灰霾天气与大气颗粒物的相关性研究综述

随着城市化进程的迅速发展,城市大气污染加剧,灰霾天气也随之增多。综述了灰霾天气期间大气颗粒物在时空分布和污染水平2方面的污染特征,分析了大气颗粒物与能见度相关性,介绍了国内外对灰霾天气期间大气污染物的组成及源解析方面的研究进展,并提出了今后灰霾天气的研究方向。     

杭州市灰霾天气基本特征及成因分析

根据浙江省近50年的灰霾天气统计数据,总结了浙江省灰霾天气特征。以杭州市为例,从杭州市地形地貌、气候因素和污染物排放因素3方面分析了杭州市灰霾天气成因,介绍了杭州市大气颗粒物污染特征及源解析。结果表明,杭州市灰霾天气频率显著升高,污染物排放是导致灰霾天气发生频率升高的直接原因,杭州市大气颗粒物中以细微颗粒物为主,大气污染类型已从煤烟型污染转变成复合型污染。结合杭州市大气污染现状,初步提出了灰霾天气防控对策。     

杭州市大气颗粒物消光特性与贡献因子研究

2013年12月至2014年12月采集杭州市PM_(2.5)样品,同步观测大气散射系数、吸收系数及气象因子,分析杭州市大气颗粒物消光特性及灰霾天气污染特征。结果表明:观测期间,杭州市大气颗粒物消光系数平均值为566 Mm~(-1),呈现出夏季低冬季高的季节特征。利用修正的IMPROVE公式估算PM_(2.5)中对消光系数有主要贡献的化学组成,得出消光系数的主要贡献者为NH_4NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4、颗粒有机物,对消光系数的贡献率分别为31.6%、25.6%、28.9%。灰霾天气下,NH_4NO_3与(NH_4)_2SO_4的消光贡献分别为清洁天气的14.1、10.2倍,说明硝酸盐和硫酸盐可能是杭州市灰霾天气中导致大气能见度下降的主要物质。     

广州典型灰霾期有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

使用小流量Partisol model 2000采样器每2 h采集广州典型灰霾期(2006年1月7～20日)PMlo样品,并用美国Sunset Laboratory Inc.的碳分析仪分析了有机碳和元素碳.结果显示,灰霾期PM10、有机碳和元素碳污染严重,最高浓度日均值(1月13日)分别为最低浓度日均值(1月20日)的10.1、7.6、3.0倍;大气污染存在一个明显的逐日上升和下降过程,上升期间PM10、有机碳和元素碳的日均增长率分别为(127±24)%、(125±16)%和(116±17)%.下降期间日均增长率分别为(-143±25)%、(-135±13)%和(-118±11)%.计算表明,二次有机碳污染严重,并随着灰霾污染的持续,占总有机碳比例增加.气团轨迹分析说明,珠江三角洲其他地区的污染对广州地区灰霾污染过程存在影响.     

天津市灰霾评价等级指标体系研究

根据天津市2003—2007年灰霾日的污染物浓度和气象资料,应用主成分分析方法得出影响灰霾的5个主要因子(SO2、相对湿度、总云量、PM10和风速)。对相对湿度、总云量和风速3个气象因子的历史资料进行频数统计分析,并建立了各气象因子的等级划分标准。利用灰色聚类法构建了天津市灰霾评价的等级指标体系,灰霾等级划分结果表明,天津市轻度灰霾和重度灰霾出现天数相对较少,均以中度灰霾为主;轻度灰霾大多出现在春季和夏季;重度灰霾主要出现在冬季,春季出现的比例最小;综合评价分析,冬季灰霾污染程度最为严重。     

推动臭氧污染防治

正随着雾霾天气的增多,PM_(2.5)污染正受到人们的关注。与此同时,臭氧污染在一些地区开始呈季节性加剧趋势,臭氧污染防治不得不提上日程。国务院出台的《大气污染防治行动计划》提出,要加强灰霾、臭氧的形成机制、来源解析、迁移规律和监测预警等研究,为污染治理提供科学支撑。据监测,国庆长假前后,北京及珠三角地区的臭氧污染严重,并一定程度上加剧了PM_(2.5)污染。环境保护部公布的数据表明,2013年上半年,全国74个城市平均超标天数比例为45.2%,主要污染物就是PM_(2.5)和臭氧。目前,臭氧已经成为夏秋季节影响长三角和珠三角地区空气质量的主要污染物之一。近地面的臭氧是光化学烟雾的主要组成成分。随着城市化进程的加快和汽车保有量的急剧增加,我国多地曾出现过光化     

