Fe2+/电复合活化过硫酸盐处理酸性橙Ⅱ的过程研究

构建了Fe²⁺/电复合活化过硫酸盐体系,以酸性橙Ⅱ为模拟污染物,探究了温度、Fe²⁺浓度、过硫酸钠浓度、电流密度和pH值对降解过程的影响,并基于猝灭实验分析过程中存在的活性物种及其作用机制.结果表明：Fe²⁺/电复合活化下酸性橙Ⅱ的降解速率远高于同等条件下单一Fe²⁺活化或电活化的情况;Fe²⁺/电复合活化的能耗仅为0.15 kWh·m^-3,比电活化的能耗降低了46.4%;Fe²⁺/电复合活化对初始pH的适用性较为宽泛,在酸性或中性条件下均可有效降解酸性Ⅱ;在温度为40℃、Fe²⁺浓度为0.50 mmol·L^-1、过硫酸钠浓度为4 mmol·L^-1、电流密度为3 mA·cm^-2和初始pH为6.76的情况下,酸性橙Ⅱ的降解率可在30 min内达到95.8%;猝灭实验表明,复合活化过程中存在硫酸根自由基、羟基自由基和超氧自由基.综合分析认为复合体系中的...     

负载多壁碳纳米管的多孔Ti/SnO2-Sb-Ni电极电催化氧化双酚A

为发展废水中双酚A（BPA）的处理技术和保护水环境安全,采用“电沉积-热分解”法制备负载多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）的多孔Ti/SnO₂-Sb-Ni电极,研究了电极对BPA的去除能力、动力学特征和矿化效率,初步分析了BPA的降解途径.结果表明,当浸渍液中n（Sn）∶n（Sb）∶n（Ni）为100∶10∶1、ρ（MWCNTs）为0.8g·L^-1时,制备的电极对BPA的去除效果最好;负载MWCNTs使得电极表面的晶体尺寸更小,可增大电极的比表面积,为电催化反应提供更多的活性位点,进而提高电极的电催化效率.当c（Na₂SO₄）为10mmol·L^-1、反应液初始pH为5和电流密度为50 mA·cm^-2时,对50 mg·L^-1的BPA降解60 min时去除效率达到99.76%;去除过程符合一级反应动力学方程,速率常数为0.096 min^-1;电解120 min时,TOC去除率达到67.01%.采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析法（...     

电芬顿法处理重金属络合物Ni-EDTA的研究

本文首先研究了电絮凝与电芬顿对Ni-EDTA去除效率对比,结果发现电絮凝对Ni-EDTA去除效率较低.通过电化学阳极溶解产生Fe2+,外加H2O2反应的阳极电芬顿过程可有效去除Ni-EDTA.详细考察Ni-EDTA初始浓度、电流密度、p H值及H2O2投加量对Ni-EDTA去除率的影响.结果表明,电芬顿方法处理Ni-EDTA络合物其初始浓度越低,去除效果越好.反应最佳p H值为3.5,H2O2投加量在一定条件下存在最优值,而络合物的去除率随着电流密度的增加而提高.对Ni-EDTA去除过程进行了分析.     

磁混凝预处理小城镇混合污水的效能与混凝机制研究

针对某小城镇污水处理厂混合进水浓度高的问题,本研究探讨了磁混凝技术在典型小城镇混合污水处理厂提质增效与技术升级改造中的适用性,结果表明,优化的混凝条件为：pH=7,PAC和PAM投加量分别为600 mg·L^-1和4 mg·L^-1,慢搅速率为30 r·min^-1.三维荧光光谱耦合区域面积积分法(FRI)和平行因子法(PARAFAC)的分析结果表明,污水中溶解性有机物(DOM)以色氨酸类、酪氨酸类及富里酸类3种组分为主,内源性特征明显.磁种可显著提升混凝效果,优化的磁种投加量为400 mg·L^-1,浊度和COD去除率分别为99.7%和82%.在磁混凝过程中,磁种作为絮体形成的核心并促进絮体生长,可显著提升絮体的比重、密实度与沉降性能,进而强化固液分离效率,沉降时间缩短为1/6.同时,密实度的增加和微磁场的作用可进一步提升絮体颗粒间的结合力,强化水力冲击下混凝过程的稳定性.因此,与传统混凝工艺相比,磁混凝技术在典型小城镇污水处理提质增效中具有较高的应用潜能.     

