元宝山中山土壤形成特点及系统分类

通过对元宝山的实地考察,选取具有代表性的6个山地土壤剖面进行描述及分析,研究了元宝山土壤的形成条件和特点,并按照《中国土壤系统分类:理论·方法·实践》一书要求,根据诊断层及诊断特性,检索了土壤系统分类名称。得出元宝山土壤垂直分布按海拔由低到高依次为:粘化富铝湿润富铁土-强度铝质湿润淋溶土-黄色铝质湿润淋溶土-普通铝质常湿雏形土-石质铝质常湿雏形土。     

青霉素钠在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

分别采用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法分析了青霉素钠在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素。结果表明,25℃以下,3种供试土壤对青霉素钠的吸附特性能用Freundlic模型进行较好的拟合,江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土的吸附常数KF分别为30.73、39.26和64.58 m L·g-1。偏最小二乘法(PLS)分析表明土壤黏粒含量和有机质含量是影响土壤吸附青霉素钠的主要因素。供试土壤对青霉素钠的吸附自由能变化值均40 k J·mol-1,该吸附过程主要属于物理吸附,吸附能力由大到小依次为东北黑土、太湖水稻土和江西红壤。土柱淋溶试验结果显示,土壤有机质含量和黏粒含量亦是影响淋溶过程的主要因素,青霉素钠在土壤剖面中的迁移能力较弱,3种土壤淋溶性能由大到小依次为江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土。     

湖南省某些稻田土壤固定态铵的剖面分布

利用Silva-Bremner法测定了湖南省某些稻田土壤各剖面的固定态铵量，揭示了其分布规律。固定态铵绝对含量的剖面分布规律有4种类型：第1类为土壤固定态铵随剖面深度增加而增大；第2类是土壤固定态铵随剖面深度增加而减小；第3类是土壤固定态铵随剖面深度变化不明显；第4类是土壤固定态铵在土壤剖面某一土层中明显增大或减少，特别明显的是犁底层的固定态铵量常比耕作层要高。这与成土过程、母质类型以及人为活动等因素有关。固定态铵相对含量分布常从上至下逐渐增加。     

渭河阶地全新世成壤环境演变的高分辨率研究

对秦岭北麓渭河阶地全新世土壤剖面进行的高分辨率分析研究，揭示了该地区全新世土壤剖面的黄土-古土壤序列，是由于季风气候变化引起的以风尘堆积占优势的成黄土期和以生物风化作用占优势的成壤期相互更迭造成的。马兰黄土堆积所代表的晚更新世，气候冷干，当地为半荒漠环境；全新世初期是气候转暖转湿的过渡时期；全新世中期(85003100 a B．P．)发育的古土壤S0成壤作用最为强烈，为褐色土类型，分析研究表明其中既有淋溶淀积作用，又有粘化作用发生；各项分析指标也都表明S0反映了全新世中期的温暖湿润气候；在该土壤层形成初期，就有属于老官台文化(7500～7000 a B．P)时期的人在当地从事耕作活动。此后，新石器时代中晚期也有人类开发利用当地的土地资源。全新世晚期从3100 a B．P开始，西北季风增强，气候恶化，但当地降水量的减少似乎滞后于降温，所以先周和西周时代在沣河西岸建立都城的时期，当地土壤湿度似乎较大，而之后则显著干旱化。     

丁噻隆在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

分别利用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法研究了丁噻隆在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素。结果表明,丁噻隆在5种供试土壤中的吸附特性能较好地用线性模型拟合,吸附能力顺序为:东北黑土>太湖水稻土>江西红壤>南京黄棕壤>陕西潮土,吸附常数Kd为0.19~2.87 mL.g-1,吸附性能较差。丁噻隆在3种典型土壤中的淋溶试验表明其具有较强的淋溶性,淋溶速率为:江西红壤>太湖水稻土>东北黑土。影响丁噻隆吸附和淋溶的主要因素是土壤有机质含量。     

涕灭威等三种农药在土壤中的移动性

涕灭威、呋喃丹和拉索三种农药在土壤中的淋溶结果表明，经过３０ｃｍ土柱下渗到收集器中的涕灭威为８８．０％，呋喃丹为６９．１％，拉索为１．８４％；农药在四种土壤中的淋溶速度，砂土＞砂壤土＞粘壤土＞粘土；土壤性质对农药移动的影响比农药自身性质的影响要小。     

河西走廊临泽样区土壤系统分类研究

根据《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》(1995),对河西走廊临泽样区土壤进行了系统分类研究,提出了临泽样区土壤系统分类方案将土壤分为4个土纲(人为土、干旱土、潜育土和雏形土),4个亚纲,5个土类和8个亚类。同时探讨了样区土壤基层分类单元之土系的划分,初步拟定了12个土系。     

