城市污水污泥超声波预处理的研究

文章通过分析污泥耗氧率(SOUR)和破解率(DDCOD)的变化,研究了浓度为9.5g/L的生活污泥在频率为28kHz的超声波下,不同超声波声能密度和超声时间作用对污泥预处理效果的影响。试验结果表明,在适当的声能密度和超声时间下,超声波预处理可以明显提高污泥破解率,同时提高污泥的生物活性,试验结果为超声波预处理与污泥处理工艺联用以提高污泥减量化效率提供了依据。     

高铁酸钾破解剩余污泥的水解效能分析

为了有效提高污泥水解效率、缩短厌氧消化时间,以K₂FeO₄为氧化剂破解剩余污泥,考察K₂FeO₄投加量（50~500 g/kg,以干质量计）对污泥破解率的影响,分析水解液各项特征指标并对其可生化性能进行预测,探究该方法作为污泥厌氧预处理的可行性.结果表明:污泥水解效率随着K₂FeO₄投加量的增加而升高,当搅拌速率为500 r/min、反应时间为2 h、K₂FeO₄投加量为500 g/kg的条件下,可实现最高的污泥破解率（34.6%）.污泥水解液中有机物以多糖、蛋白质为主,并有少量挥发性有机酸;污泥破解过程也伴随着P和NH₄+-N的释放,上清液中ρ（TP）最高可达496 mg/L,且以正磷酸盐为主（约310 mg/L）,可对其进行回收.采用三维荧光体积积分的方法对污泥水解液的可生化性能进行预测,发现污泥经K₂FeO₄预处理后,水解液中RB（易降解有机质）和PB（难降解有机质）荧光强度均明显增加,当K₂FeO₄投加量为50 g/kg时,F_digestion（生物可降解性指数）达到最大值（4.75）,预测此时污泥的可生化性能最佳.以K₂FeO₄为氧化剂预处理污泥可有效提升污泥水解效率,但若作为厌氧消化预处理,应综合考虑污泥破解率和可生化性能.研究显示,搅拌速率为500 r/min、反应时间为2 h、K₂FeO₄投加量为50 g/kg预处理条件下污泥的可生化性能最佳.      

Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before aerobic digestion

Alkaline and ultrasonic sludge disintegration can both be used as pretreatments of waste activated sludge (WAS) for improving the subsequent anaerobic or aerobic digestion. The pretreatment has been carried out using different combination of these two methods in this study. The effect was evaluated based on the quantity of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the pretreated sludge as well as the degradation of organic matter in the following aerobic digestion. For WAS samples with combined pretreatment, the released COD was in high level than those with ultrasonic or alkaline treatment. When combined with the same ultrasonic treatment, NaOH treatment resulted in more solubilization of WAS than Ca(OH)2. For combined NaOH and ultrasonic treatments with different sequences, the released COD were in the order: simultaneous treatment > ultrasonic treatment following NaOH treatment > NaOH treatment following ultrasonic treatment. For simultaneous treatment, low NaOH dosage (100 g/kg dry solid), short duration (30 min) of NaOH treatment, and low ultrasonic specific energy (7 500 kJ/kg dry solid) were beneficial for sludge disintegration. Using combined NaOH and ultrasonic pretreatment with the optimium parameters, the degradation efficiency of organic matter was increased from 38.0% to 50.7%, which is much higher than with ultrasonic (42.5%) or with NaOH pretreatment (43.5%) in the subsequent aerobic digestion at the same retention time.     

基于Matlab的超声空化场测量与可视化分析

为探究超声空化机理、明确超声条件对空化效应的影响,采用铝箔腐蚀法,测量了不同条件下槽式与探头式超声装置中空化场分布,在Matlab平台实现了超声空化场的二维可视化,并通过超声基础试验进行分析验证,.结果表明:槽式超声场分布不均匀,随着超声频率的增加,铝箔腐蚀面积减小,空化效应减弱;空化效应在波腹处最明显,高效区面积最大.探头式超声空化场的高效区主要分布在探头轴线附近,随着铝箔与探头距离的增加,空化效应逐渐减弱,低效区面积增加;空化效应随超声波声能密度的增加而增强,声能密度5W/mL时,腐蚀面积可达80%以上.相同条件下,槽式超声波反应器中超声空化效应较强.超声波声能密度越大,处理后的污泥上清液SCOD越高,破解效果好;随着超声频率的增加,污泥破解程度下降,空化效应减弱.     

