长春城郊蔬菜地土壤中多环芳烃的含量与分布特征

以长春城市郊区菜地土壤为研究对象,采用GC-FID法对该地区土壤中多环芳烃含量进行分析测定,长春城郊菜地土壤中平均含量苯并(a)芘蒽菲萘.该地区土壤中萘,蒽的含量处于尚清洁水平;部分区域土壤中苯并(a)芘和菲的含量处于轻度污染水平.     

导数恒能量同步荧光法同时分析咔唑、苯并(a)芘、苝和2,3-苯并蒽

建立了咔唑、苯并(a)芘、苝和2,3-苯并蒽四组分同时测定的导数恒能量同步荧光分析法,该法简便快速,无需对混合物进行分离,只需一次扫描,就可实现四组分的同时鉴别和定量测定．该方法用于海水、自来水和大气飘尘的分析,取得了良好的效果,回收率分别为94％-104％,91．7％-104％和82．3％-112．5％．     

石油化工污水中芳香酸衍生气相色谱分析

本文介绍了石油化工污水中苯甲酸、甲苯甲酸、苯二甲酸(以下统称芳香酸)衍生气相色谱分离分析法。该法是根据芳香酸与衍生化试剂反应: 生成了芳香酸甲酯,用乙醚萃取后,经配备有5％DEG S 0.3％H_3PO_4/Chromosorb W AW DMCS柱和FID的气相色谱仪进行分离测定。七个酸的回收率均在84％以上,方法的最低检测限为0.03—0.1ppm。     

一株菲降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解条件研究

以菲为研究对象,从克拉玛依稠油污染土壤中筛选到1株对菲具有较好降解效果的菌株JZ3-21。通过形态观察、生理生化指标及16S rDNA序列分析对该菌株进行了鉴定。该株菌的16S rDNA序列与Pseudomonas属的相似性达99%,结合分离菌株的形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因序列的分析结果,初步鉴定该菌株为恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida.）。对其降解条件进行了研究,结果表明：在40℃,pH 8.0,接种量为1.5%的条件下,菌株对初始质量浓度为100 mg.L-1的菲在64 h内的降解率高达94.2%。该菌对高质量浓度菲有较好的耐受性,其最高耐受质量浓度可达2 000 mg.L-1。     

烟煤和塑料热解过程中苯、萘、菲/蒽的释放规律

利用高分辨质谱检测了烟煤、两种塑料以及烟煤与两种塑料混合物真空热解过程中苯、萘、菲/蒽的相对含量,在本实验条件下,烟煤与两种塑料共热解均有较好的协同作用,可以大大降低苯、萘、菲/葸等低环芳烃的释放量.由于氢含量和分子结构的不同,高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和HDPE-烟煤的混合物中芳烃的产生量均小于聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)和PET-烟煤的混合物.对于不同种类的样品,温度对苯、萘、菲/蒽的释放量的影响也有所差别.     

微生物对土壤和沉积物吸附多环芳烃动力学的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为接种微生物,研究微生物对沉积物和湿地土壤吸附菲和苯并[a]芘(BaP)吸附动力学的影响.结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌对菲与BaP都可进行生物降解,对菲的利用率明显要大于BaP;接种微生物的土壤与沉积物对菲和BaP的吸附动力曲线与仅有微生物吸附的结果相近似,表明多环芳烃的降低主要是由于微生物的利用造成的;接种微生物后沉积物与土壤对菲的吸附量明显增大,而对BaP的吸附却降低.     

天津污灌区苯并（a）芘、荧蒽和菲生态毒性的风险表征

运用概率风险评价方法表征和比较了天津污灌区3种多环芳烃对生物影响的风险性。根据各物质的环境暴露浓度和相应急性毒性值的累计概率分布曲线估计了各物质相对风险性的大小。采用联合概率曲线方式比较了不同暴露概率水平条件下3种多环芳烃的相对风险。结果表明，该地区目前菲的总体风险性高于另两种化合物，苯并（a)芘的总体风险性最低。而低暴露风险条件下（受威胁生物不超过20％），苯并（a)芘的风险较大，菲次之，荧蒽风险相对较低。     