岷江上游干旱河谷区褐土不同亚类剖面及养分特征

研究了岷江上游干旱河谷区典型地段海拔梯度上褐土的3种亚类土壤剖面及其养分特征．岷江上游干旱河谷褐土粘化作用较弱，矿物风化程度低；土壤呈碱性，pH值为7．0-9．0，富含碳酸钙的石灰性褐土达8．0-9．0；土壤表层有机质w在32．55-72．78g／kg，整个土壤剖面中全氮w0．78-4．00g／kg，全磷w0．33-0．68g／kg，全钾18．24-21．68g／kg．总的来说，褐土潜在肥力水平较高，但由于土壤水分条件的限制，土壤潜在性肥力向有效性肥力转化的能力较差，致使土壤有效性肥力水平较低．其中，土壤有效氮和有效钾w分别为25．57-24．46g／kg和研8．24-1453．65g／kg，同时由于土壤pH值和碳酸钙w较高，土壤中磷的固定较多，使得土壤有效磷w尤其偏低，为1．10-21．20g／kg．干旱河谷高海拔地区的淋溶淀积型褐土的肥力水平高于中海拔地区的石灰性褐土，低海拔地区的燥褐土肥力水平最低．土壤肥力随海拔高度升高而递增，决定了干旱河谷植被恢复从高海拔地区向低海拔地区更容易进行．表3参13     

模拟降雨条件下22种典型土壤镉的淋溶特征及影响因子分析

搞清模拟降雨条件下重金属在农田土壤中的淋溶特性,有利于阐释重金属的保蓄性能与迁移转化机制.本研究选取了全国22种典型土壤,通过室内土柱试验,探讨雨水作用下土壤镉的淋溶和释放特征,并对影响土壤镉淋溶特性的因子进行分析.结果表明,22种土壤Cd的释放过程大致分为两类,第1类包括吉林黑土、吉林暗棕壤、吉林黑钙土等7种土壤,此类土壤在整个淋溶过程中淋出液Cd2+浓度极低,未超过地下水水质Ⅲ级标准.第2类包括天津潮土、江西红壤、河北褐土等剩余15种土壤,其Cd释放分为两个阶段,淋溶量未超出4 L时,淋出液中Cd2+浓度较高,对地下水及环境威胁较大;超出4 L后,Cd释放速率明显变缓,浓度降低至Ⅲ级标准以下.逐步回归分析的结果显示,土壤中Cd含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)、游离氧化铁含量及pH对降雨作用下土壤Cd释放有重要作用,四者累计的决定系数达到了0.9609,其中土壤中Cd含量所占权重最高,且对累计释放量作用为正,其次为CEC,作用为负.游离铁和pH合计所占权重较低,作用也为负.     

广西涠洲岛沉凝灰岩土壤粘粒矿物的研究

用X射线衍射分析和电子显微镜分析,对涠洲岛沉凝灰岩母质发育土壤的两个典型剖面八个土样的粘粒矿物进行分析研究。结果表明,离火山口距离不同的两个剖面土壤粘粒矿物组成不同,1号剖面以2:1型粘粒矿物为主,2号剖面则以1:1型粘粒矿物为主;结合其它分析结果,讨论了两个剖面土壤粘粒矿物组成不同的原因、对土壤有关特性的影响及其与土壤形成和分类的关系。     

我国土壤系统分类中富铁铝土壤的分类

回顾了我国富铁土和铁铝土分类的历史。我国近代土壤分类开始于30年代;从50年代开始,我国土壤分类深受前苏联地理发生分类的影响。在地理发生分类体系中,按生物气候气候条件,热带、亚热带地带性土壤分别为燥红土、红壤、黄壤、赤红壤和砖红壤。从80年代开始,我国土壤科技工作者结合我国实际,引入了土壤系统分类。这一分类的特点是根据土壤诊断层和诊断特性划分土壤类型。据此,这一区域的地带性土壤主要是富铁土和铁铝土。     

西部山区道路建设毁损土地的退化及其环境效应Ⅱ.川藏公路典型路段地区的土壤退化与土壤系统分类

中国西部大开发,道路工程建设迅速发展。但对道路周边的环境影响较大。引起土地退化较为严重。从土壤系统分类上研究了道路工程毁损土壤类型演化特征。与未受道路工程影响的土壤进行比较研究表明:道路工程毁损土壤,在剖面形态和特性上有很大的变化。土壤在诊断层和诊断特性上已有所不同。以土壤系统分类可看出,道路工程毁损引起严重的土壤退化,可在土壤高级分类单元上即体现出明显的演化特征。采用土壤系统分类制研究土地退化,比土壤发生分类制更有优势。     

