不同泥龄MBR中溶解性微生物代谢产物对膜污染的影响

通过4套平行运行的小试膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)研究了不同泥龄下溶解性微生物代谢产物(soluble microbial products,SMP)对膜污染的影响.以多糖、蛋白质表征SMP的含量,并通过三维荧光光谱(EEM)、分子量分布(MW)、红外光谱(FTIR)及扫面电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDX)技术分析了不同泥龄下SMP的变化.结果表明,各泥龄MBR对氨氮和COD均有较好的去除效果,但SMP的含量以及膜污染程度均随着泥龄的升高而降低.泥龄越低,膜阻力越大,小分子量物质(＜1 000)积累程度越大,低泥龄MBR中蛋白质以及腐殖酸类物质含量较高;扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-DEX)结果表明,金属元素更容易在低泥龄MBR中的膜表面堆积.     

膜生物反应器处理聚驱采油废水研究

以聚驱采油废水为处理对象,在不排泥情况下采用膜生物反应器(MBR)对此类废水进行处理.以含油量、COD和水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)为污染物处理指标,分别考察了MBR的水力停留时间(HRT)、温度、溶解氧(DO)对MBR处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,MBR处理聚驱采油废水的最佳条件为:HRT 10 h,温度30℃,DO 2.0～4.0 mg/L,此时,膜出水中含油量平均去除率为96.7％,COD平均去除率为78.9％,HPAM平均去除率为75.0％.在最佳条件下连续运行30 d,MBR内悬浮物平均去除率可达98.8％以上,且膜出水悬浮物粒径中值达到《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》(SY/T 5329-94)中A1级回注水的规定值,聚驱采油废水得到理想的处理.     

常温下沼气循环AnMBR处理丙酮和异丙醇混合废水

研究了沼气循环厌氧膜生物反应器(MCAn MBR)在常温下(24.4~31.5℃)处理丙酮、异丙酮混合废水的运行性能。结果表明,MCAn MBR在处理丙酮、异丙醇废水时能获得较好的效果,容积负荷提升快,有机物去除率高,气体产率高,并且运行十分稳定。工艺考察阶段,缩短HRT保持进水COD为37 000 mg·L~(-1),容积负荷为7.2~14.8 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)(以COD计),平均去除率为91.18%。稳定运行阶段,HRT=60 h,容积负荷为14.92 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)(以COD计),平均去除率为98.12%,气体产率为0.244~0.323 L·g~(-1)(以COD计)。膜截留与沼气循环装置大大强化了MCAn MBR在高MLSS下的混合和传质效能,使其能在高容积负荷下稳定运行。     

吸附-预沉淀MBR工艺处理生活污水及膜污染控制效果

膜污染是限制膜生物反应器（MBR）广泛应用的主要因素之一。针对MBR处理生活污水过程中存在的硝化效果不稳定与膜污染问题,提出了一种新型的MBR系统：通过吸附-预沉淀实现进水中碳氮的分离和单独处理,不仅提高了污染物去除效果,且能够有效控制膜污染。研究结果表明,吸附-预沉淀可以去除进水中约89.7%的有机物,系统出水COD、NH₄⁺-N平均浓度为24 mg/L、0.78 mg/L,去除率分别为95.9%和98.1%。MBR中碳氮比的降低和硝化细菌比例的增加大大降低了MBR内MLSS、EPS和SMP含量,平均浓度分别为5 185 mg/L、41 mg/g MLSS和2.62 mg/g MLSS。在膜通量为4 L/（m²·h）条件下,TMP可稳定保持在20 kPa左右。通过吸附-预沉淀过程可有效控制MBR中的膜污染。     

利用数学模拟方法分析硝化MBR系统中SMP转换过程

为深入了解膜生物反应器(MBR)中微生物代谢产物(SMP)的生成降解以及利用情况,研究了以NH4Cl为惟一能源物质的硝化MBR反应器中SMP浓度以及分子量(MW)变化情况,并运用活性污泥模型3(ASM3)准确地计算出微生物利用底物相关的溶解性产物(UAP)和微生物死亡相关的溶解性产物(BAP)的量分别是多少,最终证明硝化系统中产生的SMP可作为能源物质被异养菌进一步利用,而且相较于BAP而言UAP更易于被生物降解,得出结论 BAP是SMP中的主要污染成分。     

