土壤中塑料与微生物的相互作用及其生态效应

聚焦于土壤环境中包括微塑料在内的塑料污染,综述了微生物与土壤塑料相互作用的最新研究成果.主要内容包括：（i）土壤塑料的来源、迁移及其在土壤中长期贮存的基本特征;（ii）土壤微生物对塑料的影响;（iii）塑料污染对土壤微生物群落及酶活性、土壤动物、农作物生产以及对全球陆地生态系统功能的影响.最后,本文展望了未来相关研究的重点方向,包括功能微生物、实验参数设置、塑料圈、塑料与土壤微生物的大尺度及长期研究等,为从微生物角度认识和解决土壤塑料污染问题提供参考.     

微塑料对环境介质中氮循环的影响研究进展

微塑料作为一种新污染物,在全球范围内引发了广泛关注.微塑料在威胁生物体健康的同时,也会通过定殖微生物等途径影响氮素正常的循环过程,但相关研究仍相对匮乏.本文在简述当前微塑料污染现状的基础上,介绍了微塑料对污泥、水、沉积物和土壤4种环境介质中氮循环的影响研究进展,并重点分析了微塑料作用下不同环境介质中氮转化过程的响应及作用机制.结果表明:当前微塑料影响氮循环的研究主要集中于污泥和土壤,对水环境和沉积物中的研究相对较少;环境介质和微塑料的聚合物类型、浓度、粒径等因素都会导致微塑料对氮循环的影响产生明显差异.进一步分析发现,微塑料主要通过影响氮转化相关的微生物、酶活性和功能基因以及改变氧通量等来影响硝化和反硝化等过程,其中,微生物受塑料添加剂释放的影响较大,微塑料自身也可能作为有机底物促进相关功能菌的生长;硝化和反硝化过程中关键酶及功能基因也会对微塑料的影响产生响应,进而影响氮循环过程.此外,微塑料能够通过改变沉积物的孔隙度增加氧通量,增强硝化作用.在后续研究中应重点关注微塑料参与氮循环的环境驱动机制,阐述其在潜流带等地球关键带中的作用路径,为全面评估微塑料对生态环境健康的影响提供支持.      

多孔介质中微塑料的环境行为研究进展

微塑料的环境污染问题已成为当前国内外研究的前沿热点之一,近年来土壤和地下水系统中微塑料的环境行为研究得到越来越多的关注.在论述多孔介质中微塑料来源和危害的基础上,聚焦国内外学者在微塑料环境行为方面的研究,综合评述了微塑料稳定性及其在多孔介质中运移行为的最新进展,重点介绍了物理、化学和生物三方面因素的影响及作用机制.从微塑料对其他污染物之间的吸附/解吸作用以及共运移行为两个方面汇总分析了微塑料和其他污染物间相互作用的最新研究进展.今后需要在不同类型微塑料、多因素耦合效应以及微塑料与微生物之间的相互作用等方面进一步深入研究,以期系统掌握多孔介质中微塑料的运移行为及作用机制.     

聚乙烯微塑料对盐渍化土壤微生物群落的影响

地膜覆盖保墒已成为盐渍化土壤种植中重要的农艺措施,而盐渍化与微塑料双重胁迫对土壤微生物的影响越来越受到重视.为探究聚乙烯微塑料对盐渍化土壤微生物群落的影响,通过室内模拟盐渍化土壤环境中微塑料污染的方法,探究不同类型（氯盐类和硫酸盐类）和不同含量（弱、中、强）的盐渍化土壤赋存不同丰度聚乙烯（PE）微塑料（土样干重的1%和4%）条件下对土壤微生物群落的影响.结果表明,PE微塑料会降低盐渍化土壤微生物群落多样性和丰富度,且硫酸盐类盐渍土处理受到的影响更强烈.赋存PE微塑料后不同处理微生物组成基本一致,但其相对丰度会发生变化,硫酸盐类盐渍土处理中各菌群相对丰度的变化较氯盐类盐渍土处理更强;门水平上,变形菌门相对丰度与赋存PE微塑料丰度呈正相关,而拟杆菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度与赋存PE微塑料丰度呈负相关;科水平上,黄杆菌科、食碱菌科、盐单胞菌科和鞘脂单胞菌科相对丰度随赋存PE微塑料丰度增大而增大.KEGG代谢通路预测显示,赋存PE微塑料会降低微生物新陈代谢和遗传信息等功能相对丰度,硫酸盐类盐渍土对新陈代谢功能的抑制作用强于氯盐类盐渍土,而对遗传信息功能的抑制效果弱于氯盐类盐渍土;新陈代谢功能二级通道中氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、能量代谢等功能受到抑制,推测新陈代谢功能的降低可能是由于上述二级代谢通路相对丰度降低引起的.试验结果可为微塑料和盐渍化双重污染条件下对土壤环境的影响研究提供理论依据.     

