厌氧消化对污泥中抗生素抗性基因削减的影响

为了系统地了解厌氧消化及其强化工艺对污泥中抗生素抗性基因的削减效果,明确抗性基因在厌氧消化过程中的降解机制,从几种常见的厌氧消化工艺入手,结合国内外研究进展,综述了高温厌氧消化、预处理和投加外源添加剂等强化工艺对污泥中不同抗生素抗性基因的削减效果和影响因素,发现污泥中抗生素抗性基因的归趋主要与污泥中选择性压力的大小、宿主菌群的丰度、水平转移的效率和抗性基因的耐药机制等有关。厌氧消化及其强化工艺主要通过破坏污泥细胞结构,减少宿主菌群丰度或降低抗性基因水平转移风险的作用机制来实现抗生素抗性基因的高效削减。     

生物酶强化厌氧消化去除污泥中的PhACs

为降低污水污泥中药理活性化合物（PhACs）产生的环境风险,利用生物方法强化污泥厌氧消化,提高其去除效果.以CFA（氯贝酸）、TCS（三氯生）、DCF（双氯芬酸）、CBZ（卡马西平）4种典型的PhACs为目标污染物,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）定量分析污泥中的目标物,探究外加生物酶联合污泥厌氧消化法强化对PhACs的作用效果.结果表明,随着SRT（污泥停留时间）的增大,目标物的去除率有一定程度的增大,特别是在高温条件下,当SRT由7 d增至20 d时,CFA的去除率增长了45%;木瓜蛋白酶对中高温系统中CBZ的去除效果最佳,分别为63.8%和67.5%,同时对4种目标物总的去除率最高,分别为57.3%和61.8%;添加溶菌酶试验中,4种目标物去除效果差异较大,中温、高温系统中对TCS的去除效果最佳为81.7%和80.9%,去除效果最差的是CBZ,去除率为40.4%和33.5%;纤维素酶处理中,4种目标物的去除率均小于60%.混合生物酶试验中,高温条件下更易去除PhACs.研究显示,生物酶强化污泥厌氧消化能有效去除污水污泥中的PhACs.      

氨氮浓度对鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵的影响

为探究氨氮浓度对鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵的影响，采用固定水力停留时间（HRT，20d），提高进料总固体浓度（TS，5%、7.5%和10%）的方式增加氨氮浓度，通过265d的长期甲烷发酵试验，比较了不同氨氮浓度条件下鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵效果和污泥的比产甲烷活性.结果显示，TS由5%增至10%，中高温反应器中氨氮浓度由2.1~2.5g/L增至6.1~6.5g/L，对应的比产甲烷活性分别降低了44%和100%，中温反应器中挥发性脂肪酸由0.4g/L增至7.6g/L，甲烷产率由253mL/gTS降至203mL/gTS；高温反应器中挥发性脂肪酸由0.4g/L增至26.1g/L，甲烷产率由181mL/gTS降至18mL/gTS.氨氮浓度对高温甲烷发酵系统的抑制作用更加明显.     

不同温度下高温好氧消化工艺的溶氧特性

为探索ATAD(自热式高温好氧消化)污泥系统中ρ(DO)及其对污泥稳定化的影响,分别考察了在不同消化温度下不同成分污泥(初沉泥、二沉泥和混合泥)的E_h(氧化还原电位)、污泥溶胞效果和污泥稳定化效果. 结果表明:在消化的24 d中,尽管曝气充足,但消化前期E_h仍处于0 mV以下,并且随着消化时间的延长,E_h逐渐升至0 mV以上,说明ATAD工艺系统并不是全程好氧状态,消化前期处于兼氧或厌氧状态,后期才呈好氧状态. 65 ℃下容易使细胞破裂发生分解,污泥上清液中ρ(SCOD)(SCOD为可溶性化学需氧量)和ρ(TP)维持较高值,至消化结束时,ρ(SCOD)仍高达13 708 mg/L,ρ(TP)为126.4 mg/L,ρ(PO₄3+-P)为106 mg/L. 尽管消化前期E_h较低,但在15 d时VSS去除率仍超过38%,满足US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)A级污泥VSS去除率的标准. 消化初期的兼氧和厌氧状态没有减缓污泥达到稳定化,因此在合适范围内减少曝气量有利于ATAD工艺的工程化应用.      

Kinetics of antimony biogeochemical processes under pre-definite anaerobic and aerobic conditions in a paddy soil

While the transformation of antimony(Sb) in paddy soil has been previously investigated, the biogeochemical processes of highly chemical active Sb in the soil remain poorly understood. In addition, there is a lack of quantitative understanding of Sb transformation in soil. Therefore, in this study, the kinetics of exogenous Sb in paddy soils were investigated under anaerobic and aerobic incubation conditions. The dissolved Sb(V) and the Sb(V) extracted by diffusive gradient technique decreased u...     