移动床生物膜反应器—膜生物反应器深度处理模拟废水及工业园区综合废水

将移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)与膜生物反应器(MBR)有机结合,研究了该MBBR—MBR串联系统在水力停留时间(HRT)为17.50、11.75h条件下的脱碳脱氮的效果以及对工业园区综合废水污染物的去除情况。结果表明:(1)MBBR—MBR串联系统脱碳脱氮的效果良好,HRT的改变对系统的去除效果有一定的影响,随着总HRT由17.50h变为11.75h,模拟废水中COD的去除效果降低,但氨氮、硝态氮和TN的去除效果基本不受影响。(2)MBBR—MBR串联系统处理印染工业园区综合废水也有较好的效果,当进水COD、氨氮分别为150~450、20~40mg/L时,出水COD、氨氮平均分别为53.1、1.8mg/L,MBBR—MBR串联系统对COD、氨氮的去除率平均分别为80.4%、93.1%,但系统对TN的去除效果不是很理想。     

MBR净化受污染地表水的自然启动及稳定运行除污染特性

为了考察膜生物反应器(MBR)净化受污染地表水自然启动过程中功能菌群的成熟规律及碱度对MBR去除水中氨氮的影响,通过构建小试规模的MBR,考察了MBR处理受污染地表水的自然启动和稳定运行除污染特性。结果表明,MBR在自然启动过程中不会出现异养菌成熟的标志,系统对进水DOC、UV254和CODMn的平均去除率分别仅为(14.5±5.1)%、(12.6±5.6)%和(31.2±7.4)%,应考虑将其他工艺与MBR联用以提高系统的有机物去除能力。启动23天后,MBR中的亚硝化细菌成熟,NH3-N去除率达到80%以上;启动31 d后,MBR中的硝化细菌成熟,出水NO2--N稳定在0.05mg/L以下。碱度对MBR去除NH3-N效能影响较大,向进水中投加30 mg/L的NaHCO3能使MBR对NH3-N的去除率由(86.1±3.7)%提高至(98.0±1.6)%。在连续曝气、10 L/(m2.h)通量、每10 min反洗15 s运行模式下,MBR的膜污染较为严重,平均TMP增长速率为0.45 kPa/d,需进一步优化相关参数以实现MBR的长期稳定运行。     

填料添加方式对MBR运行稳定性及膜污染特征的影响

为提高MBR的去除性能并延缓膜污染,采用复合型悬浮生物膜强化膜生物反应器(hybrid suspended biofilm enhanced membrane bioreactor, HSBE-MBR)处理生物制药废水,考察了填料添加方式对HSBE-MBR中典型污染物的去除特征、运行稳定性及膜污染特征的影响,并分析了膜污染机理。结果表明:缺氧区和好氧区添加填料时(工况1),TCOD、N H4+-N和TN平均去除率分别为91.61%、97.08%和79.40%;缺氧区、好氧区及膜区添加填料时(工况2), TCOD、N H4+-N和TN平均去除率分别为91.09%、 97.24%和83.66%。在上述2种工况下,HSBE-MBR对TCOD、N H4+-N和TN均具有良好的去除性能,且运行稳定性良好,工况2中TN去除率提高了4.26%。在工况1下,膜运行时间为0.02～8.17 d;在工况2下,膜运行时间为0.26～138 d。2种工况下的膜污染机理均以滤饼层污染为主,滤饼层阻力占比分别为94.7%和90.1%;膜区添加填料能够减缓膜表面滤饼层的形成,使滤饼层阻力降低8.07%;同时,混合液中溶解性微生物代谢产物(soluble microbial products, SMP)、松散结合EPS (loosely bound-EPS, LB-EPS)和紧密结合EPS (tightly bound-EPS, TB-EPS)浓度分别由(63.70±12.95)、(13.97±2.03)和(153.82±12.64) mg·g-1(工况1)降低为(31.77±3.17)、(9.11±0.40)和(78.12±18.92) mg·g-1(工况2)。粒度分布测定结果表明,膜区添加填料后,污泥平均粒径从31.35μm(工况1)增大至34.71μm(工况2)。根据污染物去除特征及膜污染特征,确定最优添加方式为在缺氧区、好氧区和膜区添加填料。上述研究结果可为提高MBR运行稳定性并改善膜污染提供参考。     