污泥超声处理及其在好氧消化中的应用

污泥好氧消化工艺可以有效实现污泥的稳定和减量,为了进一步提高好氧消化的效率,促进有机质的降解,在对污泥超声处理性能研究的基础上,考察了不同超声辅助处理手段对污泥好氧消化的影响.结果表明,经1.0 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥上清液中溶解性COD增加了5.4倍,污泥总悬浮固体减少了16%;而经0.05 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥比耗氧速率可提高29%.用这2种超声预处理好氧消化的进泥时,污泥有机质降解率没有明显改变,但用1.0 W/mL超声处理好氧消化的回流污泥时,污泥有机质降解率提高了15%,而且消化污泥的沉降性能良好,上清液中有机质含量增加很少,因此,后者可以用于改善污泥好氧消化工艺.     

过氧化氢-敏化剂强化污泥微波预处理溶胞效果的研究

提高污泥溶胞效率是强化污泥厌氧处理的关键.为加强污泥微波预处理溶胞效果,本研究分别考察了常压、半封闭条件下二氧化钛颗粒、碳质材料作为敏化剂与过氧化氢联合进行微波污泥预处理的效果.结果表明,碳质材料敏化剂对微波、过氧化氢-微波污泥预处理产生了负作用,降低了污泥的溶胞效果,而二氧化钛能有效增加污泥中营养物质的释放.当二氧化钛颗粒投加量为0.12 g·g~(-1)干污泥时,SCOD、PO_4~(3-)-P的浓度比单独微波处理分别增加了11.86%、61%;当二氧化钛颗粒投加量为0.24 g·g~(-1)干污泥时,NH_4~+-N释放比单独微波处理高出27.78%.微波辐射作用下投加二氧化钛颗粒产生了羟基自由基,强化了过氧化氢-微波对污泥细胞的氧化作用.     

流体剪切与超声空化破解剩余污泥的参数优化

为提高剩余污泥的破解效果并降低能耗,采用FS（fluid shear,流体剪切）、UC（ultrasonic cavitation,超声空化）、FS和UC联合工艺（FS-UC,UC-FS）破解剩余污泥,并应用单因素试验结合响应面法对联合工艺进行优化.结果表明:FS对剩余污泥破解效果一般,只在开始阶段具有较好效果,随作用时间延长,破解效果未有显著提高甚至下降.UC对剩余污泥破解效果明显,随作用时间延长,破解效果显著提升,但能耗也随之增大,EDR（energy disintegration ratio,效能比）明显下降.相同作用时间下,UC破解效果优于FS破解效果,UC破解剩余污泥的DD_COD（degree of disintegration,破解率）与EDR均明显高于FS方法.单因素试验得出的较优FS作用时间范围为2~8 min,较优UC作用时间范围为5~15 min.响应面法试验结果显示,联合工艺的剩余污泥破解效果和能量利用率均优于单一方法,联合工艺中FS-UC工艺的破解效果优于UC-FS工艺.FS-UC工艺的最佳参数:FS处理5.6 min再UC处理15.0 min,该条件下剩余污泥实际DD_COD为50.8%,EDR为26.8%.UC-FS工艺的最佳参数:先UC作用15.0 min再FS作用7.8 min,该条件下剩余污泥实际DD_COD为36.5%,EDR为17.1%.研究显示,以DD_COD和EDR为指标,4种工艺的高效性顺序为FS-UC > UC-FS > UC > FS,其中FS-UC工艺具有能耗低、破解效率高的特点,是4种工艺中剩余污泥破解效果最好的一种工艺.      

Sewage sludge disintegration by high-pressure homogenization: A sludge disintegration model

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) technology was applied as a pretreatment to disintegrate sewage sludge. The effects of homogenization pressure, homogenization cycle number, and total solid content on sludge disintegration were investigated. The sludge disintegration degree (DDCOD), protein concentration, and polysaccharide concentration increased with the increase of homogenization pressure and homogenization cycle number, and decreased with the increase of sludge total solid (TS) content. The maximum DDCOD of 43.94% was achieved at 80 MPa with four homogenization cycles for a 9.58 g/L TS sludge sample. A HPH sludge disintegration model of DD_COD= kN^aP^b was established by multivariable linear regression to quantify the effects of homogenization parameters. The homogenization cycle exponent a and homogenization pressure exponent b were 0.4763 and 0.7324 respectively, showing that the effect of homogenization pressure (P) was more significant than that of homogenization cycle number (N). The value of the rate constant k decreased with the increase of sludge total solid content. The specific energy consumption increased with the increment of sludge disintegration efficiency. Lower specific energy consumption was required for higher total solid content sludge.     

