淡黄杜鹃植物挥发油化学成分的研究

利用毛细管气相色谱保留指数定性、标准样品叠加和色谱质谱计算机联用技术,对淡黄杜鹃植物挥发油的化学成分进行了分离和鉴定,共鉴定出单萜烃１８个、倍半萜烃４１个,并测得了各化合物的相对含量,其主要成分是：β蒎烯、α蒎烯、乙酸冰片酯、柠檬烯、β榄香烯、香桧烯、香茅醇和月桂烯     

北京高碑店污水系统有机化合物分析研究初探

应用毛细管气相色谱、色/质联机、LSC等技术分离鉴定了北京市最大的城市污水系统的有机污染物共294种。其中,从污水和地下水中分别鉴定了可气相色谱分离的有机物180种和84种;从污泥中鉴定了碱性氟杂环化合物35种;污灌土壤中多环类化合物(PACs)38种。就有关结果的童义进行了简要的讨论。     

四种有机磷农药的分离和鉴定

四种有机磷农药的分离和鉴定是根据国内农药生产、使用及环境污染的具体情况而提出的课题。在此之前,这四种农药同时存在时的分离问题并来解决。本文着重报告了实现四种有机磷农药分离和鉴定的气相色谱条件,并讨论了影响分离的各种因素。     

地下水中挥发性有机污染物的快速直接测定

采用液样浓缩器-气相色谱-质谱-数据系统(LSC/GC/MS/DS)联用装置快速直接测定地下水中挥发性有机污染物,分离鉴定出两个城市的地下水样中多种污染物。实验表明,该法简易快速。本文还讨论了方法的优点、局限性及改进措施。     

德务淫羊藿的化学成分研究

德务淫羊藿地上部分提取物经硅胶柱色谱、硅胶制备薄层色谱等方法反复分离纯化,用各种波谱数据分析、鉴定化合物的结构.从德务淫羊藿的氯仿部分和正丁醇部分分离和鉴定了7个化合物,分别为二十烷醇(Ⅰ)、正十八酸(Ⅱ)、β谷甾醇(Ⅲ)、γ谷甾醇(Ⅳ)、20Hydroxydammar24en3one(Ⅴ)、桂木宁U(artoninU)(Ⅵ)、胡箩卜甙(Ⅶ).化合物Ⅰ～Ⅶ均首次从该植物中分离得到.参6     

饮水中有机物分离鉴定方法研究

本文提供一个在没有气相色谱/质谱/计算机联机(简称GC/MS/DS)情况下,进行饮水中有机物分离鉴定的方法。通过大孔树脂Amberlite XAD吸附、不同溶剂洗脱,硅胶柱层析和薄层分离等步骤浓集和分离饮水中有机物。然后在薄层板上用萤光激发光谱鉴定多环芳烃;根据在硅胶柱洗脱液中的位置和气相色谱中保留时间这二个参数鉴定其它化合物。 本文测定了包括有机氯农药、硝基化合物、氯代芳烃、酚类、蓉二甲酸酯类和多环芳烃等六类共三十四个有机物的鉴定参数。 用本法以某市自来水中检出五十二个组分,其中巳鉴定的有六六六四种异构体、1,2,4-三氯苯、萤蒽、(艹屈)、芘、苯并〔a〕芘等九种有机物。     

酵母菌株Pseudozyma rugulosa对合成染料脱色的初步研究

通过筛选实验,从土壤中分离出一株对活性艳红KBP具有明显脱色效果的酵母菌株,鉴定为Pseudozymarugulosa.采用含50mg·l-1活性艳红K2BP的液体培养基同步培养脱色,发现该菌株在9h时对活性艳红K2BP的脱色率为99%.此外,该菌株对另外九种染料的脱色率在22%—98%之间.其中,对偶氮染料——弱酸艳红B、活性黑KNB和活性红M3BE的脱色率都达到了96%以上,对三苯甲烷染料——酸性媒介漂蓝B的脱色率达到了89%.     