离子强度对土壤与沉积物吸附多环芳烃的影响研究

以黄河三角洲表层沉积物与湿地土壤为对象,研究了离子强度对菲、苯并[a]芘在土壤和沉积物上吸附行为的影响。结果表明:不同Ca2 离子强度下,土壤与沉积物对菲、苯并[a]芘的吸附速率均较快,48h吸附能够达到平衡,Ca2 离子强度对土壤和沉积物影响程度不同;土壤和沉积物的吸附等温线均呈线形,能较好地符合线性方程,可决系数R2在0.98以上,菲的KD值在24~130mL·g-1之间,苯并[a]芘的KD值在3517~5081mL·g-1;随着体系离子强度的增大,土壤与沉积物对PAHs的吸附能力均降低,而且两者之间的吸附量差距明显降低,表明离子强度对土壤影响程度明显大于沉积物。     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中多环芳烃的生态和健康风险

持久性有机物引起的水质安全性问题日益受到广泛的关注.利用生态和健康风险评价的原理和方法,对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物中的多环芳烃可能导致的负面效应进行了分析.首先采用商值法筛选出该地区沉积物中具有潜在风险的多环芳烃,再进一步用建立在暴露浓度分布和物种敏感度分布上的概率法定量表征风险.结果表明,太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物的多环芳烃中,菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽7种具有潜在风险;在保护95%的物种水平下,菲的风险最小,而荧蒽和芘风险较高,达20%.健康风险分析表明,美国EPA提出的7种具有遗传毒性的多环芳烃其致癌风险在梅梁湾沉积物中均在10-5水平以下.     

鱼体甲基汞的萃取富集和测定

研究了苯萃取和半胱氨酸滤纸富集再用苯洗脱的方法,使鱼肉中甲基汞得到富集和提取。建立了气相色谱测定甲基汞的方法并对所建立的方法进行评价。结果表明:加标回收率为87.10%～105.69%;变异系数为2.93%。符合要求,大量样品实验表明,该方法适用于痕量甲基汞的提取和分析。     

炼焦污水零排放技术初探

本文介绍了炼焦污水零排小试结果,试验中采用新型大孔吸附树脂脱酚,蒸汽汽提脱氨,处理后的污水用作熄焦补充水.试验证明该零排放方案是可行的.     

Sekundärrohstoffe aus Abfall-Lösungen

Every year about 40 000 m³ of waste solutions from photographic fixing and developing processes are produced in Germany. A new method of reclaiming some base chemicals (silver, fixing salt, gypsum and ammonia) from these solutions has been developed for black and white photographic processes. The remaining waste water has a low COD-value and low concentration of dissolved salts. This method is considered further to develop the state-of-the-art technique and is economically feasible.     

环境样品中痕量铅的流动注射在线分离及分光光度检测

1　IntroductionLeadiswellknownasoneofthemosttoxicmetalsandnotedinthefieldofenvironmentalchemistry[1 ] .Theleadconcentrationinnaturalwaterisextremelylow (sub μg·l-1 level)sothatsomepreconcentrationstepmustbeincludedtoassurethesensitivityofaconventionalin…     

Effects of industrial waste water on heavy metal accumulation, growth and biochemical responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

The waste water showed high values of total solid (TS), hardness and chloride with slightly alkaline pH along with high concentrations of Cr (2.03 mg l(-1)), Ni (1.59 mg l(-1)) and Zn (0.46 mg l(-1)). The concentration of Cu (0.21 mg l(-1)) and Zn in industrial waste water was low than Ni and Cr. The diluted (25 and 50%), undiluted (100%) waste water was used to irrigate the lettuce plants grown in alluvial soils. Plants accumulated heavy metals in their shoot (Ni, 13.65; Cr, 19.73; Zn, 21.6 and Cu 14.76 microg g(-1) dry weight) and root (Ni, 41.4; Cr, 31.6; Zn, 30.2 and Cu 15.85 microg g(-1) dry weight) in high concentrations after irrigation with undiluted industrial waste water. Maximum accumulation of heavy metals was found in the root than the shoot (13.65-21.60 microg g(-1) dry weight). Dry matter yield and biomolecules (Chlorophyll a, b and sugar contents) was found to increase with increase in concentration of waste water up to 50%, which declined at the exposure of undiluted waste water. Catalase activity was found to increase with increase in waste water concentrations up to 100%, while carotenoids content increased in plants only up to the 50% waste water irrigation. Use of industrial waste water in such form, on agricultural lands is not found suitable without proper treatment. It could be injurious to plants growth and may be a potential threat to food web.     

