载钴陶粒活化过氧乙酸降解水中杂环类药物

非均相钴活化过氧乙酸(PAA)是一种有前景的杂环类药物去除技术,然而目前报道的钴基催化剂通常为粉末状,难以回收,因此,构建可循环利用的非均相钴基催化剂及其活化PAA体系具有重要意义.通过浸渍煅烧法制备负载型钴基催化剂(载钴陶粒),系统研究了不同影响因素下载钴陶粒活化PAA体系降解水中典型杂环类药物(磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、卡马西平(CBZ)和甲氧苄啶(TMP))的性能.结果表明,其最优反应条件为：载钴陶粒投加体积比(载钴陶粒/反应溶液)为1∶20 (V/V),PAA浓度为150 mg·L^-1.当杂环类药物初始浓度为20mg·L^-1时,反应30 min后SMX、SDZ、CBZ、TMP的降解率分别为96.42%、99.63%、96.74%和89.93%.溶液中的共存离子对杂环类药物的降解存在抑制作用,其影响为：HCO3->NO3-≈SO42-≈Cl-.反应结束后钴溶出浓度均低于1 mg·L^-1,符合我国地表水环境质量标准规定,但溶液发光细菌急性毒性均升高.经5次循环使用后,载钴陶粒/PAA体系对除TM...     

金属-硅核壳结构诱导强化nZVI@SiO2/PDS体系降解地下水氯苯

采用溶胶-凝胶法以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,制备以纳米零价铁(nZVI)为核,SiO₂为壳层的nZVI@SiO₂核壳复合材料,通过SEM、TEM、XRD和BET对材料进行表征,并对nZVI@SiO₂活化过硫酸盐(PDS)去除氯苯(MCB)性能进行研究.结果表明,nZVI@SiO₂-1材料为均匀的核壳结构;比表面积达到了212.67 m²·g^-1,壳层厚度为7 nm左右,Fe含量达到了38.92%.在MCB初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1、温度(20±2)℃、nZVI@SiO₂-1投加量为0.5 g·L^-1、PDS投加量为3 mmol·L^-1条件下MCB去除率为83.81%.低浓度HA和Cl^-对nZVI@SiO₂-1/PDS体系去除MCB呈促进作用.而HCO₃     

铁掺杂氯氧化铋光芬顿催化降解水中阿特拉津的性能与机理研究

采用溶剂热反应制备了分级微球结构的铁掺杂氯氧化铋(Fe-BiOCl),并用于光芬顿降解阿特拉津(Atrazine,ATZ).结合多因素实验,系统地分析了以Fe-BiOCl为催化剂构建的光芬顿体系氧化降解阿特拉津的性能与机理.结果表明,当催化剂用量为0.2 g·L^-1、污染物浓度为20 mg·L^-1、H₂O₂浓度为6.4 mmol·L^-1时,Fe-BiOCl-2催化剂在120 min内降解阿特拉津的效率约为99.98%,且在较宽pH范围(3.04～6.02)内保持优异的降解效率.通过自由基猝灭实验和电子顺磁共振(EPR)测试发现,在光芬顿体系中羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧自由基(·O₂^-)是反应的主要活性物种.此外,通过超高效液相色谱测定降解过程中的中间产物,提出了可能的降解路径和转化机理.     

碳化泡沫负载Co3O4活化过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B

Co₃O₄具有优良的活化过硫酸盐的性能而受到人们的重视,但Co₃O₄粉体易团聚、使用过程中难以分离、易流失和重复利用率差等问题严重制约了其实际应用．通过水热法制备碳化三聚氰胺泡沫负载Co₃O₄非均相催化剂．采用X-射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对催化剂的结构和表面形貌进行分析．研究不同因素对催化剂活化过硫酸氢钾（PMS）降解罗丹明B（RhB）的性能．其最优催化工艺参数：催化剂投加量为35 mg·L^-1、PMS质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1和pH为7、RhB初始质量浓度为10 mg·L^-1,30 min反应后对RhB降解率为98%．结果表明,增大碳化泡沫负载Co₃O₄非均相催化剂投加量和PMS质量浓度能明显提高对RhB的降解率;而增加RhB初始质量浓度和提高pH值会明显抑制RhB的降解率．催化反应过程符合准一级动力学方程．温度对RhB降...     