基因工程改良植物对重金属污染土壤的修复

利用基因工程改良植物，调整植物吸收、运输和富集重金属的能力以及它们对重金属的耐受性，开拓了植物修复的新领域。到目前为止，已有成功改变这些特性的少数例子。例如，汞离子还原酶可以改善植物抵抗力和提取能力，金属巯基蛋白可增强植物对镉的耐受力，铁还原酶和铁蛋白可增加植物对铁的吸收量。文章综述和讨论了这方面的研究进展及方向。     

Spatial distribution of main forest soil groups in Croatia as a function of basic pedogenetic factors

The model of spatial distribution of main forest soil groups in Croatia was developed as a function of basic pedogenetic factors: lithological substratum, macroclimate and relief. Used data about soil group, lithological substratum, terrain slope and aspect were collected on 1881 soil profiles. Macroclimatic data were estimated for each soil profile by spatial interpolation between meteorological stations. Feedforward neural networks were used as modelling tool. The final model has total classification correctness of 63.5% for training data set and 62.3% for independent test data set. The best result (86.4%) was achieved for fluvisols which are strongly spatially correlated with alluvial sediment in a flood plains. The worst result was achieved for luvisol (14.2%) which mainly comprised very old soils, probably developed under pedogenetic factors different from actual. The model was applied on entire Croatian territory aiming at construction of potential spatial distribution of main forest soils (without human impact), which was compared by the potential spatial distribution of major forest types modelled independently.     

Effect of weathering on abundance and release of potentially toxic elements in soils developed on Lower Cambrian black shales, P. R. China

This paper examines the geochemical features of 8 soil profiles developed on metalliferous black shales distributed in the central parts of the South China black shale horizon. The concentrations of 21 trace elements and 8 major elements were determined using ICP-MS and XRF, respectively, and weathering intensity (W) was calculated according to a new technique recently proposed in the literature. The data showed that the black shale soils inherited a heterogeneous geochemical character from their parent materials. A partial least square regression model and EF_bedrock (enrichment factor normalized to underlying bedrock) indicated that W was not a major control in the redistribution of trace metals. Barium, Sn, Cu, V, and U tended to be leached in the upper soil horizons and trapped by Al and Fe oxides, whereas Sb, Cd, and Mo with negative EF values across the whole profiles may have been leached out during the first stage of pedogenesis (mainly weathering of black shale). Compared with the Chinese average soils, the soils were strongly enriched in the potentially toxic metals Mo, Cd, Sb, Sn, U, V, Cu, and Ba, among which the 5 first listed were enriched to the highest degrees. Elevated concentrations of these toxic metals can have a long-term negative effect on human health, in particular, the soils in mining areas dominated by strongly acidic conditions. As a whole, the black shale soils have much in common with acid sulfate soils. Therefore, black shale soils together with acid sulfate soils deserve more attention in the context of metal exposure and human health.     

Distribution of metals in mechanical fractions of soils from a lake catchment in Venezuela

Soil samples were collected from both the surface and at depth from the lowlands around Lake Valencia and from the adjacent mountains. This paper reports results for Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn in mechanical fractions of the soils. Lowland soils, developed on lacustrine sediments, show a predominance of medium- to fine-grain size fractions whereas the shallow mountain soils show the highest percentage of particles in the coarse to medium fractions. Concentrations of most of the elements investigated increased toward finer particle sizes. The generally higher metal concentrations in lowland soils compared with mountain soils are consistent with release by weathering in the uplands and accumulation in the lowlands. The presence of carbonates derived from ubiquitous shelly material in the lowland soils may explain increases of Ca and Mg in labile fractions. In the lowland area, there is little evidence for the translocation of metals in the soil profiles, despite the high rainfall of a tropical climate, and the calcareous nature of these soils could account for the immobility of metals.     

Geochemical background values for trace elements in arable soils developed from sedimentary rocks of glacial origin

The total content of trace elements was examined in some arable soils developed from boulder loam and silt formations of the Middle Poland and Baltic glaciations (62 profiles). Mean element concentrations calculated on the basis of chemical and statistical analyses were as follows: Mn = 322; Zn = 36; Cr = 30; Ni = 12.7; Pb = 10.3; Cu = 8.8; Co = 4.7; and Cd = 0.27 in mg kg^–1 of soil dry weight. The authors propose to accept these figures as the geochemical background values for soils derived from sedimentary rocks of glacial origin.