活性焦吸附对反渗透浓水膜蒸馏减排工艺的影响

本研究采用膜蒸馏(MD)技术,对煤化工废水2套处理工艺——(1)"混凝-超滤(UF)-反渗透(RO)工艺"和(2)"混凝-活性焦(AC)吸附-超滤-反渗透工艺"的RO浓水进行浓缩。通过对比分析MD的膜通量、产水水质以及膜污染等指标,重点考察AC吸附预处理对后续MD工艺的影响。结果表明,AC吸附作为前置膜处理工艺,可有效降低污染物在膜表面的沉积,减少膜润湿现象,并提高膜通量。GC-MS分析表明,AC能有效吸附废水中的酮类、醇类、酯类以及杂环类等挥发性有机物,降低MD过程中挥发至产水侧的有机物浓度,从而提高MD产水水质。     

膜工艺在电镀废水处理工程中的应用

运用先进的膜分离技术,可以实现电镀废水的深度处理和资源化利用。基于近年内建成运行的3个工程实例,分析和讨论了膜技术在电镀废水处理中的应用及其效果。结果表明:结合常规废水处理工艺与膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺,电镀废水被处理后水质达到排放标准;电镀综合废水经超滤(UF)净化、反渗透(RO)和纳滤(NF)两段脱盐膜的集成工艺处理后,水质达到回用水标准,RO和NF产水水质电导率分别低于约100和1 000μS/cm,COD分别为约5和10 mg/L;镀镍漂洗废水通过RO膜后,镍的浓缩倍数高达25倍以上,实现镍的回收,RO产水水质达到回用标准。投资与运行费用分析表明:工程运行1年多即可收回RO浓缩镍的设备费用。此3项不同工艺处理电镀废水的工程实例,为进一步开展膜技术治理工业废水提供了成功案例。     

膜生物反应器处理马铃薯淀粉工艺废水

膜生物反应器工艺是新型污水处理工艺。实验采用超滤(UF)+膜生物反应器(MBR)处理马铃薯淀粉工艺废水,重点研究了MBR处理马铃薯淀粉废水的工艺参数。结果表明,当进水COD浓度为5 000~9 000 mg/L、HRT为30 h时,对COD的去除率大于90%。MBR具有较强的耐冲击能力。但是,实现马铃薯淀粉废水达标排放,尚需其他工艺与MBR集成技术进行处理。     

超滤/反渗透双膜技术深度处理印染废水

由于印染废水具有高盐度,可生化性差,使常规方法难于处理完全.采用超滤和反渗透双膜技术处理实际印染废水,考察了不同超滤膜对废水的预处理性能,研究了BW30和CPA2两种反渗透膜在不同操作条件下对印染废水的处理效果,并分析了相关膜通量下降的原因.结果表明,超滤能有效地去除废水浊度和大分子有机物,为反渗透提供良好的进水水质.两种反渗透膜的产水化学需氧量(COD)均小于10 mg/L,电导率小于80/μS/cm,其对有机物和盐的去除率分别可达99%和93%以上,显示该产水能回用于大部分印染工序.BW30膜产水水质稍好于CPA2,但通量低于CPA2.     

不同超滤组合工艺用于印染废水反渗透前的预处理研究

分别采用混凝—超滤(组合工艺Ⅰ)、生物活性炭(BAC)滤池—超滤(组合工艺Ⅱ)、混凝—BAC滤池—超滤(组合工艺Ⅲ)作为反渗透前的预处理工艺,对印染废水二级生化出水进行处理,考察污染物去除效果,并分析超滤膜性能。结果表明,3种超滤组合工艺的出水浊度0.4NTU,淤泥密度指数(SDI)5,均能达到反渗透进水的要求。组合工艺Ⅲ对COD、真色、UV254、浊度的平均去除率分别为52.94%、49.23%、49.95%、99.53%,均高于组合工艺Ⅰ、Ⅱ。组合工艺Ⅲ的出水SDI和比膜通量均优于组合工艺Ⅰ、Ⅱ。通过超滤膜微观结构和阻力分布分析,发现组合工艺Ⅲ中不可逆的膜污染最轻。组合工艺Ⅲ为印染废水反渗透前的最佳预处理工艺。     