华北地区温度和风速对冬季灰霾形成的潜在影响

针对华北地区灰霾日渐严重的问题,利用1973—2012年地面气象观测数据,从冬季采暖耗能排污和平均风速变化的角度,结合Mann-Kendall法分析了气候变化背景下华北冬季灰霾相关气象因素的长时间尺度演化规律。研究表明,华北大部地区冬季平均风速明显下降,影响大气污染物稀释扩散,容易积累高浓度污染,有助于抬升灰霾发生的频率和强度;除个别地区受气候变化引发极寒事件影响、采暖度日变化趋势持平外,华北各地受长时间尺度上气候变化所致冬季增温效应影响,采暖日和采暖度日整体呈下降趋势,采暖耗能排污减少,有利于降低粉尘污染排放。因华北地区统一采用固定120 d时限的供暖制度,采暖日和采暖度日的下降并没有转化为采暖耗能排污的下降,个别城市采暖度日甚至有所上升。因华北南部及沿海站点计算得到的采暖日明显低于120 d,在这些城市根据天气条件试行灵活供暖,可能明显降低冬季采暖耗能排污,有助于消解雾霾。     

基于地面和卫星监测的长沙市冬季灰霾污染特征及成因研究

为探究长沙市冬季灰霾污染情况,基于2014年1月21日至2月9日地面和卫星监测数据,应用混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹(HYSPLIT)模式和统计方法研究了长沙市冬季灰霾污染特征、来源和成因。结果表明,长沙市整体污染相对较重,特别是北部部分地区污染非常严重,而南部则相对较轻。污染前期空气质量开始下降,出现轻度污染;中期空气质量已达到重度污染和严重污染程度,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)最高值均接近800μg/m~3;后期空气质量好转。经气流轨迹聚类后共划分为3类气流:东北、北以及西南,分别占总气流轨迹数的48.8%、34.3%和16.9%。长沙市灰霾污染的潜在源区主要位于山东中南部、河北南部、湖北以及广东、广西和湖南交汇处。结合气象要素发现,污染期风速较小,相对湿度增加,温度和气压降低,进一步加剧污染物堆积。因此,为了改善长沙市空气质量,不仅需对当地污染物排放进行控制,还需对污染物区域传输进行整合治理,实施长沙地区乃至跨区域大气联防联控策略。     

信息动态

近日,一场来势汹汹的雾霾让华北大部分地区再度遭遇“心肺之患”,环境保护部迅速派出6个督查组,奔赴北京、天津、石家庄、廊坊、保定、邢台、衡水、邯郸8个城市,对各地重污染天气应急工作进行专项督查. 督查组发现,京津冀相关城市迅速反应,积极应对,均按要求开展了重污染天气应急工作.但是一些地区应急工作还存在形式大于内容,应急机制不协调、不顺畅,部分涉及民生的应急措施难以完全落到实处,些地区或企业应急响应仍然迟缓滞后及部分地区应急预案科学性和可操作性还不强等诸多问题.     

杭州市区空气污染特征及灰霾成因分析

利用2013年3月1日至2014年2月28日杭州市区4种常见污染物(NO_2、CO、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10))的小时浓度监测数据对杭州市区全年空气污染特征进行分析,并针对2014年1月17至19日的一次灰霾过程进行了污染特征与成因分析。结果表明,杭州市区NO_2质量浓度年均值为51.55μg/m~3,CO为0.87mg/m~3,PM_(2.5)为67.02μg/m~3,PM_(10)为102.06μg/m~3,均表现为冬季浓度高夏季浓度低的特征。4种污染物基本都在每天的9:00—10:00和19:00—20:00出现两个峰值。杭州市区PM_(2.5)主要来自于二次污染物转化,灰霾过程中PM_(2.5)质量浓度最高值接近300μg/m~3。这次灰霾过程的主要潜在源区包括京津地区、山东中部和江苏南部等地区,杭州市区本身气象条件加剧了这次污染的严重程度。     