高效染料降解真菌的分离及其在印染废水生物处理中的强化作用

用选择培养基从污水处理厂污泥中筛选出能降解3种染料(OrangeⅠ,OrangeⅡ和酸性大红)的菌株.通过梯度驯化,优选出1株适应能力强、活力旺盛的菌株F2,初步鉴定为腐霉菌.以OorangeⅡ为模式染料,比较不同培养基对降解的影响,发现PDA培养基最合适.通过对降解产物的紫外可见光谱分析,发现腐霉菌F2能彻底降解染料,并优先降解简单结构.另外通过用该菌株作为外源菌强化原染料废水处理的混合菌群,得到良好的处理效果.图5参10     

一株槭射脉革菌MY51的分离鉴定及对染料的脱色能力

通过对兔眼蓝莓叶片组织中分离得到的内生真菌MY51进行鉴定和产木质素降解酶活性检测,探讨该菌株对染料的脱色能力.通过形态学和分子生物学分类法对菌株MY51进行鉴定;对菌株MY51所产3种木质素降解酶酶活曲线进行测定;利用菌株MY51对固体条件下8种染料进行脱色能力的检测,筛选出较易脱色的染料后,以脱色效果较好的染料模拟污水染料,研究菌株MY51在静态条件下对不同浓度固体染料的脱色能力.结果表明,菌株MY51为白腐真菌——槭射脉革菌(Phlebia acerina),该菌株可以产木质素过氧化物酶、漆酶和锰过氧化物酶等木质素降解酶;且木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶活性均在培养第8天达到最大值,分别为11.05、1.21 U/L;漆酶活性在第10天达到最大值18.52U/L;菌株MY51对不同的染料均有脱色效果,对活性红和活性黑的脱色效果最显著;但染料浓度较高时会对菌株MY51的脱色产生一定抑制作用,脱色15 d后,MY51对质量浓度为10、50、100、250和500 mg/L活性红脱色率分别为98.2%、94.5%、87.8%、88.3%和85.6%;对质量浓度为10、50、100、250和500mg/L的活性黑脱色率分别为98%、93%、83.3%、74.5%和65.5%.本研究表明菌株MY51对活性染料具有较好脱色能力,在染料废水处理领域具有一定的应用前景.(图10参31)     

青枯菌不同色谱峰组分的细胞表面特性

将高效离子交换色谱应用于植物重要致病菌——青枯菌的分离分析.青枯菌纯培养物经过色谱分离得到3个特征峰,收集3个色谱峰组分进行形态观察和生理生化鉴定,结果表明3个组分均属于青枯菌生化Ⅲ型;进一步分析发现,3个色谱峰组分在质粒DNA、细胞表面鞭毛菌毛蛋白含量和全细胞脂多糖成分方面无明显差异,但细胞表面黏附的胞外酸性多糖EPSⅠ含量差异显著;3个色谱峰青枯菌细胞表面疏水性的测定结果也证实了EPSⅠ是造成不同青枯菌细胞色谱行为差异的主要原因.高效离子交换色谱为细菌活细胞的研究提供了一种新方法.图4表2参15     

Degradation of azo dyes in water by Electro-Fenton process

The degradation of the azo dyes azobenzene, p-methyl red and methyl orange in aqueous solution at room temperature has been studied by an advanced electrochemical oxidation process (AEOPs) under potential-controlled electrolysis conditions, using a Pt anode and a carbon felt cathode. The electrochemical production of Fenton's reagent (H₂O₂, Fe²⁺) allows a controlled in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (^·OH) by simultaneous reduction of dioxygen and ferrous ions on the carbon felt electrode. In turn, hydroxyl radicals react with azo dyes, thus leading to their mineralization into CO₂ and H₂O. The chemical composition of the azo dyes and their degradation products during electrolysis were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following degradation products were identified: hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, pyrocatechol, 4-nitrocatechol, 1,3,5-trihydroxynitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol. Degradation of the initial azo dyes was assessed by the measurement of the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Kinetic analysis of these data showed a pseudo-first order degradation reaction for all azo dyes. A pathway of degradation of azo dyes is proposed. Specifically, the degradation of dyes and intermediates proceeds by oxidation of azo bonds and aromatic ring by hydroxyl radicals. The results display the efficiency of the Electro-Fenton process to degrade organic matter. Electronic Publication     