Enhancement of ultrasonic disintegration of sewage sludge by aeration

Sonication is an effective way for sludge disintegration,which can significantly improve the efficiency of anaerobic digestion to reduce and recycle use of sludge.But high energy consumption limits the wide application of sonication.In order to improve ultrasonic sludge disintegration efficiency and reduce energy consumption,aeration was introduced.Results showed that sludge disintegration efficiency was improved significantly by combining aeration with ultrasound.The aeration flow rate,gas bubble size,ultrasonic density and aeration timing had impacts on sludge disintegration efficiency.Aeration that used in later stage of ultrasonic irradiation with low aeration flow rate,small gas bubbles significantly improved ultrasonic disintegration sludge efficiency.At the optimal conditions of 0.4 W/m L ultrasonic irradiation density,30 m L/min of aeration flow rate,5 min of aeration in later stage and small gas bubbles,ultrasonic sludge disintegration efficiency was increased by 45% and one third of ultrasonic energy was saved.This approach will greatly benefit the application of ultrasonic sludge disintegration and strongly promote the treatment and recycle of wastewater sludge.     

污泥碱解和超声破解预处理的效果研究

为提高污水厂污泥的厌氧消化速率,采用多频率多功率槽式超声发生器,研究了超声波、碱解、以及两者的组合作用对污泥破解预处理效果的影响.结果表明,碱和超声波的组合预处理方式,对污泥溶解性COD的释放效果和VSS减少效果明显优于单独的超声波和单独的碱处理.单独超声预处理,污泥VSS的最大减少率为15.98%;单独碱解(NaOH/TS=0.04)时为22.12%;先碱解(NaOH/TS:0.04,24 h),再超声(60 min)以及碱(NaOH/TS=0.04)和超声(60 min)同时作用的预处理方式,可将污泥VSS减少率分别提高到51.45%和54.45%.破解作用引起污泥的水解分为快速水解和缓慢水解2个阶段,对快速水解阶段进行动力学分析可知,同时采用碱和超声的预处理方式不但可以获得最高的水解速率,而且降低了碱的投加量,缩短了超声破解的时间.     

酸碱预处理对常压微波辐射剩余活性污泥磷释放的影响

考察了污泥酸、碱预处理在常压微波处理过程中对碳、氮、磷释放的影响.结果表明,NaOH预处理将污泥磷释放率从28.8%提高到59.1%,但同时引起了碳、氮的大量释放.同碱预处理相比,硫酸预处理能够将常压微波辐射作用下污泥磷的释放率提高3倍,达到84.5%,并可达到选择性释放碳、氮、磷的效果（氮和COD释放少,而磷释放显著）,有利于后续的磷回收.优化试验表明,pH为2.1～2.2是常压微波辐射作用下污泥磷释放的最佳硫酸预处理条件.     

超声与碱预处理对剩余污泥磷及有机物释放的影响

为了回收污泥所含的磷,采用碱和超声波对3种剩余污泥进行预处理以释放磷,考察了处理前后PO3-4-P(正磷酸盐)、TP(总磷)、SCOD(可溶性COD)、TOC(总有机碳)、TS(总固体)、VS(挥发性固体)的释放规律及溶解性有机物的三维荧光特性变化.结果表明,碱和超声波处理均能有效破解污泥,释放磷和有机物;城市污泥比制药污泥更容易破解;城市污泥无机磷的释放高于有机磷,而工业污泥的有机磷释放高于无机磷;采用生物脱氮除磷工艺的城市污泥释放磷最多,释放有机物最少,有利于磷的进一步回收.碱处理和超声处理都不会从根本上改变污泥上清液中有机物的组分,但碱处理能促进污泥蛋白质类、腐殖酸类和富里酸类有机物的释放.     