改性Cu-Pd双金属电极电化学还原硝酸盐性能研究

为揭示高盐废水中电催化还原硝酸盐氮的能力,采用阴极电沉积法成功制备了NF/CNTs/Cu-Pd双金属复合电极.通过SEM-EDS、XRD和XPS表征,证实CuPd纳米颗粒成功沉积在泡沫镍(NF)底板上.研究了电流密度、初始pH值、初始硝酸盐浓度和Cl^-浓度等因素对模拟水中NO₃^--N、TN的去除能力的影响,并用实际高盐废水验证了其可行性.结果表明:没有Cl^-存在情况下,NF/CNTs/Cu-Pd可有效去除NO₃^--N,但TN去除能力一般,NO₃^--N主要转化为NH₄⁺-N.有Cl^-存在作用下,NO₃^--N、TN得到有效去除.反应最佳条件为:电流密度30mA/cm²,初始pH值7,初始浓度50mg/L,氯离子浓度2.0g/L,此时NO₃^--N...     

电絮凝法去除水中微量叔丁醇的研究

采用电絮凝法对水中微量的叔丁醇(TBA)进行去除,分别考察了电极材料、极板间距、电流密度、溶液初始pH值对叔丁醇去除效果的影响.结果表明,以铝为阳极、不锈钢为阴极,极板间距为1.4cm,电流密度为20mA/cm2,溶液初始pH值为8时,电解120min后叔丁醇的去除率为80.4％,此时铝阳极实际损耗量(1.93kg/m...     

含Br-废水高级氧化过程AOX生成特性研究

在焦化废水中投加Br^-模拟含Br^-难降解废水,研究UV/H₂O₂和UV/PDS两种高级氧化工艺在实现TOC优化去除条件下可吸附有机卤素（Adsorbable Organic Halogens,AOX）的生成特性.通过响应曲面法优化反应条件,实现废水中TOC高效去除,但Br^-浓度从50 mg·L^-1增至150mg·L^-1时,UV/H₂O₂和UV/PDS出水AOX浓度分别从0.56 mg·L^-1和0.65 mg·L^-1升高至1.44 mg·L^-1和1.63 mg·L^-1,远高于进水AOX浓度(0.08mg·L^-1);对活性卤代成分（RHS）稳态浓度的模拟结果表明UV/PDS中RHS浓度总体高于UV/H₂O₂,是造成二者出水AOX浓度区别的重要原...     

调控絮体形态强化电絮凝减缓膜污染

本研究通过调节电絮凝工艺参数来实现对絮体形态的调控,进而达到减缓膜污染的目的.主要考察了电流密度、初始pH、初始电导率对絮体性质以及膜通量的影响,并解析了超滤膜对不同形貌结构絮体的膜污染响应机制.结果表明,电絮凝减缓膜污染的关键是在膜表面形成疏松多孔的滤饼层,电絮凝-超滤(electrocoagulation-ultrafiltration,EC-UF)工艺不但能够有效地减缓膜污染,而且还极大提升了出水水质.增加电流密度,以及在pH中性水质条件下,EC-UF工艺中膜通量保持更高.j=20 A·m~(-2)、初始pH=7、初始电导率=1 000μS·cm~(-1),EC-UF工艺对水中的腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)去除率为97%,平衡阶段归一化通量J/J0达到81%.     

电絮凝处理含Cu~(2+)废水的影响机制研究

电絮凝是去除废水中重金属离子的有效技术。研究考察了极板类型、电流密度、溶液pH值和阳离子(Ca2+、Mg2+)、阴离子(SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、H2PO2-)对电絮凝除Cu2+的影响,并解析这些影响因素对电絮凝效率的作用机制。结果表明,采用铁板电极在电流密度13 mA/cm2、初始pH=5.0,反应60 min后Cu2+(250 mg/L)去除率可达99%以上。Ca2+、Mg2+对Cu2+的电絮凝去除影响不明显,SO42-、H2PO2-、Cl-对除Cu2+有促进作用,而NO3-的存在会显著降低除Cu2+效果。     

电絮凝处理含铜废水的试验研究

针对含铜废水对生态环境的严重污染问题,提出了电絮凝法处理含铜废水中的Cu2＋,讨论了溶液初始pH、电流密度、电极间距、电絮凝时间等因素对去除效果的影响.确定了最佳电絮凝条件,即在初始pH=5.0,电流密度为6 mA/cm2,电极间距为1 cm,处理时间为30 min的工艺条件下,含铜废水中Cu2＋去除率为98.5％.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.