Mutagenicity assessment of textile dyes from Sanganer (Rajasthan)

Sanganer town, district Jaipur (Rajasthan, India) is famous worldwide for its hand block dyeing and textile printing industries. These industries use a variety of chemicals and dyes during processing and finishing of raw materials. Most of the textile dyes used by these industries have not been evaluated for their impact on health and the environment. The workers in these industries are exposed to such dyes with no control over the length and frequency of exposure. Further, untreated and sometimes even treated effluents from these industries are released into surface waters of Amani Shah drainage or through the drainage systems, seep into the ground water and adjoining water bodies. Since many textile dyes are known carcinogens and mutagens, a complete evaluation of the safety of these dyes in the human environment must include an evaluation of their genotoxicity or mutagenicity. A total of 12 textile dyes from Sanganer were tested for their mutagenicity, by Ames Salmonella reversion assay using strain TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Only 1 dye, Red 12 B showed absence of mutagenic activity. The remaining 11 dyes were all positively mutagenic.     

负载型纳米Fe-Pd降解水溶性偶氮染料

采用阳离子交换树脂表面为载体,合成了负载型纳米Fe-Pd二元复合金属材料,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析对该材料进行表征,研究了其对一些水溶性偶氮染料的降解效果.实验表明,该材料对0.05 g.L-1甲基橙、日落黄、酸性橙8、金橙G和活性红2等偶氮染料有较好的降解效果,纳米双金属中Pd含量的增加有利于染料的降解;反应体系初始pH值对染料的降解率影响较大,本研究中,pH 4酸性条件下降解效果最佳;制备的材料在第10次活化后,仍有较好的降解效果;为环境中偶氮染料的降解提供了一种有效的方法.     

染料结构与其絮凝脱色效果关系的探讨

在对活性、酸性和碱性等 1 0种水溶性染料水样絮凝脱色和平衡渗析实验数据进行分析的基础上 ,初步探讨了染料结构与其絮凝脱色率之间的定性关系。PAN -DCD絮凝剂对 1 0种染料的最佳脱色pH范围 <5,尤其在pH值 <4更佳。在最佳pH条件下 ,絮凝剂加入量增加 ,脱色率升高。染料分子上磺酸基数目多者脱色效果好 ,分子中疏水性基团大则脱色率高 ,含蒽醌环的染料脱色率大于萘环者 ,也大于含苯环者。     

Adsorption anionischer Azofarbstoffe an Boden/Sediment

The adsorption behavior of three anionic azo dyes (Acid Orange 6, Acid Orange 10 andAcid Orange 12) on different soil/sediment components (quartz sand, clay and organic matter) was investigated with a flow-through method using a simplified HPLC apparatus. Organic matter had the highest adsorption capacity for all three dyes, followed by clay and sand. The adsorption on different components in mixtures was not additive. The adsorption of similar aniomic azo dyes decreased with increasing negative charge. The affinity of equally charged dye molecules to the adsorbents was also strongly influenced by the remaining chemical structure. While adsorption on organic matter could always be described by Freundlich isotherms, S-shaped isotherms were often measured with quartz sand and clay. For that reason one must assume different adsorption mechanisms for organic matter and mineral adsorbens. Lower pH values always led to stronger adsorption of the anionic azo dyes. On the other hand, ionic strength effects cannot be characterized so clearly. Adsorption was generally lowered by decreasing ionic strengths but sometimes the opposite effect was observed. Moreover, there were some unusual cases of partly irreversible adsorption on quartz sand and organic matter when the dyes were not dissolved in an aqueous solution containing additional inorganic ions but in double distilled water. The adsorption of anionic azo dyes on soil and sediment materials turned out to be a very complex process. Although some interesting coherences could be pointed out, much more research is required to recognize general principles, concerning for example the influence of the chemical structure or the surrounding aqueous solution.     