煤化工废水零排放系统反渗透过程的水质变化特征

反渗透(RO)系统的稳定运行是煤化工厂废水实现零排放的关键。以我国北方某煤化工厂废水零排放(ZLD)系统为对象,重点分析多级RO过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的变化特征,明确关键有机物的组成,并评价ZLD系统的运行特征与效能。结果表明,预处理可有效降低废水硬度,其他离子与污染物主要在RO阶段去除。废水中DOM主要以芳香蛋白类物质、腐殖质类物质和微生物代谢产物(SMP)类物质为主。预处理阶段对SiO₂的混凝去除效果较差(25.40%),RO进水SiO₂浓度较高,两级RO过程和高效反渗透段(HERO)对SiO₂的浓缩倍数分别为5.36/3.83,存在较高的膜面Si污染潜势。中水RO阶段有效截留腐殖质类和蛋白质类物质,而浓水RO阶段对色氨酸和SMP的去除效果较差。硅与有机物污染是RO过程的主要问题,因此,需强化预处理阶段有机物和硅的去除、优化药剂投加策略,加强对DOM和微生物的控制,进而实现系统运行效能的提升并减缓膜污染。     

活性焦吸附对煤化工废水膜处理工艺的影响

煤化工废水经过生化处理后一般难以达到回用标准,须采用有效的深度处理工艺才能实现废水的资源化利用。通过对比研究方式,采用“混凝-超滤-反渗透工艺”及“混凝-活性焦吸附-超滤-反渗透”2种处理工艺,考察了活性焦吸附对后续膜处理工艺的影响。结果表明,活性焦对废水中的芳香族类等主要污染物具有很好的吸附性能,混凝出水经活性焦吸附后进人膜系统可有效减缓膜污染,降低膜通量的衰减程度并提高产水水质,因此,将活性焦吸附用于煤化工废水膜系统的前处理,采用“混凝-活性焦吸附-超滤-反渗透工艺”深度处理煤化工废水是有效可行的。     

热电厂双膜法中水深度处理系统运行效果与问题分析

中水已成为热电厂的重要水源,其深度处理是影响电厂水处理系统的关键。为评估双膜法在电厂深度处理中的潜力与稳定性,考察了山东某热电厂石灰混凝-超滤(UF)-反渗透(RO)系统不同季节的处理效果及污染物去除特征与各工段贡献率。研究表明:双膜法对浊度、色度、电导、碱度、COD和TOC的去除率分别达95.82%、96.62%、96.73%、98.22%、96.42%和89.13%,在夏季严重膜污堵的条件下,也可保障产水达标,是一种有效的中水深度处理技术。预处理仅去除某些大分子腐殖酸类有机物、硬度类物质、悬浮物,富里酸类有机物、氮等其他溶解性物质主要由RO去除(去除率均60%),因此,存在膜结垢和污堵的风险。不同季节污染物浓度变化不显著,但夏季高温条件下微生物代谢和繁殖速率较高,荧光指数(fluorescence index, FI)大于2,生物指数(biological index, BIX)为1.2左右,这是夏季膜污堵爆发的关键原因。     

臭氧-BAF组合工艺处理电镀RO浓水

电镀废水反渗透(RO)浓水具有盐度高、难降解有机物浓度高、含重金属等特点,是电镀废水处理工艺提标改造的难点。采用臭氧-曝气生物滤池(BAF)组合工艺,对电镀废水反渗透(RO)浓水中有机物进行处理,使出水COD浓度达到《电镀污染物排放标准》中标准。考察了废水初始p H、臭氧浓度和反应时间等因素对臭氧氧化效果的影响,以及水力停留时间(HRT)和气水比对BAF单元COD去除效果的影响。经优化后的系统运行工况为:臭氧氧化单元中废水初始p H值为10.0,臭氧浓度为31.96 mg·L~(-1),反应时间为40 min;BAF的HRT为3 h,气水比为5∶1。在最佳工况下,当进水COD为180~240 mg·L~(-1)时,经组合工艺处理后COD去除率达78.6%,平均出水COD浓度为47 mg·L~(-1),达到了标准的要求。     