超声、过硫酸钾协同去除水中诺氟沙星的效果

过硫酸钾活化可产生强氧化性硫酸根自由基(SO-4·),采用超声/过硫酸钾体系氧化降解诺氟沙星,考察了过硫酸钾浓度、诺氟沙星初始浓度、溶液初始p H值及自由基淬灭剂甲醇、叔丁醇对降解效果的影响.结果表明,超声/过硫酸钾体系能够显著降解和矿化诺氟沙星,与单独过硫酸钾、超声相比,超声/过硫酸钾对诺氟沙星的去除率分别提高了3.2和8.9倍,降解过程符合一级反应动力学.诺氟沙星的去除率随过硫酸钾浓度的增加趋于平缓.p H对诺氟沙星的降解影响较大,这是因为随p H的升高,体系中的氧化性物种由SO-4·转化为以SO-4·/HO·为主.TOC去除和大肠杆菌抗菌实验表明,反应180 min,超声/过硫酸钾能够实现49.12%的诺氟沙星矿化,且对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径由45 mm减小到14 mm(滤纸直径),完全去除其抗菌性.结果表明超声/过硫酸钾能够有效用于诺氟沙星废水处理.     

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and its sludge dewaterability

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability and further to probe into the influencing factors on sludge dewaterability, sludge flocs were stratified into four fractions: (1) slime; (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS); (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS); and (4) EPS-free pellets. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment increased the anaerobic digestion efficiency by 7%–8%. Anaerobic digestion without ultrasonic pretreatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, with the capillary suction time (CST) increased from 1.42 to 47.3 (sec L)/g-TSS. The application of ultrasonic pretreatment firstly deteriorated the sludge dewaterability (normalized CST increased to 44.4 (sec L)/g-TSS), while subsequent anaerobic digestion offset this effect and ultimately decreased the normalized CST to 23.2 (sec L)/g-TSS. The dewaterability of unsonicated sludge correlated with protein (p = 0.003) and polysaccharide (p = 0.004) concentrations in the slime fraction, while that of sonicated sludge correlated with protein concentrations in the slime and LB-EPS fractions (p < 0.05). Fluorescent excitationemission matrix analysis showed that the fluorescence matters in the LB-EPS fraction significantly correlated with sludge dewaterability during anarobic digestion.     

Sustainable energy investments: contributions of the Global Environment Facility

Addressing energy, economic and environment security is a pressing challenge for nations worldwide. Global energy demand is projected to increase by 45% during the next 20 years, with the fastest growth in developing and transition countries. Over the past two decades, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has invested in a portfolio of sustainable energy projects with an emphasis on energy efficiency, renewable energy, and urban transport. These projects address many different national priorities including infrastructure, technologies, policies, best practices, institutions, and capacity building. Since 1991, more than US2,735 billion has been invested in energy sector projects with an additional US2,735 billion has been invested in energy sector projects with an additional US17.118 billion in co-financing from governments and the private sector. US1,186 billion, together with US1,186 billion, together with US7,092 billion in co-finance, has been invested in energy efficiency projects that deploy new technologies, develop institutional and human capacity, disseminate best practices, and build public awareness and understanding. GEF renewable energy investments of US1,298 billion, with co-financing of US1,298 billion, with co-financing of US7,555 billion, have advanced demonstration and deployment of solar thermal heating, solar thermal power, photovoltaics, wind power, geothermal energy, small hydropower, biomass, and combined technologies and best practices across 5 continents. The GEF has invested US251 million (with US251 million (with US2,471 billion in co-finance) in urban transport projects that address transport strategies, infrastructure, and mobility technology solutions. These energy efficiency, renewable energy and urban transport projects contributed to the direct reduction of about 1.7 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions. Other tangible environmental benefits also flowed from these GEF investments. Case studies of representative projects are presented to illustrate lessons learned from the energy efficiency, renewable, energy, and urban transport investments. Experiences from GEF investments can inform development and implementation of future sustainable energy investments.     

污泥的超声破解及其对微生物活性的影响

同步测定了超声处理过程中污泥破解程度、微生物活性、颗粒大小等参数的变化,并分析了不同参数之间的内在联系及超声参数对污泥微生物活性的影响.结果表明,污泥颗粒的超声处理过程可以分为2个阶段:首先絮体破碎为直径十几μm的小凝集体,胞外有机质溶出,微生物游离出来,活性增强;随后小凝集体被进一步破坏,污泥颗粒直径降至10μm以下,微生物胞内有机质溶出,活性明显下降.由于污泥的不均匀性,2个阶段并非截然分开,短时间内,污泥破解程度低于20%时,以絮体破碎为主,污泥活性提高20%以上;当污泥破解程度在20%~40%之间时,部分微生物开始受到损伤,污泥活性提高不到20%;当污泥破解程度高于40%时,大部分微生物受到损伤,污泥活性迅速下降.低强超声可以在较长处理时间内使大部分污泥颗粒停留在絮体破碎阶段,有效避免微生物的破坏,因此适用于增强污泥微生物活性.     