Decolorization and degradation of acid dyes mediated by salt fractionated turnip ( Brassica rapa ) peroxidases

Peroxidases from turnip roots (524?U?g^?1 of vegetable) were highly effective in decolorizing acid dyes having wide spectrum chemical groups. Dye solutions, containing 40–170?mg?dye?L^?1, were treated by turnip peroxidases (TP) (specific activity of 122.0?U?mg^?1 proteins). These enzymes were able to decolorize most of the acid dyes in the presence of 2.0?mM 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT). Increasing concentration of enzyme and time in the absence of HOBT did not influence dye decolorization. The rate of decolorization was significantly enhanced when HOBT was added to the decolorizing solutions. The decolorization of all the used dyes was maximum at pH 5.0 and 40°C. Complex mixtures of dyes were significantly decolorized when treated with enzyme in the presence of HOBT (2.0?mM). Phytotoxicity test based on Allium cepa root growth inhibition has shown that majority of the TP-treated dye product were not more toxic than their parent dye. Kinetic parameters of the TP with various dyes showed that this enzyme has highest affinity for Acid Yellow 42. This study demonstrates that the peroxidase/mediator system was an effective biocatalyst for the treatment of industrial effluents from textile, dye manufacturing, dyeing and printing industries or complex mixtures of dyes.     

载钯树脂对偶氮类染料的吸附降解及其产物对发光菌的毒性暴露试验

合成了表面负载金属钯的聚丙烯醛异烟酰腙树脂后,通过Q67发光菌的毒性暴露实验研究了该树脂材料对直接大红、直接天蓝和桃红等3种水溶性偶氮染料的催化降解效果及其在降解过程中对发光菌的生物毒性变化情况,并对降解结果进行了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析.实验结果表明:载钯树脂对直接大红、直接天蓝和桃红等偶氮染料具有良好的吸附...     

稻草秆粉基质中白腐茵对三苯甲烷类染料的降解特性

研究了稻草秆粉基质中自腐菌对三苯甲烷类染料（孔雀绿、溴酚蓝和结晶紫）的降解特性．结果表明，白腐菌10d内对三苯甲烷类染料脱色率均可达到93％以上．染料加入对木素过氧化物酶分泌有抑制作用．随着培养过程的进行，染料脱色率增加，脱色降解以漆酶为主．紫外扫描发现，染料吸收波长有偏移，标志着染料结构发生变化，其中溴酚蓝能被完全矿化．图2表2参10     

金属离子协同马尾藻对水中偶氮染料分子脱色的研究

本文研究了多种金属离子对海藻处理不同结构的偶氮染料分子的影响，结果表明，金属离子的种类及浓度对海藻处理偶所染料都有重要的作用，偶氮染料的分子量和结构也影响该体系的脱色效果。适当浓度的金属离子和海藻的体系比单独海藻处理偶氮染料的脱色速度快，脱色率高。同时探讨了该体系处理不同结构染料分子的脱色差异。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus algicola</Emphasis> decolourises more than 95% of some textile azo dyes

Textile effluents in natural waters pose environmental health problems if not treated to safe limits. Various bacterial species have the potential to degrade dyes. Here we studied the ability of Bacillus algicola to decolourise red, blue and yellow azo dyes. B. algicola was isolated from soil samples taken from a sanitary landfill site. Isolation and screening were performed using mineral salt medium. Dye-decolourising isolates were assessed in their capacity to decolourise dyes. Experiments were conducted at pH 6, 7 and 8, and 25, 35 and 45 °C. Phytotoxicity of the dyes and biodegradation products was assessed by seed germination tests. Results show that B. algicola gave the highest decolourisation at pH 8.0 and 25 °C in the presence of yeast extract as media supplement. B. algicola degraded the red and blue azo dyes by over 95%. The phytotoxicity results indicated that biodegradation products of the red and blue azo dyes were not toxic. Biodegradation products of the yellow dye were, however, toxic and considerably hindered germination. From these results, we infer that B. algicola has good potential for degrading and decolourising the red and blue test azo dyes.