O3-SBBR联合工艺深度处理印染工业园生化尾水的效能和机制

针对印染工业园生化尾水中生物难降解的有机氮难题,采用O₃-SBBR(臭氧-序批式生物膜反应器)联合工艺进行深度处理.开展了影响因素实验、降解动力学和淬灭实验,测定了自由基种类、琥珀酸脱氢酶活性和脱氮功能基因.结果表明,适宜的臭氧氧化条件：pH为8.0～8.5、ρ(O₃)为35.0 mg·L^-1左右、 O₃投加量(以O₃/H₂O计,下同)约为100.0 mg·L^-1和反应时间为90.0～120.0 min.臭氧氧化生化尾水的有机氮符合拟一级动力学模型,最大速率常数k值为0.010 35 min^-1[实验条件：pH为8.0、 O₃投加量为150.0 mg·L^-1和ρ(O₃)为35.0 mg·L^-1].臭氧氧化显著提高序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)的脱氮性能,脱氮效率从19.8%(SBBR)提高到32.9%(O₃     

Cu2+强化UV活化过氧乙酸降解水中的双氯芬酸

研究了Cu²⁺强化UV活化过氧乙酸（Cu²⁺/UV/PAA）对水中双氯芬酸（DCF）的降解,考察了pH值、PAA投加量、Cu²⁺投加量、无机阴离子（Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和CO₃^2-）和溶解有机物（DOM）对DCF去除的影响;探讨了DCF在该体系中的降解产物和转化机理.结果表明：UV和Cu²⁺都能活化PAA产生活性自由基促进DCF降解.DCF在Cu²⁺/UV/PAA中的降解遵循准一级动力学,其降解可能归因于直接光解、HO^·氧化和CH₃COO^·、CH₃COOO^·等其它自由基氧化.在pH=3~11范围内,DCF降解的最佳pH=8.5.DCF的降解效率随着PAA投加量的增大而逐渐增高,过量的PAA能与DCF竞争HO^·.Cu²⁺用量的提高也能促进DCF的去除,但是过量的Cu²⁺可生成Cu（OH）₂导致其催化能力下降.由于NO₃^-在UV照射下可以产生HO^·,其对DCF降解有促进作用,且NO₃^-浓度越高,促进作用越明显.不同浓度的Cl^-、SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-和DOM对DCF降解影响较小.在Cu²⁺/UV/PAA降解DCF的过程中,共检测出13种降解产物.根据这些降解产物,提出了DCF可能的转化机理,包括8种不同的反应路径.     

Cu2+强化UV活化过氧乙酸降解水中的双氯芬酸

研究了Cu²⁺强化UV活化过氧乙酸（Cu²⁺/UV/PAA）对水中双氯芬酸（DCF）的降解,考察了pH值、PAA投加量、Cu²⁺投加量、无机阴离子（Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和CO₃^2-）和溶解有机物（DOM）对DCF去除的影响;探讨了DCF在该体系中的降解产物和转化机理.结果表明：UV和Cu²⁺都能活化PAA产生活性自由基促进DCF降解.DCF在Cu²⁺/UV/PAA中的降解遵循准一级动力学,其降解可能归因于直接光解、HO^·氧化和CH₃COO^·、CH₃COOO^·等其它自由基氧化.在pH=3~11范围内,DCF降解的最佳pH=8.5.DCF的降解效率随着PAA投加量的增大而逐渐增高,过量的PAA能与DCF竞争HO^·.Cu²⁺用量的提高也能促进DCF的去除,但是过量的Cu²⁺可生成Cu（OH）₂导致其催化能力下降.由于NO₃^-在UV照射下可以产生HO^·,其对DCF降解有促进作用,且NO₃^-浓度越高,促进作用越明显.不同浓度的Cl^-、SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-和DOM对DCF降解影响较小.在Cu²⁺/UV/PAA降解DCF的过程中,共检测出13种降解产物.根据这些降解产物,提出了DCF可能的转化机理,包括8种不同的反应路径.     