高密度聚乙烯微塑料胁迫对棉花生长、枯萎病发生和根际细菌群落的影响

塑料地膜,尤其是聚乙烯地膜,在我国农业生产中广泛使用,而其降解形成的微塑料也逐渐在土壤中累积,带来诸多环境问题.目前,农田土壤中微塑料的环境生物学效应已有诸多报道,但微塑料对作物生长、病害发生和根际土壤细菌群落的影响研究较少.前期研究发现1%高密度聚乙烯微塑料（HDPE,500目）处理土壤会提高棉花枯萎病发病率（33.3%）,并且抑制棉花生长,而土壤灭菌处理后未发现此现象,推测HDPE通过改变土壤微生物群落,影响棉花生长和枯萎病发生.因此,拟通过高通量测序技术,结合网络分析和FAPROTAX功能分析,探究HDPE对棉花根际土壤细菌群落结构、互作网络和功能的影响,解析HDPE的作用机制.NovaSeq测序显示HDPE处理的棉花根际细菌群落由54个门,472个属组成,门与属组成数量均少于无菌水处理土壤.α、β多样性和ANOSIM/Adonis分析表明,HDPE显著降低细菌群落的丰富度,并改变群落结构组成.基于T-test分析差异物种,HDPE显著降低土壤中具有潜在生物防治、污染物降解和抗真菌药物合成功能菌属的相对丰度,如Kribbella、Massilia、Hailiangium和Ramlibacter等.细菌群落的改变导致土壤细菌功能的变化,进一步通过FAPROTAX功能分析可知,HDPE弱化棉花根际土壤细菌部分生物化学功能,如化能异养、发酵和硝酸盐还原等.属水平物种相关性网络分析表明HDPE处理减弱了根际细菌间的相互作用,减少正相关连接数,增加负相关连接数,简化网络结构,改变关键菌群.以上结果表明HDPE可通过改变棉花根际细菌群落、相互作用与功能代谢,影响棉花的生长与枯萎病发生,可为评价聚乙烯微塑料生态风险与污染土壤修复提供指导.     

电子废物拆解区微塑料与周围土壤环境之间的关系

微塑料污染无处不在,并受到了社会各界的关注.近年来,关于微塑料在水生态系统中的报道越来越多,而关于陆地生态环境,尤其在电子废物拆解区土壤微塑料污染的研究还十分匮乏.以广东省汕头地区贵屿镇废弃的以不同拆解方式所造成的电子废物拆解样地为研究对象,从生态毒理学和微生物学角度探讨了微塑料与其周围土壤环境之间的关系.通过SEM-EDS对微塑料表面进行表征,发现其表面具有老化和降解的迹象;这可能是由于微塑料长期暴露在土壤中,以及原始的拆解方法造成其表面形态及性质发生了变化.另外,在同一微塑料样品的不同表面位置,金属元素类型存在较大差异;说明微塑料所携带的一些金属元素并非本身固有,而是从周围土壤环境中吸附的.利用ICP-OES对微塑料内载固有的7种重金属（Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Ba、Co和Ni）进行分析发现,由于微塑料主要来源于各类电子废物,其所含各重金属含量在不同样地中有所不同,且几乎均高于周围土壤,尤其Ba在微塑料中的含量比在土壤中高出10³数量级.Ba在塑料中主要以BaSO₄的形式存在,常作为填料广泛添加于各种塑料中.此外,对微塑料表面微生物进行16S rRNA测序,并采用Spearman等级相关系数分析了微塑料表面细菌群落平均丰度前50的属与土壤环境因子之间的关系.这些微生物主要来源于微塑料所处的周围环境,因此环境因子的差异会直接影响微塑料表面微生物群落.由不同拆解方式所导致的电子废物污染场地具有不同的土壤环境因素,这些因素与微塑料表面微生物的相关性也存在差异.     