Analysis of a summertime PM2.5 and haze episode in the mid-Atlantic region

Observations of the mass and chemical composition of particles less than 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), light extinction, and meteorology in the urban Baltimore-Washington corridor during July 1999 and July 2000 are presented and analyzed to study summertime haze formation in the mid-Atlantic region. The mass fraction of ammoniated sulfate (SO4(2-)) and carbonaceous material in PM2.5 were each approximately 50% for cleaner air (PM2.5< 10 microg/m3) but changed to approximately 60% and approximately 20%, respectively, for more polluted air (PM2.5>30 microg/m3). This signifies the role of SO4(2-) in haze formation. Comparisons of data from this study with the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments network suggest that SO4(2-) is more regional than carbonaceous material and originates in part from upwind source regions. The light extinction coefficient is well correlated to PM2.5 mass plus water associated with inorganic salt, leading to a mass extinction efficiency of 7.6 +/- 1.7 m2/g for hydrated aerosol. The most serious haze episode occurring between July 15 and 19, 1999, was characterized by westerly transport and recirculation slowing removal of pollutants. At the peak of this episode, 1-hr PM2.5 concentration reached approximately 45 microg/m3, visual range dropped to approximately 5 km, and aerosol water likely contributed to approximately 40% of the light extinction coefficient.     

Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of urban aerosols during a recent Indonesian biomass burning episode

Air particulate matter (PM) samples were collected in Singapore from 21 to 29 October 2010. During this time period, a severe regional smoke haze episode lasted for a few days (21–23 October). Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of both haze and non-haze aerosols were evaluated. The average mass concentration of PM_2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm) increased by a factor of 4 during the smoke haze period (107.2 μg/m³) as compared to that during the non-smoke haze period (27.0 μg/m³). The PM_2.5 samples were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and 10 transition metals. Out of the seven PAHs known as potential or suspected carcinogens, five were found in significantly higher levels in smoke haze aerosols as compared to those in the background air. Metal concentrations were also found to be higher in haze aerosols. Additionally, the toxicological profile of the PM_2.5 samples was evaluated using a human epithelial lung cell line (A549). Cell viability and death counts were measured after a direct exposure of PM_2.5 samples to A459 cells for a period of 48 h. The percentage of metabolically active cells decreased significantly following a direct exposure to PM samples collected during the haze period. To provide further insights into the toxicological characteristics of the aerosol particles, glutathione levels, as an indirect measure of oxidative stress and caspase-3/7 levels as a measure of apoptotic death, were also evaluated.     

The Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) Study: Overview and Early Findings

Improved understanding of the sources of air pollution that are most harmful could aid in developing more effective measures for protecting human health. The Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study was designed to identify the sources of ambient fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) that are most responsible for the adverse health effects of short-term exposure to PM (2.5). Daily 24-hour PM(2.5) sampling began in July 2002 at a residential monitoring site in Denver, Colorado, using both Teflon and quartz filter samplers. Sampling is planned to continue through 2008. Chemical speciation is being carried out for mass, inorganic ionic compounds (sulfate, nitrate and ammonium), and carbonaceous components, including elemental carbon, organic carbon, temperature-resolved organic carbon fractions and a large array of organic compounds. In addition, water soluble metals were measured daily for 12 months in 2003. A receptor-based source apportionment approach utilizing positive matrix factorization (PMF) will be used to identify PM (2.5) source contributions for each 24-hour period. Based on a preliminary assessment using synthetic data, the proposed source apportionment should be able to identify many important sources on a daily basis, including secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, diesel vehicle exhaust, road dust, wood combustion and vegetative debris. Meat cooking, gasoline vehicle exhaust and natural gas combustion were more challenging for PMF to accurately identify due to high detection limits for certain organic molecular marker compounds. Measurements of these compounds are being improved and supplemented with additional organic molecular marker compounds. The health study will investigate associations between daily source contributions and an array of health endpoints, including daily mortality and hospitalizations and measures of asthma control in asthmatic children. Findings from the DASH study, in addition to being of interest to policymakers, by identifying harmful PM(2.5) sources may provide insights into mechanisms of PM effect.     

Revised algorithm for estimating light extinction from IMPROVE particle speciation data

The Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) particle monitoring network consists of approximately 160 sites at which fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass and major species concentrations and course particulate matter (PM10) mass concentrations are determined by analysis of 24-hr duration sampling conducted on a 1-day-in-3 schedule A simple algorithm to estimate light extinction from the measured species concentrations was incorporated in the 1999 Regional Haze Rule as the basis for the haze metric used to track haze trends. A revised algorithm was developed that is more consistent with the recent atmospheric aerosol literature and reduces bias for high and low light extinction extremes. The revised algorithm differs from the original algorithm in having a term for estimating sea salt light scattering from Cl(-) ion data, using 1.8 instead of 1.4 for the mean ratio of organic mass to measured organic carbon, using site-specific Rayleigh scattering based on site elevation and mean temperature, employing a split component extinction efficiency associated with large and small size mode sulfate, nitrate and organic mass species, and adding a term for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) absorption for sites with NO2 concentration information. Light scattering estimates using the original and the revised algorithms are compared with nephelometer measurements at 21 IMPROVE monitoring sites. The revised algorithm reduces the underprediction of high haze periods and the overprediction of low haze periods compared with the performance of the original algorithm. This is most apparent at the hazier monitoring sites in the eastern United States. For each site, the PM10 composition for days selected as the best 20% and the worst 20% haze condition days are nearly identical regardless of whether the basis of selection was light scattering from the original or revised algorithms, or from nephelometer-measured light scattering.     