超声/K2S2O8体系降解左氧氟沙星过程中活性自由基产生机制

以左氧氟沙星水溶液为实验材料,比较了超声、K₂S₂O₈和超声/K₂S₂O₈ 3种体系对左氧氟沙星的去除效果,并通过K₂S₂O₈浓度、超声功率、pH值及添加异丙醇或叔丁醇的对照实验,分析了超声/K₂S₂O₈体系去除左氧氟沙星过程中活性自由基产生机制及变化规律.结果表明：在左氧氟沙星浓度30 mg·L^-1、过硫酸盐浓度20 mmol·L^-1、超声功率360 W、pH=9的条件下,反应180 min,超声/K₂S₂O₈体系中左氧氟沙星的去除率达到90%,超声体系为13.89%,K₂S₂O₈体系只有5.82%;超声/K₂S₂O₈体系存在协同作用,产生了更多的SO₄^-·和·OH;超声/K₂S₂O₈体系中·OH的产生有超声和链式反应两种途径,其中,链式反应的贡献较大,K₂S₂O₈的存在是·OH产生的必要条件,链式反应在自由基浓度较高条件下会发生猝灭,K₂S₂O₈浓度对SO₄^-·的产生有重要影响,但K₂S₂O₈浓度过高对SO₄^-·的产生无益;超声/K₂S₂O₈体系降解左氧氟沙星过程中SO₄^-·与·OH是通过链式反应共同增减的,·OH在反应中占主导地位;反应初期·OH作用较大,随反应时间延长逐渐减小,SO₄^-·作用在反应初期较小,随着反应进行作用逐渐增大.     

天然日光辐照下两江交汇处溶解性有机质(DOM)光漂白过程：以涪江-嘉陵江为例

利用三维荧光光谱手段,结合紫外-可见吸收光谱,分析了涪江(FJ)、嘉陵江(JLJ)及两江交汇处(FJ-JLJ)溶解性有机质(DOM)在太阳辐照下的光漂白过程.结果表明,在夏季短期太阳辐射作用下,所有样品的有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)浓度[a(280)]和荧光峰A、C、M、T均发生了较明显光漂白,降解程度大小顺序为JLJ>FJ-JLJ>FJ.3个采样河段DOM光漂白性质因采样水域周边土地利用类型不同、江水汇合的稀释作用等影响而存在一定差异.以森林系统为陆源输入的JLJ样本光漂白活性最高,城市输入占主导的FJ最低,两江汇合样本居中.DOM经日光辐照后,光谱斜率S和吸光度比值A250/A350增大,腐殖化指数HIX减小,它们可作为光漂白过程中DOM性质变化指标.光漂白过程中,几乎所有样本呈现出陆源特征向自生源特征转化的趋势,尤其IT/IC先降低后显著增加,因此光漂白过程可能会夸大DOM的内源贡献,同时对利用IT/IC评估水体人为影响程度时产生干扰.另外,吸收和荧光光谱参数在评估DOM光漂白过程中结构组分变化的一致性,进一步证明了采用两种互补的光谱手段对DOM地化特征进行辨析的可行性.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DDCOD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

超声波预处理对污泥干燥特性的影响

城市污泥的高含水率对其处理处置带来了各种不便.超声波由于功率大、穿透能力强、可引起空化作用等特性而在污泥干燥方面具有独特的优势.针对超声波对污泥干燥特性的影响进行实验研究,通过污泥干燥实验研究了超声处理时间、超声波功率、超声水温和干燥温度4种因素对污泥干燥特性的影响.结果表明,超声处理能够加速污泥表面自由水分蒸发和快速结束平稳干燥阶段,有效提高污泥干燥效率;超声处理对污泥干燥特性的改善随超声波功率(100~250 W)、超声水温和干燥温度的升高而更加明显.在低温105℃下干燥时,短时间的超声处理3 min对污泥干燥特性的改善效果最好.超声处理对污泥干燥整体效率的提高使其有望成为污泥低成本干化的有效方法,并为污泥干燥工艺的优化提供参考.