长期石油污染对盐碱化土壤中微生物群落分子生态网络的影响

长期石油污染改变了土壤微生物群落组成,降低了群落多样性,对生态系统造成严重的威胁.为了探讨长期石油污染对盐碱化土壤中微生物物种间相互作用关系的影响,采集胜利油田石油污染土壤和未污染土壤,利用随机矩阵方法构建分子生态网络.结果发现,污染土壤和未污染土壤中微生物功能基因组的分子生态网络存在显著差异(P0.001).与未污染土壤相比,污染土壤的网络节点数、连接数、平均连通度、模块数和模块性都显著降低,说明在石油污染的影响下土壤微生物网络拓扑结构发生变化;污染土壤和未污染土壤的模块枢纽基因、连接器基因均没有重叠,模块枢纽基因和连接器基因的网络拓扑角色发生了变化.通过构建烷烃、多环芳烃降解基因网络,发现负相互作用的比例较大,这可能反映了微生物功能群落间的竞争关系.     

微塑料对土壤N2O排放及氮素转化的影响研究进展

微塑料（MPs）在土壤环境中的作用和影响逐渐受到关注,但其对土壤氮素循环及其影响机制并不明确.氧化亚氮（N₂O）是农田土壤氮素循环中重要的温室气体之一,其主要来源于微生物参与的氮转化过程.微塑料对土壤氮转化过程及相关功能酶和基因都能够产生影响,其在土壤中不断富集可能造成土壤N₂O排放规律的改变.由于微塑料自身的复杂性以及不同试验在时空上的变异,导致微塑料对土壤氮素转化和N₂O排放产生不同了影响,增大了对土壤N₂O排放和土壤氮素转化的评估难度.目前,微塑料在土壤N₂O排放、氮素含量、相关功能酶活性和功能基因丰度的研究上未得出统一的结论,缺少在更广的尺度（如盆栽尺度）、更多元的角度（如反硝化过程、DNRA过程等）和更先进的手段上（如同位素技术）探究其影响机制的研究.因此,通过归纳微塑料对土壤氮循环影响的不同观点,能更全面地认识微塑料对土壤氮循环存在的影响,可为气候变化条件下土壤微塑料富集对土壤氮素循环过程以及N₂O排放规律的影响提供一定的理论基础.     

土壤中微塑料对陆生植物的毒性及其降解机制研究进展

微塑料(MPs)作为一种新型环境污染物,自2004年被英国科学家提出以来受到广泛关注.土壤作为微塑料的重要聚集地,随农田灌水和翻耕等农业操作的进行,微塑料污染范围和积累量不断扩大并对陆生植物产生多种毒性,且由于其粒径小、难降解和吸附能力强的特点给土壤微塑料污染治理带来了较大挑战.从微塑料的直接和间接毒性及其与其他污染物结合时产生的联合毒性这3个方面综述了微塑料对陆生植物的毒性,主要表现为微塑料存在对植物造成机械损伤、诱导植物产生氧化应激、细胞毒性和基因毒性,导致植物生长和植物组织代谢受阻等一系列问题.进一步,基于当前研究阐述了微塑料的物理、化学和微生物降解机制：微塑料的物理和化学降解主要通过改变微塑料的粒径大小和表面性质并产生中间产物;而更小粒径微塑料及其中间产物可以在物理、化学和微生物这3种因素同步影响下最终转化为水和二氧化碳,但该过程极其复杂和缓慢.最后,对微塑料的进一步研究方向进行展望,可为未来微塑料的陆地生态系统领域研究重点和污染控制提供资料借鉴.     

土壤环境中微塑料的污染现状及其影响研究进展

微塑料作为一种持久性污染物,对土壤生态系统具有严重影响,土壤中微塑料的污染已愈加受到国内外学者的广泛关注。当前关于土壤环境中微塑料的研究较少,针对当前土壤中微塑料的来源、分布、降解迁移、生态效应及污染防治等方面进行综述。主要包括以下几个方面:1）概括土壤生态系统中微塑料的来源、分布特点和迁移降解规律,确定了土壤环境中微塑料的赋存状态;2）总结土壤生态系统中微塑料与其他污染物的复合效应;3）分析了微塑料对土壤理化性质、动物、植物、微生物的影响,并揭示了微塑料对于土壤生态系统的影响;4）根据土壤微塑料的分布特点、降解迁移及生态效应提出污染防治措施。最后,对今后土壤微塑料的研究重点进行了展望。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.