨胀;而前置缺氧运行方式下进水时间在60...     

通风策略对污泥生物干化过程中含氮气体和甲烷排放的影响

我国污泥生物干化过程中含氮气体(NH_3、N_2O、NO)排放的数据十分缺乏,尤其是NO,因其化学性质极其活泼,在以往的研究中甚少涉及.本研究以东北某大型污泥生物干化厂的连续流强制通风槽式污泥生物干化为研究对象,通过现场试验,考察不同通风策略下干化效率以及含氮气体、温室气体的排放特征.结果表明,当污泥初始含水率约50%时,采用前期供氧为主、中期温度控制为主、后期以除湿和散热为目的的通风策略,可以明显加快污泥干化速率(试验组在第11 d时的含水率为36.6%,对照组为42%),提升干化效果(最终含水率试验组为33.6%,对照组为37.6%),减少氨气累积排放量5%(试验组氨气累积排放为208 mg·m~(-3),对照组为219.8 mg·m~(-3));同时降低温室气体累积排放当量[试验组每吨干物料的温室气体排放当量(eCO_2)为3.61 kg·t~(-1),对照组为3.73 kg·t~(-1)].但NO累积排放量试验组比对照组高出15.9%(试验组为1.9g·m~(-2),对照组为1.6 g·m~(-2)).     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

静态好氧堆肥处理城市垃圾的工艺特性

利用生活垃圾的特点 ,设计出一种堆肥装置—好氧静态立式发酵仓。该装置具有控温、通风自控系统。用该装置对城市生活垃圾进行了堆肥试验。对堆肥过程的温度、pH值、含水率、耗氧量和有机质等参数进行监测 ,表明堆肥过程能顺利进行 ,堆肥产品的卫生指标符合国家标准 ;堆肥过程中含水率和有机质VS含量明显减少 ;通过对堆肥的通风加热 ,能够加快堆肥温度的提升 ,加快堆肥过程。     

温度对活性污泥沉降性能与微生物种群结构的影响

为探究运行温度与活性污泥沉降性能之间的关系,采用5个带有自控设备的序批式反应器考察了不同的运行温度(15,20,25,30和35℃)对活性污泥沉降性能及微生物种群结构的影响.结果表明,采用短时进水,由于运行温度对污泥沉降性能的影响远远弱于底物浓度的影响,且系统中的优势丝状菌以Type 0041和Type 0092为主,所以5个系统均未发生污泥膨胀现象;采用长时进水,5个系统均发生了丝状膨胀现象,温度与低底物浓度的相互作用导致污泥的SVI值随运行温度(15~30℃)的增加而升高,而运行温度为35℃时污泥的SVI值要低于30℃的情况.同时不同的运行温度下污泥胞内胞外贮存特性及优势丝状菌的种类差异较大.     

生物矿化促进造纸废水好氧除钙的技术研究

造纸废水厌氧出水中钙离子浓度高,容易引起后续活性污泥好氧曝气系统钙化,造成生化处理能力下降.本文利用富含产脲酶菌的驯化污泥对模拟厌氧出水进行生物矿化除钙.在序批式反应器中接种驯化污泥,在一定尿素浓度下研究除钙过程,并考察曝气对除钙过程的影响.结果表明,当尿素投加量为0.5 g·L^-1时,不曝气条件下钙和有机物去除率分别达到50%和35%左右;曝气有利于吹脱二氧化碳,当曝气量为0.2 L·min^-1时,钙离子和有机物去除率均上升至80%左右,而持续提高曝气量无法进一步提高有机物去除率.综合运行成本和处理要求,曝气辅助生物矿化可以有效去除造纸废水厌氧出水中的溶解性钙离子.通过基因组测序发现驯化污泥中产脲酶功能菌主要来自厚壁菌门,特别是芽孢杆菌纲中的热杆菌属.     

污泥微膨胀状态下短程硝化的实现

为了实现"低氧丝状菌活性污泥微膨胀"和短程硝化的结合,本试验采用SBR反应器,研究了在微膨胀状态下,短程硝化的启动方法和短程硝化启动过程中污泥沉降性的维持策略.分析了水质、pH、DO和温度等环境因素以及混合液流态、曝气方法和进水方式等运行条件对污泥沉降性的影响.结果表明,在pH处于7.2~8.0,温度处于20~25℃时,通过维持低溶解氧和准确控制曝气时间可以逐步在污泥微膨胀状态下实现短程硝化.系统运行160个周期后,亚硝酸盐积累率可从28%逐步上升到80%.通过改变进水体积交换率和辅助调节曝气量的方法可以有效维持活性污泥的沉降性.在污泥微膨胀状态下,VER在0.25~0.33适时调节,可控制污泥容积指数在150 mL/g附近小幅波动.在好氧阶段后期,会出现溶解态总氮浓度的小幅上升.     

低温SMBR系统中高粘性膨胀的发生与控制

利用一体式膜生物反应器(SMBR),研究了低温时的高粘性膨胀现象。结果表明:当温度为8℃,SRT为60d时发生了严重的高粘性膨胀。膨胀期间,SMBR对COD的去除并无太大影响,但NH3-N和TN的去除率降低。高粘性膨胀使膜污染速率大大增加,降低了膜清洗周期。通过调整进水配方、增加排泥次数、加大曝气量等方法控制了膨胀现象。