生物质组成差异对生活垃圾厌氧产甲烷化的影响

采用批式实验,通过分析液相性质和产气过程,比较了生活垃圾中2 类主要的生物质组分(食物类废物和纤维类废物)及其不同含量在厌氧降解时甲烷生成过程的差异.结果表明,食物类废物累积产甲烷量远高于纤维类废物,其有机物的快速水解酸化,为快速产甲烷化提供了必要的底物.纤维类废物产甲烷速率相对较低,水解是其厌氧产甲烷化过程的控制步骤.生活垃圾的产甲烷量可以根据食物类废物和纤维类废物的比例推算而得,食物类废物含量越高,其累积产甲烷量越大.采用厌氧消化工艺有利于含食物类废物量高的垃圾的能量回收,而因食物类废物快速水解导致的液相挥发性有机酸积累是该工艺必须解决的关键性技术问题.     

北京地区二噁英类的环境多介质迁移和归趋模拟

以二噁英类为研究对象,利用LevelⅢ多介质逸度模型模拟计算了稳态假设下二噁英类在北京地区空气相、水相、土壤相和沉积物相中的浓度分布及各相间的迁移通量.结果表明:二噁英类在空气和土壤相中的模拟输出浓度(以I-TEQ计,全文同)范围分别为0.32～0.34 pg/m3和0.33～1.14 ng/kg,而相应环境相中的实测值分别为0.33 pg/m3和1.48 ng/kg,二者吻合较好,验证了该模型在北京地区的适用性;北京地区二噁英类的主要迁移过程为空气相—土相沉降和空气相—水相沉降.土壤和大气降解是二噁英类的主要消亡途径,二者占总降解量的99.1%.土壤相是二噁英类的最大储库,其占总量的97.8%.      

生活垃圾焚烧过程中二噁英抑制剂研究进展

二噁英可在环境中造成持久性有机污染和危害。自20世纪80年代在生活垃圾焚烧烟气中发现二噁英以来,各国学者针对二噁英排放控制开展了大量基础和应用研究。其中化学抑制剂可从根源上抑制焚烧过程中二噁英生成,一直是该领域的研究热点。介绍了二噁英的生成机理及现有控制策略,指出采用抑制剂的优越性;综述了二噁英抑制剂种类及抑制机理,包括常用的氮基/硫基抑制剂、碱性抑制剂和复合抑制剂,并特别阐述了新型磷基抑制剂的研究进展。根据各类抑制剂在实验室的小试研究成果,提出了未来新型抑制剂的研发思路。而实际焚烧工况复杂多变、抑制剂对二噁英的控制效果不稳定,难以达到小试实验效果,因此抑制剂在实际生活垃圾焚烧过程中的应用和推广仍需深入研究和优化。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉周边环境空气及土壤中二噁英来源研究

系统研究了某城市生活垃圾焚烧炉周边地区6个焚烧炉废气样品、14个环境空气样品和3个表层土壤样品中二噁英的组成及其含量,并对其来源进行了解析.结果表明,焚烧炉排放废气中二噁英含量较高,周边地区环境空气及主导风向下风向污染物最大落地点附近土壤中的二噁英含量均处于较低水平,且主导风向下游环境空气中二噁英含量与其它地点采集的样品中二噁英含量差别不明显,但最大落地点表层土壤样品与背景点表层土壤样品中二噁英的组成及含量均有一定的变化.主成分分析结果表明,最大落地点附近表层土壤样品中的二噁英可能受到了污染源废气排放的影响,但环境空气中二英类污染物来源较为复杂,具体原因还需进一步的深入研究.     

硫氨基循环抑制烟气二噁英生成的试验研究

新型硫氨基物质对二噁英低温从头合成具有良好的抑制效果,但尚未在实际焚烧炉中应用.本文借助烟气循环抑制和飞灰低温热处置联用控制二噁英排放中试系统(500 Nm~3·h~(-1)),开展了硫氨基循环抑制实际焚烧炉烟气二噁英排放的研究.试验结果表明,硫氨基抑制气氛能在该系统中循环累积,该系统对二噁英阻滞率达95%以上,烟气二噁英排放浓度低于最新国家环保标准0.1 ng·Nm-~3(以I-TEQ计).该新型硫氨基循环抑制技术对实际废物焚烧炉二噁英的减排控制具有重要指导价值.     