水解+加压MBR处理淀粉废水研究

对水解+加压MBR处理中等难降解淀粉废水进行了探索性研究。试验结果表明增加水解酸化预处理后加压MBR处理效果有明显增加,不同操作压力下,膜过滤出水COD仅为无水解酸化预处理时的1/2。在操作压力为045MPa,进水COD10430mg/L,容积负荷522kgCOD/m3·d时,膜滤出水COD仅为202mg/L,COD去除率高达9981%。     

Toxicity of leather tanning wastewater effluents in sea urchin early development and in marine microalgae

This study was designed to investigate the composition and the toxicity of leather tanning wastewater and conditioned sludge collected at the leather tanning wastewater treatment plant (CODISO) located in Solofra, Avellino (Southern Italy). Samples were analyzed for their conventional parameters (COD, TSS, chromium and ammonia) and for metal content. Effluent samples included raw wastewater, and samples collected following coagulation/flocculation process and biological treatment. A set of toxicity endpoints were tested using sea urchin and marine microalgal bioassays by evaluating acute embryotoxicity, developmental defects, changes in sperm fertilization success and transmissible damage from sperm to the offspring, and changes in algal growth rate. Dose-related toxicity to sea urchin embryogenesis and sperm fertilization success was exerted by effluent or sludge samples according to the following rank: conditioned sludge > coagulated effluent > or = raw influent > effluent from biological treatment. Offspring quality was not affected by sperm exposure to any wastewater or to sludge samples. Algal growth was inhibited by raw or coagulated effluent to a similar extent and, again, the effluent from the biological treatment resulted in a decreased toxicity. The results suggest that coagulated effluent and conditioned sludge result in higher toxicity than raw influent in sea urchin embryos and sperm, whereas the biological wastewater treatment of coagulated effluent, in both sea urchins and algae, cause a substantial improvement of wastewater quality. Hence a final biological wastewater treatment should be operated to minimize any environmental damage from tannery wastewater.     

微絮凝-微滤用于印染废水回用反渗透预处理的试验研究

采用微絮凝过滤-微滤作为反渗透的预处理工艺,用于印染废水二级生化出水回用深度处理.试验考察了预处理效果、工艺参数和反渗透系统运行情况,分析了膜污染的类型及特点.试验结果表明,微絮凝过滤-微滤作为反渗透的预处理工艺,系统运行稳定,相对于超滤-反渗透的"双膜法"工艺,投资和运行费用相对较低,有推广应用价值.     

皮革废水经微电解-SBR处理后的综合毒性变化

选择蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick）为供试藻种,采用藻类急性毒性试验考察皮革废水经微电解-SBR工艺处理后的综合毒性变化情况。结果表明,皮革废水经微电解-SBR工艺处理后,其综合毒性显著降低。分别以细胞数和活体叶绿素a含量计算得到的原水、微电解出水和SBR出水的EbC50值和EeC50值依次为16.6%、19.3%、52.6%和13.0%、15.6%和52.1%。根据Bulich提出的毒性等级划分原则,经处理后最终出水的毒性级别由原水的Ⅰ级降为Ⅱ级。     

Optimization and treatment of wastewater of crude oil desalting unit and prediction of scale formation

In this article, one of Iran’s southwest oil fields that produces 3200 barrels per day (bbl/d) of wastewater from oil and gas processing was investigated. Experimental analysis of oil reservoir water and desalting wastewater disposal of crude oil desalting unit was performed. First, water was treated with a reverse osmosis membrane. As a result, the purified water, with lower total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH, was a suitable candidate for injection into the adjacent wells of the crude oil desalting unit. The effectiveness and compatibility of this wastewater to the formation water of the oil field wells were simulated. Finally, we studied and identified the formation, the amount, and the type of mineral scale deposits. These are the most important problems during water injection into the wells. The analysis shows that the refined water from the reverse osmosis (RO) process was a suitable and low-cost economical option for injection in onshore and offshore fields, due to the low amount of salts, the concentration of susceptible ions in scaling formation, and the appropriate pH. This oil field, which is in the second half of life, requires enhanced oil recovery methods (EOR) for the maintenance of pressure and an increase in oil recovery.