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years, with control of the main municipal and industrial point pollution sources and implementation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body, the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually, while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catchments. As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control, an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and management system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area. As the key technology in rural solid waste treatment, both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely benefits in efficiency, large handling capacity, high quality of the end product, as well as good economic return. Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-composting such as pathogens, high moisture content, asynchronism in the decomposition of different substrates, and low quality of the end product can all be tackled. 92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area, while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%, which prevented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after implementation of the project.     

人工湿地系统对含沼液畜禽废水净化效果试验研究

为了考察人工湿地处理含沼液畜禽废水的可行性,采用水平潜流人工湿地对含沼液畜禽废水进行处理实验。试验结果表明：在进水流量1.5 m3.d-1,水平潜流人工湿地系统对含沼液畜禽废水具有较好的处理效果。废水中COD、TP、TN和NH4＋-N浊度平均去除率分别为59.21%、53.80%、55.09%和55.57%.另外,通过对人工湿地沿程的污染物变化试验分析表明,人工湿地系统对污染物的降解是沿人工湿地水流方向逐渐降低的。     

浙江省废水排放增长的EKC曲线特征分析

选取浙江省1985~2004年经济和废水排放数据,通过分析经济因子与废水排放之间的相互关系,建立浙江省废水排放的库兹涅茨曲线模型。结果表明:浙江省废水排放与人均GDP的演替轨迹呈现显著的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,1985~2004期间处于曲线的上升阶段。浙江省废水排放总量的EKC曲线理论转折点为人均GDP约34 305元,相应的废水排放总量峰值为35亿t,预测转折点出现的时间为2007年左右。工业废水排放量正处于EKC曲线的转折点附近,而生活废水排放量目前正处于EKC曲线加速上升的阶段,转折点出现的时间为2007年左右,对应的生活废水排放量的峰值为15亿t,是2004年生活废水排放量(11.6亿t)的1.3倍,形势非常严峻,应该引起重视。因此,十一五期间,浙江省尤其要注重对生活废水排放的控制和治理,并且保持较高的治理投入。     

ATC废液的几种物化处理单元技术

ＡＴＣ废液具有高ＣＯＤ、高含盐量，以及生物降解的特点。本文分析了ＡＴＣ废液的水质特点，介绍了酸忻，氧化，混凝等几种处理ＡＴＣ废液的物化单元技术，并据此总结出一条对ＡＴＣ废液进行物化预处理的优选路线。     

Determination of persistent organic pollutants by gas chromatography/laser multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

An authentic mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls was measured using a short wide-bore capillary column for the group separation of major components present in an actual sample of Kanechlor. The limits of detection were improved by ca. 2 fold in comparison with those obtained using a conventional capillary column, since the retention time was reduced and the amount of analytes introduced into the mass spectrometer per unit time could be increased. On the other hand, surface-water and sediment samples containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected from the river located in the vicinity of a waste water treatment plant. Even acenaphthylene, a minor component of the mixture could be measured for the sediment sample, and the concentrations were determined for several heavy PAHs. As demonstrated, a technique involving laser multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry was useful as a sensitive and selective analytical tool for the trace analysis of persistent organic pollutants in an environmental sample.     

丝瓜对食品废水的净化功能及经济效益

本文研究了丝瓜（Ｌｕｆｆａｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ）在水面上的水培技术，对食品工业废水（啤酒废水）的净化功能及其经济效益。其试验结果表明：采用水培技术将丝瓜栽种在水面上是完全成功的。该法已经被应用到无锡市酿酒总厂食品工业废水净化处理。在５月份，丝瓜对啤酒废水中污染物ＴＮ的净化率为７８．６％，ＴＰ７８．０％，ＮＨ＋＿４－Ｎ９９．６％，ＣＯＤ２２．５％，浊度８０．９％。在６月份，丝瓜的净化率为ＴＮ８９．１％，ＴＰ９０．４％，ＮＨ＋＿４－Ｎ９９．２％，ＣＯＤ４４．１％和浊度８６．４％。由此可见，丝瓜是一种对食品废水净化的优良植物，其经济效益也很显著，每亩水面丝瓜（果实）可达２０００ｋｇ～２５００ｋｇ，经济价值达２０００元～２５００元。