Start-up performances of dry anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestions of organic solid wastes

Two dry anaerobic digestions of organic solid wastes were conducted for 6 weeks in a lab-scale batch experiment for investigating the start-up performances under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The enzymatic activities, i.e., β-glucosidase, N-α-benzoyl-Largininamide （BAA）-hydrolysing protease, urease and phosphatase activities were analysed. The BAA-hydrolysing protease activity during the first 2-3 weeks was low with low pH, but was enhanced later with the pH increase. β-Glucosidase activity showed the lowest values in weeks 1-2, and recovered with the increase of BAA-hydrolysing protease activity. Acetic acid dominated most of the total VFAs in thermophilic digestion, while propionate and butyrate dominated in mesophilic digestion. Thermophilic digestion was confirmed more feasible for achieving better performance against misbalance, especially during the start-up period in a dry anaerobic digestion process.     

Exploration of the metabolic flexibility of glycogen accumulating organisms through metatranscriptome analysis and metabolic characterization

Glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) are closely related to the deterioration of enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems. However, the metabolic mechanisms that drive GAOs remain unclear. Here, the two-thirds supernatant of a reactor were decanted following the anaerobic period to enrich GAOs. Long-term monitoring demonstrated that the system was stable and exhibited typical characteristics of GAOs metabolism. Acetate was completely consumed after 60 min of the anaerobic phase. The level of glycogen decreased from 0.20 to 0.14 g/gSS during the anaerobic phase, whereas the level of glycogen significantly increased to 0.21g/gSS at the end of the aerobic period. Moreover, there was almost no phosphate release and absorption in the complete periods, thus confirming the successful construction of a GAOs enrichment system. Microbial community analysis demonstrated that Ca. Contendobacter was among the core functional genera and showed the highest activity among all of the communities. Furthermore, our study is the first to identify the involvement of the ethyl-malonyl-CoA pathway in the synthesis of polyhydroxyvalerate via croR, ccr, ecm, mcd, mch and mcl genes. The Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway was preferentially used via glgP. Furthermore, the glyoxylate cycle was the main source of ATP under anaerobic conditions, whereas the tricarboxylic acid cycle provided ATP under aerobic conditions. aceA and mdh appeared to be major modulators of the glyoxylate pathway for controlling energy flow. Collectively, our findings not only revealed the crucial metabolic mechanisms in a GAOs enrichment system but also provided insights into the potential application of Ca. Contendobacter for wastewater treatment.     

低温热解油厌氧消化产甲烷条件研究

对低温热解油的厌氧消化条件进行研究,包括新鲜接种污泥的驯化,热解油厌氧消化条件的影响因素和生物质热解参数对最终厌氧消化的影响.通过控制不同热解参数及厌氧发酵参数的方法对耦合过程进行研究.结果表明,新鲜接种污泥经过驯化可以显著提升其对热解油中抑制物的耐受性,进而大幅提升热解油厌氧消化的甲烷产量.中温的培养条件更适合浓度为4%的热解油厌氧消化甲烷化,而高温的培养条件更适合浓度为10%的高浓度热解油.此外,0.85mm生物质粒径、300℃热解温度在下游的消化阶段有更高的甲烷产量.     

Bioreactor systems for thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production: evaluation and comparison of appropriate systems

Numerous different bioreactor systems are applied for hydrogen production by dark fermentation. Thermophilic fermentations are gaining an increased interest due to the high hydrogen yields associated with them. In order to reach the best thermophilic fermentation system, 2 types of bioreactors, a trickling bed and a fluidized bed system, were constructed and operated under similar conditions. Both systems were designed to meet the requirements of thermophilic fermentations, such as reduction of hydrogen partial pressure, system immanence as its best as well as increasing cell densities. For comparing the 2 systems, the extreme thermophilic organism Caldicellulosiruptor owensensis OL^T and a glucose-containing medium were employed. Parameters like hydraulic retention time, glucose concentration and stripping gas amount were varied. Each bioreactor system exhibited certain advantages; the trickling bed system enabled yields close to 3 mol-H₂ (mol-glucose)^?1 and productivities of 0.2 L L^?1 h^?1, but the application of stripping gas seemed to be obligatory. The fermentations in the fluidized bed system were characterized by slightly higher productivities (0.25 L L^?1 h^?1), but generally lower yields. However, operation of this system without stripping gas was possible.     