水力停留时间对膜生物反应器复合工艺污水处理特性的影响

开发了厌氧-多级好氧/缺氧-膜生物反应器复合工艺,在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染的特性.结果表明,在试验选定的HRT范围内,系统对TN和TP的去除率随着HRT的降低而升高,当HRT为8.70、6.96、4.97 h时,系统对TN和TP的平均去除率分别为73.15%、79.76%、81.98%和67.79%、80.99%、92.16%.但是,较低HRT条件下膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.解决这一问题的措施是增加膜组件个数,从而在不提高膜通量的情况下使系统保持较低的HRT,保证系统高效稳定的污染物去除效果.     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能利用NO-3作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器(MBR)脱氮效率低和膜污染问题,建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC-MBR反应器为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明,2套系统的COD去除率均超过88%,对NH4-N的去除均达到99%。闭路MFC-MBR系统TN去除率达到69.4%,高于开路系统的55.3%。混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在88%左右,同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质,zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少,污泥颗粒平均体积粒径(233.482μm)较开路系统(94.877μm)有明显增加,膜清洗周期延长了41.17%。     

钙离子对短期膜污染的影响

以处理生活污水的平板膜-生物反应器为依托,通过将进水调配成30、200和500 mg/L 3种不同的钙离子浓度,考察钙离子对短期膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着钙离子浓度的增加,TMP增长趋势变小,膜污染得到缓解;钙离子浓度为200 mg/L时,膜的渗透性最好,而过高的钙离子浓度并不利于降低膜污染。钙离子的投加强化了生物絮凝作用,可以降低SMP和LB-EPS的含量,主要通过降低外部阻力减缓膜污染;投加钙离子也可以增加絮体的大小,较大的絮体形成的泥饼有更好的过滤性,然而过高的钙离子浓度会使无机颗粒的量增加,造成平均粒径下降,将会加重内部污染,进而加剧膜污染。     

Electrocoagulation-integrated hybrid membrane processes for the treatment of tannery wastewater

Three different combinations of treatment techniques, i.e. electrocoagulation combined with microfiltration (EMR), membrane bioreactor (MBR) and electrocoagulation integrated with membrane bioreactor (hybrid MBR, (HMBR)), were analysed and compared for the treatment of tannery wastewater operated for 7 days under the constant trans-membrane pressure of 5 kPa. HMBR was found to be most suitable in performance as well as fouling reduction, with 94 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, 100 % chromium removal and 8 % improvement in percentage reduction in permeate flux compared to MBR with only 90 % COD removal and 67 % chromium removal. The effect of mixed liquor suspended solids on fouling was also investigated and was found to be insignificant. EMR was capable of elevating the flux but was not as efficient as HMBR and MBR in COD removal. Fouling reduction by HMBR was further confirmed by SEM-EDX and particle size analysis.     

Performance investigation of membrane bioreactor systems during municipal wastewater reclamation.

Four commercially available membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems were operated at the pilot scale, to investigate performance during the reclamation of municipal wastewater. The MBR performance was evaluated under a variety of operating conditions, including two types of feed wastewater (raw and advanced primary effluent), hydraulic retention times (HRTs) ranging from 2 to 6 hours, and permeate fluxes between 20 and 41 lmh. Test results showed that MBR systems were capable of operating on advanced primary effluent, despite the possible presence of coagulant and/or polymer residual, with minimal membrane fouling. Membrane performance data generated during this study was also used to quantify the relationship between permeate flux and membrane fouling. Cleaning intervals at various flux conditions were estimated as follows: 69 days at 20 lmh, 58 days at 25 lmh, and 30 days for operation between 31 and 41 lmh. It was also demonstrated that the MBR process could be optimized to operate with minimal fouling under high hydraulic (flux = 37 lmh) and organic loading (HRT = 2 hours and food-to-microorganism ratio = 0.33 g COD/g VSS x d) conditions. Water quality monitoring conducted throughout the study showed that each MBR system consistently produced an oxidized (5-day biochemical oxygen demand < 2 mg/L) and nitrified (ammonia < 1 mg-N/L) effluent low in particulate matter (turbidity < 0.1 NTU), under all conditions tested.     