     

超低压反渗透膜处理垃圾渗滤液运行工艺的实验研究

采用超低压反渗透膜处理垃圾渗滤液,考察不同工艺条件下膜通量、脱盐率、COD和NH3-N去除率的变化规律.实验结果表明,不同压力条件下对应某一输出频率存在最大膜通量.在输出频率变化方面,压力高的最大膜通量滞后于压力低的最大膜通量.运用变频调速技术,可实时解决操作压力与泵送流量的对应关系,确定最佳流量参数,提高反渗透系统运...     

反渗透处理稀土氨氮废水试验研究

根据稀土冶炼厂排放的碳铵沉淀洗涤废水的水质情况,采用NH4Cl和 NaCl模拟废水进行了反渗透可行性对比实验。模拟实验发现,在相同条件下反渗透对NaCl 较NH₄Cl 有着更高的去除率,而NH₄Cl 相对NaCl则有着更高的产水速率。实际废水试验结果表明,在恒定操作压力范围内回收率为65%的条件下,NH₄Cl浓度为2.85 g/L的碳铵沉淀洗涤废水经反渗透处理其NH₄Cl去除率为77.3%,可作为氨氮废水的预处理。对该废水处理成本进行了分析,得出其约为2.7元/m³,比相近浓度氨氮废水的氨吹脱处理成本节省约26%。     

Microbial fouling of a reverse osmosis municipal water treatment system

Microbial fouling of a municipal water treatment system using reverse osmosis was investigated. From a combination of growth and molecular assays, it was discovered that the prefilter unit concentrated and facilitated microbial growth, and such growth led to microbial fouling of the reverse osmosis unit. Few cells were observed in the prefilter influent, but substantial microbial contamination was observed in the prefilter effluent, and this correlated with increasing headloss across the prefilter. The effluent caused microbial fouling of the leading elements of the reverse osmosis unit, as determined by reduced permeate flow, analysis of the elements, and assays of the membrane foulant. Both the introduction of microorganisms to the reverse osmosis unit from the prefilter unit and headloss across the prefilter could be effectively controlled through cleansing of the prefilter housing unit with sulfuric acid. Such treatments must be performed at appropriate intervals to prevent subsequent microbial growth in the prefilter unit.     

应用于维生素C凝结水处理反渗透膜清洗策略

针对沈阳某药厂维生素C生产工艺中凝结水产量大、处理成本高和杂质复杂等问题,提出了采用反渗透技术对工艺凝结水进行处理。在前期确定的最优操作条件基础上持续运行,研究了运行临界通量、清洗时机和清洗方式等工艺条件。结果表明,在本工艺条件下,反渗透膜系统的临界通量介于1.1 L/(m2.min)到1.2 L/(m2.min)之间,斜率变点分析法确定的可逆膜污染周期为10 d;加强型清洗策略EFM(enhanced flux maintenance)的操作是针对不可逆膜污染的一种有效清洗方式,EFM持续30 min为宜,NaClO和NaOH都是有机污染的有效清洗剂,膜的平均恢复率分别为85.4%和81.6%,显示出实际应用的可行性,具有推广价值。     

Membrane filtration of olive mill wastewater and exploitation of its fractions.

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) produced from small units scattered in rural areas of Southern Europe is a major source of pollution of surface and subsurface water. In the present work, a treatment scheme based on physical separation methods is presented. The investigation was carried out using a pilot-plant unit equipped with ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis membranes. Approximately 80% of the total volume of wastewater treated by the membrane units was sufficiently cleaned to meet the standards for irrigation water. The concentrated fractions collected in the treatment concentrates were characterized by high organic load and high content of phenolic compounds. The concentrates were tested in hydroponic systems to examine their toxicity towards undesired herbs. The calculations of the cost of the overall process showed that fixed and operational costs could be recovered from the exploitation of OMW byproducts as water for irrigation and/or as bioherbicides.