氯离子活化过氧乙酸对罗丹明B的降解性能及机理研究

为解决传统H₂O₂(过氧化氢)体系对高盐特性染料废水去除效率低的问题,筛选合适的氧化剂迫在眉睫. PAA(过氧乙酸)因具备氧化还原电位较高、裂解所需键能较低、对pH适应范围更广等优点具有巨大的应用潜力. 因此,采用高浓度梯度Cl-活化PAA用于去除RhB(罗丹明B),通过对比不同体系的降解效果、控制Cl-浓度和PAA投加量等反应条件,探究Cl-/PAA体系降解RhB的催化性能及反应机理. 结果表明:①Cl-/PAA体系对RhB的氧化能力远高于Cl-/H₂O₂体系,并且RhB降解过程符合拟一级反应动力学模型,提高氧化剂PAA的投加量和催化剂Cl-的浓度、降低初始RhB浓度均有利于目标污染物的去除. ②在初始RhB浓度为10 mg/L、PAA投加量为2.0 mmol/L、Cl-浓度为400 mmol/L后续处理条件下,10 min内RhB的降解率达到96.2%. ③pH对RhB的降解影响微弱, Fe3+促进了RhB的降解,K+对降解过程轻微抑制,NO₂-、CO₃2-、HCO₃-则表现出非常显著的抑制作用,脱色率分别降低了70.8%、83.8%和90.8%,而Mn2+、SO₄2-对RhB降解无显著影响. ④RhB在超纯水、自来水及反渗透水不同水源中的降解率无明显变化,具有良好的应用前景;结合自由基捕获试验及电子自旋共振证明,Cl-/PAA体系中产生的乙酰氧基、乙酰过氧基及单线态氧是在RhB降解中起主导作用的活性物质. 研究显示,Cl-活化PAA对去除罗丹明B具有较高的催化活性,通过模拟实际废水证明Cl-/PAA是一种可行的高级氧化技术.      

碳酸氢盐活化过氧化氢去除四环素的机理研究

采用碳酸氢盐活化过氧化氢(BAP)类芬顿体系去除水中四环素污染物,研究了不同反应条件对四环素去除效果的影响,并探究了碳酸氢盐活化过氧化氢降解四环素的机理.结果表明,BAP体系的pH适应范围较宽;HCO₃^-浓度和H₂O₂浓度的增加可加速BAP体系高效降解水中四环素的反应;温度显著提升了BAP体系中四环素的去除速率;水中共存阴离子(Cl-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-)对BAP降解TC的影响不显著;当水中共存溶解性有机质浓度超过20 mg·L^-1时,对BAP降解TC的抑制作用明显.在不同的影响因素实验中,最优反应条件的TC去除率均保持在85%以上.自由基淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振鉴定结果表明体系中产生了CO₃^·-、HO·、O₂·-和1O₂,其中CO₃^·-起主要作用.在最优反应条...     

填埋场覆盖土微生物好氧/厌氧共代谢降解氯乙烯的特性、贡献度及微生态研究

填埋场已成为氯乙烯污染的重要来源,明晰覆盖层土壤中氯乙烯的降解特性及功能微生物群落组成对氯乙烯污染控制具有重要意义.基于填埋场覆盖土系统开展了典型氯乙烯的好氧/厌氧共代谢降解研究.结果显示,好氧和厌氧条件下CH₄均可发生降解,二氯乙烯（DCE）只能在好氧条件下被降解,净降解速率为50μg·h^-1·L^-1;三氯乙烯（TCE）可同时发生好氧共代谢和厌氧共代谢转化,净降解速率分别为38和5μg·h^-1·L^-1;四氯乙烯（PCE）只能发生厌氧共代谢,降解速率为0.77μg·h^-1·L^-1,发现好氧共代谢速率远高于厌氧共代谢速率.构建了覆盖层中氯乙烯的分布模型并评估了CH₄及氯乙烯好氧/厌氧共代谢贡献度,CH₄好氧和厌氧降解贡献度分别为59%～70%和30%～41%,TCE好氧和厌氧共代谢降解贡献度分别为73%和27%.对氯乙烯厌氧/好氧共代谢降解过程的微生物群落组成及潜在功能菌属进行了分析,发现好氧...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.