环流塔式日曝气废水生物除磷研究

利用环流曝气装置，对活性污泥法废水除磷的过程进行了实验研究。实验表明，环流曝气塔在处理效果上优于鼓泡塔；处理过程适合的温度范围在25℃左右；好氧阶段空气气速的增加可以加速反应的进行，厌氧阶段氮气气速的增加利于磷的释放。实验取醋酸盐作为碳源，停留时间7h后，CODcr去除效率达到90％以上，磷的去除率达到了70％。     

动态气升式环流反应器对生物除磷的强化作用

采用模拟污水,通过厌氧-好氧交替过程研究了活性污泥生物除磷过程.在实验过程中,通过周期性通入空气和氮气的实验方法,采用气升式环流反应器和普通鼓泡塔进行对比,在研究反应器的传质性能的基础上,进一步对反应器内的活性污泥形态和生物除磷性能进行了观察和测定.实验表明,相对于普通鼓泡塔,动态气升式环流反应器对活性污泥的生物除磷过程有明显的强化作用,磷的去除率提高了30%.      

微孔塔式曝气用于石化废水处理的研究

利用微孔气体分布器对石化工业废水进行活性污泥曝气 ,并和传统曝气池进行了对比。考察了温度、气速、初始CODCr浓度和反应器结构 (鼓泡塔和环流塔 )对这种废水生物降解过程的影响。结果表明 ,微孔塔式曝气与传统的曝气池相比 ,具有降解时间短 ,占地面积小 ,有利于保持曝气过程的适宜温度等优点     

含有多孔载体的环流曝气塔处理污水的研究

利用环流塔式曝气装置并且在曝气体系中投入聚亚氨酯载体以固定微生物,可以用来同时去除污水中的COD、氨氮和硝酸氮.在气速为0.117～0.156 m³/(min·m³)之间,实验装置对氨氮具有较高的去除效率;而当气速大于0.039 m³/(min·m³)时,COD可以在1h之内得到较完全的降解.研究了载体在整个体系中的填充率对COD和氮的脱除效果的影响,当载体填充率达到15%时,可以得到较高的COD和氨氮去除水平.通过实验确定了处理过程合适的温度范围在25℃左右.     

新型生物流化反应器氧转移的特性

气体的转移是废水处理过程中的重要环节,基于气体转移的“双膜理论”,采用在反应器中清水曝气的方法,对新型生物流化反应器进行了氧转移特性的研究.结果表明,在实验范围内,随着曝气量的增大,氧传质系数呈直线上升;投加载体后,随着载体量的增加,氧传质系数降低.在新型生物流化反应器不同运行方式下,随着A_d /A_r(降流区与升流区面积比)变大,反应器中氧传递效果变差.新型生物流化反应器氧利用率可以达到10%,充氧动力效率可以达到5.5kgO₂/(kWh).并且在载体浓度较高和空塔气速较大时,新型生物流化反应器氧利用率和充氧动力效率没有明显降低.     

气泡直径对气-液-污泥流态及污泥颗粒化的影响

通过建立三维Eulerian-Eulerian模型,用计算流体动力学模拟了鼓泡好氧活性污泥反应器中,不同气泡直径下气-液-污泥三相流的流态,分析了反应器内的流体动力学特性,并研究了其对污泥颗粒化的影响机理.结果表明：曝气头表面的孔径大小与反应器中气含率负相关,而与污泥所受的水力剪切速率正相关.气相、液相速度与曝气头的孔径和表观气速正相关.反应器中的流态由尺度较大的环流和尺度较小的旋涡构成.随着表观气速和入口气泡直径的增加,液相和颗粒的流态均由尺度较大的环流转变为尺度较小的旋涡.相同曝气孔径时,液相与颗粒的流态之间存在差异,且气泡直径越小,表观气速越大,两者的差异越明显.为满足好氧污泥颗粒化所需的凝聚条件,反应器中曝气头孔径应大于1mm.     

空塔钠碱法烟气脱硫实验研究

在内径200mm,高度1100mm的喷淋塔内,采用Na2CO3作为吸收剂进行SO2吸收实验,重点研究了液气比(L/G)、空塔气速、进口SO2质量浓度、吸收液pH及初始浓度对脱硫效率的影响。通过实验得到该系统适宜操作条件:吸收液pH值在6.5～7.5之间,液气比在1～1.5之间,吸收液初始浓度5%,空塔气速1.6m/s,在此条件下,进口SO2质量浓度在3000mg/m3以内,脱硫效率可以达到80%以上。     

低表观气速间歇曝气AGS-SBR系统处理实际生活污水

实验选用3个SBR反应器接种污水厂活性污泥,R1采用高表观气速（SGV）连续曝气,R2采用低SGV连续曝气,R3采用低SGV间歇曝气,在低碳氮比的实际生活污水中培养好氧颗粒污泥,探究不同SGV曝气条件对好氧颗粒污泥的形成及系统处理效果的影响.经过120d的培养,R1、R2和R3中颗粒粒径分别为（754±78）,（812±86）,（1183±93）μm,R3的脱氮除磷效果优于R1和R2.结果表明,应用低SGV间歇曝气策略在低碳氮比实际生活污水中培养的好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷性能良好,且系统中反硝化聚磷菌（DPAO）占聚磷菌（PAO）比例为24.75%.     

废机油净化甲苯废气的工艺研究

在填料吸收塔中,应用废机油为吸收剂对含甲苯废气进行了实验研究。系统地考察了填料层高度、进口甲苯浓度、空塔气速、液气比等因素对吸收效率的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,废机油能有效净化废气中的甲苯,去除率达到95%～98%。吸收尾液蒸馏能回收甲苯和废机油。     

麦草制浆黑液对燃煤烟气同时脱硫除汞性能研究

本文利用多级水幕吸收塔,研究了循环液气比(L/G)、空塔气速、进口烟气SO2浓度以及进口烟气Hg浓度对麦草制浆黑液脱硫除汞效果的影响.实验结果表明:随着L/G增加、空塔气速增大、进口SO2浓度降低,脱硫除汞效果得到了不同程度的提升;随着进口Hg浓度升高,脱汞效率缓慢下降,脱硫效率基本不变.通过提高L/G、增加空塔气速、降低进口SO2浓度与Hg浓度提麦草制浆黑液高脱硫除汞效率,为麦草制浆黑液协同脱硫除汞奠定应用基础.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.