络合萃取法处理模拟金刚烷胺制药废水

采用络合萃取法处理模拟金刚烷胺制药废水,比较了苯、CCl4和P204等11种萃取剂对水溶液中金刚烷胺的萃取效果,考察了溶液初始pH值、稀释剂的类型、萃取剂与稀释剂的配比和油/水比等因素对萃取效率的影响,并对萃取液进行了反萃取分离研究.结果表明,在水溶液中金刚烷胺浓度为1000 mg·L-1,溶液初始pH值为8.0~10.0,油/水比为1∶1的条件下,采用P204与正辛醇体积比3∶2的复配萃取剂进行萃取分离,金刚烷胺萃取率可以达到99.0%以上,当金刚烷胺浓度增加至10.0 g·L-1时,萃取率仍可以保持在97.0%以上;以2.0 mol·L-1的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,按照油/水比为1∶1可将51.1%的金刚烷胺从萃取剂中反萃分离.     

萃取法预处理含α-氯代乙酰丁内酯制药废水的研究

在萃取实验中选择二氯甲烷作为萃取剂,考察了萃取振荡时间、萃取次数、油水比、pH值、萃取温度等因素对CODCr去除率的影响,获得最佳的萃取效果。结果表明:萃取出水CODCr为30420mg/L,去除率为49.3%。出水的BOD5/CODCr的比值达到0.34,符合生化处理条件。在萃取剂的回用中选择洗料—蒸馏方法回收,实验结果表明回收的二氯甲烷对废水进行萃取处理,能够达到良好的处理效果。     

污泥中有机磷酸酯检测的预处理优化

基于“富集（加速溶剂萃取）+净化+检测”的步骤，进行污泥取样量、萃取条件、净化柱类型、淋洗液极性和洗脱液极性的优化.确定了0.2g污泥取样量、130℃萃取温度、1：1（V/V）的丙酮/二氯甲烷混合溶液为萃取剂、氨基柱净化、2：5（V/V）的二氯甲烷/正己烷混合溶液为淋洗液、二氯甲烷为洗脱液，最后用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱对有机磷酸酯进行定性定量检测.结果表明，各物质的基质加标回收率均在60%~120%之间，基质效应也基本控制在±15%.净化方法同样适用于污水样品，用此方法成功测定了北京市某污水处理厂各工艺单元的水相及固相样品，显示出良好的适用性.     

废弃电子元器件酸性浸出液中铜的萃取研究

利用国产新型铜萃取剂DZ988,以PEG-NO2/H2SO4混酸溶液氧化浸取废弃电子元器件得到的酸浸液为萃取原液(含铜浓度CCu=3.132 g/L),进行铜的萃取研究,考察各因素对铜的萃取及反萃取的影响。试验结果表明,铜的萃取率随萃取剂浓度、O/A比、萃取温度及pH的提高而提高;在萃取剂浓度设定为25%,萃取料液浓度用氨水调至pH=2,油水比O/A=1:1,常温的条件下,对废弃电子元器件的PEG-NO2/H2SO4混酸浸出液中的铜的萃取率可达99.45%,铜、铁分离系数达1 151;以硫酸作反萃剂,对负载铜的萃取剂进行反萃取研究,在硫酸溶液浓度为250 g/L,相比O/A=1:1时,铜的反萃率接近100%。同时,DZ988基本不萃取Co、Ni,后续可从铜萃余液中继续回收Co、Ni。     

钛白废酸回收技术研究

通过臭氧氧化技术将钛白废酸中的Fe^2＋氧化成F^3＋，再用萃取法除去Fe^3＋。考察了络合剂（盐酸）浓度、萃取剂、萃取相比和多级错流萃取级数等对Fe^3＋萃取率的影响，初步探索了反萃法回收萃取剂及萃取剂的循环利用。结果表明，当盐酸浓度为3．4-4．0mol／L时，几乎可完全络合溶液中的Fe^3＋，Fe^3＋的萃取率随相比（O／W）的增加而增大，萃取级数愈多萃取效果愈好。O／W=1：1的单级萃取与总相比O／W=0．5：1的四级错流萃取率接近。当反萃相比（V／O）=1．5：1时，Fe^3＋的反革率达97％，萃取剂经过6次萃取一反萃循环后．Fe^3＋的萃取率没有明显下降。去除Fe增的钛白废酸，经蒸馏浓缩到70％左右，再与浓硫酸混合后可用于钛白粉的生产，蒸馏过程中得到的盐酸循环使用，反萃出来的Fe^3＋可作为生产铁红的原料。     