机械清洗法对MBR膜泥饼层的影响

膜污染是制约MBR发展的瓶颈。考察投加ABS颗粒对MBR膜组件上膜泥饼层的影响,并设对照实验。结果表明,对照MBR膜通量下降速度快,膜污染严重,膜表面上累积厚厚的泥饼层,而在ABS MBR中膜通量下降速度则缓慢的多,且膜上泥饼层积累量则明显少于对照MBR;曝气量越大,颗粒运行的速度也越快,泥饼层被撞落量也越多;颗粒以碰撞角度为45°冲刷膜的情况下,泥饼层掉落效果明显增加;泥饼层包裹的膜丝根数越多,泥饼层的静摩擦力和保持泥饼层不被破坏的力也越大,泥饼层就越难被冲刷掉。SEM照片显示,ABS MBR的膜孔堵塞要严重于对照MBR,表面的褶皱要较对照MBR多。     

利用数学模拟方法分析硝化MBR系统中SMP转换过程

为深入了解膜生物反应器（MBR）中微生物代谢产物（SMP）的生成降解以及利用情况,研究了以NH4Cl为惟一能源物质的硝化MBR反应器中SMP浓度以及分子量（MW）变化情况,并运用活性污泥模型3（ASM3）准确地计算出微生物利用底物相关的溶解性产物（UAP）和微生物死亡相关的溶解性产物（BAP）的量分别是多少,最终证明硝化系统中产生的SMP可作为能源物质被异养菌进一步利用,而且相较于BAP而言UAP更易于被生物降解,得出结论BAP是SMP中的主要污染成分。     

好氧膜-生物反应器中微滤膜选择的实验研究

用扫描电镜表面观察和全自动压汞仪测定了2种亲水化改性PVDF微滤膜的平均孔径、孔隙率等基本性能参数。对2种膜的纯水通量,及其平板膜组件在好氧膜生物反应器内污染过程进行分析。结果显示,2种膜污染过程均呈现先缓慢后快速的"二阶段"趋势,第二阶段是膜污染的主导阶段。尽管平均孔径小、孔隙率高的膜本身阻力大、纯水通量低,但其污染速率较低,物理及化学清洗恢复率较高。膜孔径及孔隙率指标是影响其在MBR中运行的污染速率的主要因素,平均孔径小、孔隙率高的膜抗污染能力强。     

Long term performance of MBR for biological nitrogen removal from synthetic municipal wastewater

This study monitors the long term performance of membrane bioreactor (MBR) for the treatment of synthetic municipal wastewater at solid retention time (SRT) of 40 and 20d with particular emphasis on simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND). SND was greatly influenced by the operating dissolved oxygen (DO). It was found that at an SRT of 20d, nitrogen removal through assimilation into biomass increases as a result of higher biomass yield. The profile of soluble microbial products (SMP) conformed to a cyclical pattern in the MBR with respect to SRT. Decrease in SRT from 40 to 20d resulted in doubling of accumulated SMP concentration (to 56mgl(-1)) in the MBR. This however, was accompanied by a simultaneous drop in percentage of SMP with MW>100kD, from 42.4% to 33%. Also, the sludge filterability decreased by 24-folds despite a decrease in the biomass concentration, following the above reduction in SRT. It was found that the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (K(l)a) was a function of biomass concentration in MBR with the ratio of the oxygen transfer coefficient in mixed liquor to that of clean water (alpha) to be 0.2-0.5.