基于污泥掺烧的某生活垃圾焚烧厂烟道气、飞灰及炉渣中的二噁英特征

以我国南方某生活垃圾焚烧厂掺烧10%市政污泥的生活垃圾为研究对象,对前/后口废气、飞灰、炉渣及用于掺烧的污泥中17种二噁英的含量进行了测定,并分析了其指纹分布特征.结合焚烧工况及处理设施,从生成机理角度探讨了二噁英的排放特征、毒性当量浓度主成分特征及主要单体的排放因子线性关系.结果表明:掺烧10%的市政污泥后,废气中二噁英的去除率为99.4%,低于国家排放标准;固体废物中二噁英含量为飞灰炉渣污泥.这说明采用高温焚烧和"活性炭喷射+布袋除尘"装置不会影响掺烧10%污泥的达标排放.指纹分布特征表明,前口废气以1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDF和OCDD为主,后口废气以OCDD和OCDF为主;飞灰、炉渣及污泥中的主要单体为OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDD、OCDF、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDF.主成分分析显示,前口废气和飞灰中的二噁英毒性分布特征相似;炉渣和污泥的毒性分布特征相似;后口废气有自身的特征.这说明在相同工况条件下,经同一设施处理的废物中二噁英排放特征相似.排放因子分析表明,2,3,4,7,8-Pe CDF和1,2,3,6,7,8-Hx CDF、1,2,3,6,7,8-Hx CDD和1,2,3,7,8,9-Hx CDD与总毒性排放因子具有较强的线性关系,且呋喃类(PCDFs)强于二噁英类(PCDDs).     

生活垃圾循环流化床焚烧锅炉飞灰中二噁英热解析特性研究

实际垃圾焚烧系统中飞灰会在尾部烟道堆积并在受热后发生二噁英的再生成、热降解及向烟气解析等协同作用.本文研究了半干法脱硫塔前生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在受热过程中二噁英的质量变化及其气固相分布情况,重点研究了反应温度、含氧量及硫胺基复合阻滞剂的添加等对飞灰中二噁英热解析特性的影响.试验结果表明,250℃时飞灰析出的气相二噁英很少,而450℃时气相二噁英的比例高达99.7%;氧含量对飞灰中二噁英的热解析特性影响较大,当氧含量为6%时,气相二噁英的析出量最大,达到2.87 ng·g-1;350℃时添加硫胺基复合阻滞剂后二噁英总量明显下降,表明阻滞剂能够抑制二噁英再合成,但气相中二噁英的比例从47.69%上升到87.50%.     

垃圾焚烧系统中二噁英类形成机理及影响因素

垃圾焚烧是城市中二噁英类污染的主要来源之一，因此如何控制焚烧二噁英类的形成和排放是目前研究的热点。本文探讨了垃圾焚烧过程中二噁英类的三种形成途径：原始垃圾中存在二噁英类、从头合成、前体物形成。并且进一步分析了二噁英类形成的影响因素(包括反应物、反应表面、催化剂、温度、烟气环境、氯源、水分)，从而为二噁英类的形成和排放控制提供理论基础和依据。     

二噁英分析检测方法研究进展及展望

二噁英是系列多氯代二苯并二噁英和多氯代二苯并呋喃的总称,是广泛存在于几乎整个生态系统如空气、土壤、底质、生物体中的一组剧毒致癌物质.它们通过各种燃烧过程、化学制造、工业生产等途径进入环境,并在环境中长期滞留和生物体内富集,给人类带来一系列毒副作用:如生殖、生长毒性、内分泌毒性、免疫抑制作用以及致癌性.本文首先对二噁英进行概述,并对其污染状况进行分析.在此基础上,阐述了二噁英分析方法的研究进展,最后论述了中国二噁英检测的进程.中国二噁英研究任重而道远,仍为今后研究重点和热点.     

水洗-球磨法降解飞灰中二噁英的研究

从珠三角地区2家典型垃圾焚烧厂采集飞灰,通过分析飞灰中金属及二噁英异构体的组成和分布特性,提出了水洗球磨法处理飞灰的新工艺.结果表明,飞灰中细颗粒物所占的比重大,80%以上的颗粒集中在2~100μm粒径之间,二噁英主要集中的粒径范围是30~53μm.飞灰中的二噁英包括多氯二苯并呋喃类(PCDFs)和多氯二苯并对二噁英类(PCDDs)两大类,二噁英的17种主要异构体中含量最大的是OCDD,毒性当量浓度最大的物质为2,3,4,7,8-Pe CDF.水洗后钾盐钠盐大量溶出,而二噁英是水难溶性物质,水洗后98%以上仍在固相中.使用球磨法降解飞灰水洗渣中的二噁英可以实现较好的降解率,特别是当使用双金属球磨法时,降解率可以达到93.20%.球磨过程中PCDDs类物质优先降解,且PCDFs类物质可能会转化成PCDDs类物质.当球磨反应进行到20 h时,球磨时间过长造成了二噁英的二次生成.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.