Impact assessment of meteorological and environmental parameters on PM2.5 concentrations using remote sensing data and GWR analysis (case study of Tehran)

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The PM2.5 as one of the main pollutants in Tehran city has a devastating effect on human health. Knowing the key parameters associated with PM2.5...     

Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter: Molecular characterization and occurrence

Particulate matter (PM) has become a major research issue receiving increasing attention because of its significant negative impact on human health. There are main indicators that next to the morphological characteristics of the particle, also the chemical composition plays an important role in the adverse health effects of PM. In this context, the rather polar organic fraction of PM is expected to play a major role, and advanced analytical techniques are developed to improve the knowledge on the molecular composition of this fraction. One component class that deserves major attention consists of the oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Those compounds are considered to be among the key compounds in PM toxicity. This paper presents a comprehensive review focusing on the analysis, fate and behavior of oxygenated PAHs in the atmosphere. The first part of the paper briefly introduces (i) the main sources and atmospheric pathways of oxygenated PAHs, (ii) available physical–chemical properties and (iii) their health effects. The second and main part of this paper gives a thorough discussion on the entire analytical sequence necessary to identify and quantify oxygenated PAHs on atmospheric PM. Special attention is given to critical parameters and innovations related to (i) sampling, (ii) sample preparation including both extraction and clean-up, and (iii) separation and detection. Third, the state-of-the-art knowledge about the atmospheric occurrence of oxygenated PAHs is discussed, including an extended overview of reported concentrations presented as a function of sampling season and geographical location. A clear seasonal effect is observed with the median of the oxygenated PAHs concentrations during winter being a factor of 3–4 higher than during summer. However, the oxygenated PAH/parent PAH ratio is about 20 times higher during summer, indicating the importance of photochemical activity in the atmosphere.     

Seasonal variations and source apportionment of atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a mixed multi-function area of Hangzhou,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To reveal the seasonal variations and sources of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during haze and non-haze episodes, daily PM2.5...     

Spatio-temporal characteristics of PM10 concentration across Malaysia

The recurrence of forest fires in Southeast Asia and associated biomass burning, has contributed markedly to the problem of trans-boundary haze and the long-range movement of pollutants in the region. Air pollutants, specifically particulate matter in the atmosphere, have received extensive attention, mainly because of their adverse effect on people's health. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability of the PM10 concentration across Malaysia was analyzed by means of the rotated principal component analysis. The results suggest that the variability of the PM10 concentration can be decomposed into four dominant modes, each characterizing different spatial and temporal variations. The first mode characterizes the southwest coastal region of the Malaysian Peninsular with the PM10 showing a peak concentration during the summer monsoon i.e. when the winds are predominantly southerlies or southwesterlies, and a minimal concentration during the winter monsoon. The second mode features the region of western Borneo with the PM10 exhibiting a concentration surge in August–September, which is likely to be the result of the northward shift of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the subsequent rapid arrival of the rainy season. The third mode delineates the northern region of the Malaysian Peninsular with strong bimodality in the PM10 concentration. Seasonally, this component exhibits two concentration maxima during the late winter and summer monsoons, as well as two minima during the inter-monsoon periods. The fourth dominant mode characterizes the northern Borneo region which exhibits weaker seasonality of the PM10 concentration. Generally, the seasonal fluctuation of the PM10 concentration is largely associated with the seasonal variation of rainfall in the country. However, in addition to this, the PM10 concentration also fluctuates markedly in two timescale bands i.e. 10–20 days quasi-biweekly (QBW) and 30–60 days lower frequency (LF) band of the intra-seasonal timescales. These intra-seasonal fluctuations show strong seasonality with the largest fraction of variance occurring during the boreal summer and the weakest variance during the winter. Generally, the LF intra-seasonal oscillation is stronger compared to the QBW intra-seasonal band.     

A review on morphology,nanostructure, chemical composition,and number concentration of diesel particulate emissions

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Particulate matter (PM) emitted from compression ignition (CI) engines (diesel engines) has a detrimental effect on human health and the environment....