原子力显微镜液池成像技术应用于微絮凝过滤工艺过程中的实验条件优化

采用原子力显微镜液池成像技术对微絮凝过滤工艺过程中的微絮凝时间和搅拌强度进行优化.结果表明,原子力显微镜液池成像技术可以对混凝过程中的微絮体进行形貌表征和数字描述,并证实微絮凝过滤工艺在处理实际印染工业尾水过程中,微絮凝时间为2 min,搅拌强度为100 s-1时可以达到优化的处理效果.     

高温厌氧消化污泥的培养试验研究

在试验室半连续装置中培养高温厌氧消化污泥,以中温厌氧污泥作为种泥,中温启动运行一段时间后,再逐步升温,经过100d运行可达到高温厌氧消化运行的良好状态。整个试验过程中无需人为调节碱度,pH值比较稳定。45℃以下,升温对厌氧消化系统的扰动比较小,之后继续升温至48℃,厌氧消化系统不稳定。认为45～48℃可能存在着中温和高温厌氧消化的临界温度,在这一温度下,中温细菌可能会大量死亡,但是不适合高温菌生长或对应着较低的生长速率。     

厌氧发酵系统温度的选择和热量平衡

本文分析了厌氧发酵温度的选择和厌氧系统中热量平衡的关系。并运用此关系对薯干酒糟过滤液在冬季最低温度为0℃,夏季最高温度为35℃的地区进行中温和高温厌氧发酵处理中的热量平衡关系分别进行了讨论,证明了对温度为50℃,COD浓度为23g/L的废液进行中温发酵能得到更大的经济效益,但也必须使用所产生的沼气作为能源加热或冷却废液。所需的热量和气温的关系为:Q_t=4.73×105to-3.73×106 (KJ/d)。      

高温污泥厌氧消化器的启动

污泥厌氧消化是最常用的污泥减量化和稳定化技术,高温消化污泥稳定快,但我国缺乏启动和运行经验,故进行了高温厌氧消化器处理剩余活性污泥的中试启动试验.所采用的消化器为内循环消化器,它属于升流式反应器.依赖回流沼气控制反应器的水力状况.启动采用了分步适应的策略,促进厌氧细菌适应温度、反应器构型和处理对象的变化.主要措施有:启...     

Oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state (UASS) with anaerobic filter (AF) system

In order to investigate the oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state(UASS)with anaerobic filter(AF) system, the effect of microaeration on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of maize straw was investigated under batch conditions and in the UASS with AF system. Aeration intensities of 0–431 m L O2/gvswere conducted as pretreatment under batch conditions. Aeration pretreatment obviously enhanced anaerobic digestion and an aeration intensity of 431 m L O2/gvsincreased the methane yield by 82.2%. Aeration intensities of 0–355 m L O2/gvswere conducted in the process liquor circulation of the UASS with AF system. Dissolved oxygen(DO) of UASS and AF reactors kept around 1.39 ±0.27 and 0.99 ± 0.38 mg/L, respectively. p H was relatively stable around 7.11 ± 0.04. Volatile fatty acids and soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration in UASS reactor were higher than those in AF reactor. Methane yield of the whole system was almost stable at 85 ± 7 m L/gvs as aeration intensity increased step by step. The UASS with AF system showed good oxygen tolerance capacity.     

Characterization of the e ective cellulose degrading strain CTL-6

An e cient cellulose degrading bacteria exists in the thermophilic wheat straw-degrading community, WDC2. However, this strain cannot be isolated and cultured using conventional separation techniques under strict anaerobic conditions. We successfully isolated a strain of e ective cellulose degrading bacteria CTL-6 using a wash, heat shock, and solid-liquid alternating process. Analysis of its properties revealed that, although the community containing the strain CTL-6 grew under aerobic conditions, the purified strain CTL-6 only grew under anaerobic culture conditions. The strain CTL-6 had a striking capability of degrading cellulose (80.9% weight loss after 9 days of culture). The highest e ciency value of the endocellulase (CMCase activity) was 0.404 mol/(min mL), cellulose degradation e ciency by CTL-6 was remarkably high at 50–65°C with the highest degradation e ciency observed at 60°C. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the closest relative to strain CTL-6 belonged to the genus Clostridium thermocellum. Strain CTL-6 was capable of utilizing cellulose, cellobiose, and glucose. Strain CTL-6 also grew with Sorbitol as the sole carbon source, whereas C. thermocellum is unable to do so.     

厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺

厌氧氨氧化(ANaerobicAMMonium OXidation,缩写为ANAMMOX)指的是在缺氧条件下以亚硝酸盐为电子受体将氨氧化为氮气的过程.该过程由一类独特的、被称为"厌氧氨氧化菌"的专性厌氧微生物催化完成.作为细菌域浮霉菌门的成员,厌氧氨氧化菌具有与普通原核细菌显著不同的细胞结构;更重要的是,厌氧氨氧化在氮循环中扮演重要角色,并在污水处理领域显示出良好的应用潜力:厌氧氨氧化联合短程硝化非常适合处理高氨氮低碳废水.在一段式的CANON(Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite)厌氧氨氧化工艺中,好氧氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌在氧限制的单个反应器内协同去除氨氮,这在节省反应器空间的同时对系统内功能菌群的优化调控提出了更高的要求.本文重点介绍了厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性以及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺的最新进展.     

中高温条件下活性红KE-3B厌氧脱色特性和机理初探

以活性红KE-3B为例,考察了中高温条件下盐度、VFAs(挥发性脂肪酸)、污泥的吸附等对其厌氧脱色的影响,从产气量和生物气组分来探讨活性红KE-3B厌氧脱色的形式和程度,并对活性红KE-3B的厌氧脱色机理作初步探讨.结果显示,高温更有利于活性红KE-3B的脱色,脱色率可以达到98%以上,维持高脱色率的最高盐度为600mmol·L-1,并且在脱色过程中,没有发现活性红KE-3B被矿化,其主要脱色形式为初级降解.     

Preliminary study of acrylamide monomer decomposition during methane fermentation of dairy waste sludge

Polyacrylamide(PAM) used in sludge dewatering exists widely in high-solid anaerobic digestion. Acrylamide is registered in the list of chemicals demonstrating toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Therefore, it is reasonable to ask about the mobility of such residual substances in the environment. The study was carried out to assess the impact of the mesophilic(39 ± 1°C) and thermophilic(54 ± 1°C) fermentation process on the level of acrylamide monomer(AMD) content in the dairy sludge. The material was analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) for quantification of AMD. The results indicate that the process of methane fermentation continues regardless of the temperature effects on the degradation of AMD in dairy sludge. The degree of reduction of acrylamide monomer for thermophilic fermentation is 100%, while for mesophilic fermentation it is91%. In practice, this means that biogas technology eliminates the risk of AMD migration to plant tissue. Moreover, it should be stressed that 90% of cumulative biogas and methane production was reached one week earlier under thermophilic conditions — the dynamics of the methanisation process were over 20% faster.     

高温好氧消化污泥对生物除磷的强化作用初探

由于高温好氧消化(TAD)后的污泥中常含有一定浓度的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),为考察其对生物除磷系统的影响,通过将TAD污泥上清液与乙酸钠进行磷去除作用的对比试验。表明在厌氧条件下,加入TAD污泥的上清液,会使大量的P释放,磷释放规律及其释放速度均与乙酸钠造成的磷释放相当,因此,可以考虑将高温好氧消化污泥或上清液回流作为一种补充碳源,以强化生物除磷系统的除磷效果。但实际应用中,还要考虑到VFA降解以及回流污泥中的氮磷负荷,而且长期回流还需要进一步的试验验证。     

高效纤维质降解菌处理木薯酒精废液及其厌氧发酵动力学分析

为提高木薯酒精废液中固形物的降解效率,优化木薯酒精废液的厌氧发酵特性,采用高效纤维质降解菌群作为CSTR（continuous stirred tank reactor,连续搅拌反应器）接种污泥,通过逐级提高进料负荷,研究不同容积负荷下的厌氧消化性能及相应的酶活性变化,建立了厌氧发酵过程动力学模型.结果表明,在高温（55℃）条件下经长时间稳定运行,容积负荷为14 kg/（m3·d）（以COD_Cr计）时,反应器出水ρ（TCOD）（TCOD为总化学需氧量,以COD_Cr计）和ρ（SCOD）（SCOD为溶解性化学需氧量,以COD_Cr计）分别为15 367.6、10 982.8 mg/L,TCOD去除率达到70%~75%;φ（CH₄）在48%左右,沼气产率为0.22 L/g（以每g TCOD计）;此外,木聚糖酶活性、纤维素酶活性在该条件下达到最大值,分别为42.1、30.2 U.脱氢酶活性在容积负荷为12 kg/（m3·d）时达到最大值80.1 TFμg/（h·mL）.动力学模型研究表明,最大原料产气率（y_m）为0.335 L/g（以每g TCOD计）,一级反应常数（k）为0.743 d-1,产气率为0.3 L/g,通过该模型可以得到最佳HRT（hydraulic retention time,水力停留时间）为11.5 d,最佳容积负荷为4.6 kg/（m3·d）.研究显示,在高温高容积负荷条件下,CSTR能够稳定的处理木薯酒精废液,并且能够获得较高的纤维素和半纤维素酶活性.