液液萃取气相色谱法测定水中的松节油

研究建立了液液萃取气相色谱测定水中松节油的方法。用二氯甲烷萃取水样中的松节油,萃取后直接进行色谱分离分析,松节油的主要成分能有效分离,水中松节油的最低检测浓度为0.01 mg/L,测定方法的样品添加回收率在94.0%-106%之间;平行8次进行精密度试验,分析方法的相对标准差为1.2%。结果表明,气相色谱法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,适合地表水中松节油的测定;二氯甲烷一次萃取,就可满足回收率的要求,并且该方法灵敏度高,操作简单,减少了取样量和萃取试剂用量,对环境保护更加有利。     

采用萃取——反萃取技术回收废水中的醋酸

用N235-正辛醇-磺化煤油混合溶剂为萃取剂，用35％氢氧化钠反萃取，对于6．8％的醋酸废水进行萃取试验。试验结果表明：混合溶剂对废水中的醋酸有较高的萃取率，反萃取效果为98．4％。采用萃取-反萃取工艺处理稀醋酸废水，不但有明显的环境效益，而且还可以回收醋酸制备醋酸钠，获得良好的经济效益。     

环境大气尘粒中诱变物的研究：溶剂系统的比较

概要以不同的溶剂系统,包括丙酮、苯、环己烷、二氯甲烷、甲醇、丙酮与二氯甲烷的混合物及苯与环己烷及甲醇的混合物,通过振摇从大气尘粒中提取有机物质。溶剂提取物通过Ames实验进行致突变性的测定。丙酮和环己烷的提取物分别显示出最高和最低的致突变性。重复提取则更能说明问题,因为绝大多数大气尘粒中的致突变物不能被环己烷所提取。用丙酮再以二氯甲烷进行连续提取,比只用丙酮或丙酮与二氯甲烷联合提取的致突变响应更好。通过不同的溶剂量进行实验表明,每毫克大气尘粒用1毫升丙酮提取可使致突变物的重现性达到最大值。使用致突变试验来鉴别复杂的混合物对健康潜在的危险的可行性曾经通过不同的化学和生物学过程进行了测定。这些研究包括采样和分离及接下来的化学及(或)生物学活性的试验。普遍的致突变试验通常是由Ames等(1975)创立的组氨酸回复试验,这     

炼油厂碱渣废水络合萃取法脱酚实验研究

实验选用磷酸三丁酯(TBP)-煤油溶液为萃取剂络合萃取碱渣废水中的酚,研究了不同萃取剂浓度、pH值、温度及萃取比条件下体系的萃取性能;采取NaOH溶液对萃取剂进行反萃再生,研究了碱液浓度、温度及反萃取比对萃取剂再生效果的影响;确定了萃取与反萃取的最佳操作条件。实验结果表明,TBP-煤油溶液可以有效脱除碱渣废水中的高浓度酚,是一种良好的工业萃取脱酚剂。     

络合萃取法处理甲苯二异氰酸酯氢化废水的试验研究

研究络合萃取处理甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）生产氢化废水的工艺过程,考察了pH值、萃取相比、萃取温度、萃取时间等因素对萃取效果的影响,并通过正交试验对工艺条件进行优化,结果表明：采用酸性含磷类萃取剂,煤油为稀释剂,在pH值为8.0、萃取温度为25℃、萃取时间为3 min、萃取相比为1.5︰1优化条件下,对氢化废水中苯胺类的萃取率大于97％。负载萃取剂以31%的盐酸作反萃剂,反萃取相比为20︰1条件下可实现完全再生,反萃液经处理可回收2,4-二氨基甲苯和2,6-二氨基甲苯。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.