聊城冬季一重污染过程PM2.5污染特征及成因分析

北方秋冬季为重污染过程频发季节,为了解聊城市冬季重污染过程中PM_(2.5)及化学组分污染特征,于2016年1月7~11日在聊城市区开展PM_(2.5)样品采集并分析了其中水溶性离子、碳成分及无机金属元素这3种化学组分,并对污染特征及成因进行了分析.结果表明,此次污染过程PM_(2.5)浓度呈现明显的倒V字型,平均浓度为238.3μg·m~(-3),超过国家环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)二级浓度限值2.2倍;NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为PM_(2.5)的主要水溶性离子成分;随污染加重或减轻,NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl-和Mg~(2+)浓度呈现增加或降低趋势,而Ca~(2+)变化趋势与之相反.污染鼎盛时,NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)浓度分别为48.96、68.45和80.55μg·m~(-3),达到起始阶段的6.29、7.31和7.84倍;过程期间OC和EC的浓度为20.8~60.2μg·m~(-3)和3.0~7.5μg·m~(-3),OC浓度高于EC且变化幅度明显偏大;过程期间各日无机金属元素浓度和分别为10.2、22.4、16.0、19.6和8.2μg·m~(-3),富集因子(EF)结果显示,各元素EF均小于10,未被富集,表明污染过程中其主要来源于地壳等自然源;PM_(2.5)质量浓度重构结果表明,有机物(OM)、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-为PM_(2.5)的主要组分,其次为NH_4~+、地壳物质和其他离子,EC和微量元素含量相对较低.随着PM_(2.5)污染加重,二次无机盐(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-及NH_4~+)浓度及所占比例均随之增加,OM浓度随之增加但比例有所下降,而地壳物质浓度及比例均下降,表明二次无机转化是此次污染过程的主要原因,主要受燃煤和机动车排放影响.     

成都冬季PM2.5化学组分污染特征及来源解析

2017年1月1~20日在成都地区分昼夜对PM_(2.5)进行连续膜样品采集,并在实验室测定了其主要化学组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)的质量浓度.观测期间,PM_(2.5)的平均质量浓度为(127.1±59.9)μg·m~(-3);总水溶性离子的质量浓度为(56.5±25.7)μg·m~(-3),其中SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4是最主要的离子,质量浓度分别为(13.6±5.5)、(21.4±12.0)和(13.3±5.7)μg·m~(-3),一共占到了水溶性离子的85.6%;有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的平均质量浓度分别为34.0μg·m~(-3)和6.1μg·m~(-3),分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的26.8%和4.8%.昼夜污染对比显示,PM_(2.5)白天和夜晚质量浓度分别为(120.4±56.4)μg·m~(-3)和(133.8±64.0)μg·m~(-3),夜间污染更为严重.SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4白天浓度高于夜间,这与白天光照促进了二次离子的形成有关;而Cl-、K+、OC和EC浓度夜间明显升高,可能是受夜间煤和生物质燃烧排放增加的影响.通过对近年来成都冬季PM_(2.5)化学组分的研究进行文献总结和比较后发现,SO2-4浓度显著降低,从2010年的50.6μg·m~(-3)降低到2017年的13.6μg·m~(-3);而NO-3浓度变化不大,维持在20μg·m~(-3)左右.PM_(2.5)中离子酸碱平衡分析表明,成都冬季PM_(2.5)由于NH+4的相对过剩而呈现出碱性,与以往呈偏酸性结果存在差异.对成都冬季NO-3/SO2-4的比值进行计算,NO-3/SO2-4平均值为1.57,表明移动源对PM_(2.5)污染影响更大.OC与EC的相关性表明,白天和夜间OC与EC的相关系数分别为0.82和0.90(P0.01),OC与EC来源具有一致性.SOC估算结果显示,白天和夜间SOC浓度分别为8.5μg·m~(-3)和11.9μg·m~(-3),占到OC的28.1%和31.8%.K+/EC平均值为0.31,并且K+与OC之间相关系数为0.87(P0.01),说明生物质燃烧对成都冬季碳质气溶胶有一定影响.主成分分析表明,成都冬季PM_(2.5)主要来源于燃烧源(燃煤、生物质燃烧等)、二次无机污染源以及土壤和扬尘源,其贡献率分别为32.8%、34.5%和21.5%.     

陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)主要化学组分特征

通过对陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)采样分析,获得PM_(2.5)质量浓度及主要化学组分特征。PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为89.5±42.0μg·m~(-3),超过国家二级标准。观测期间PM_(2.5)中OC、EC浓度平均值分别为16.0±6.9μg·m~(-3)和5.7±3.2μg·m~(-3),OC/EC平均比值为3.0±0.4。主要水溶性离子组分为NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+。粒子数浓度与表面积浓度峰值主要集中在0.5μm以下粒径段。PAHs、BeP和BaP平均质量浓度分别为48.9±10.9 ng·m~(-3)、3.0±0.9 ng·m~(-3)和1.2±0.7 ng·m~(-3),PAHs污染较严重,强致癌物BaP浓度超过国家环境空气质量标准年平均浓度限值。当地农村以石煤为主的能源结构及采用的燃烧方式是导致污染的重要因素。     

泉州市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子季节变化特征及来源解析

为掌握泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中无机水溶性离子的季节变化特征,于2014年3月~2015年1月同步采集了泉州市5个采样点共116个PM_(2.5)样品.用离子色谱法分析了PM_(2.5)中Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)等9种水溶性无机离子.观测期间,总水溶性离子浓度季节变化特征为春季(14.24±6.43)μg·m~(-3)冬季(8.54±7.61)μg·m~(-3)夏季(4.10±2.67)μg·m~(-3)秋季(3.91±2.58)μg·m~(-3);SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+(SNA)是PM_(2.5)中主要的3种离子,占水溶性离子总质量浓度比例分别为春季(90.3±3.3)%、夏季(68.8±11.7)%、秋季(78.9±7.1)%和冬季(74.0±18.4)%,说明春季二次污染较为严重;PM_(2.5)中阴、阳离子电荷平衡分析显示,阴离子相对亏损,大气细颗粒物组分呈弱碱性;春、冬季NH_4~+主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3等形式存在,而夏、秋季则主要以NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3形式存在;PMF源解析结果表明,泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子主要来自海盐、二次源、建筑扬尘、垃圾焚烧源和生物质燃烧源.     

苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析

2015年在苏州市城区采集大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品共87套,用重量法分析了PM_(2.5)的质量浓度,离子色谱法分析了颗粒物中F-、Cl-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+),共9种水溶性无机离子.观测期间,苏州市PM_(2.5)的年均质量浓度为(74.26±38.01)μg·m-3,其季节特征为冬季春季秋季夏季;9种水溶性离子的总质量浓度为(43.95±23.60)μg·m~(-3),各离子的浓度高低顺序为NO_3~-SO_4~(2-)NH_4~+Na~+Cl~-K~+Ca~(2+)F-Mg~(2+);SNA(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者的简称)是最主要的水溶性离子;SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者之间具有显著的相关性,它们在PM_(2.5)中主要是以NH_4NO_3和(NH_4)_2SO_4的结合方式存在.苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的主要来源包括工业源、燃烧源、二次过程和建筑土壤尘等.     

海南三亚大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子浓度及其粒径分布特征

为研究我国旅游城市海南省三亚市大气颗粒物浓度水平及其化学成分,于2012年6月~2014年5月,使用惯性撞击式分级采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,并利用离子色谱法分析了其中的水溶性无机离子浓度及粒径分布.结果表明,PM_(2.1)和PM_(2.1~9)中总水溶性无机离子浓度平均值分别为(8.91±7.27)μg·m~(-3)和(11.34±9.37)μg·m~(-3).PM_(2.1)中SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+占总水溶性无机离子的质量分数比较高,二者总和达到72.2%;PM_(2.1~9)中Cl-、Ca~(2+)和Na+占比较高,三者总和为67.6%.PM_(2.1)中总水溶性无机离子浓度在冬季最高,春秋季节次之,夏季浓度最低,分别为(14.58±8.88)、(9.33±7.72)、(8.72±4.42)和(3.82±1.59)μg·m~(-3);PM_(2.1~9)中总水溶性无机离子浓度夏季最高(17.14±16.00)μg·m~(-3),冬季次之(10.59±3.80)μg·m~(-3),春季和秋季变化差异不大,分别为(9.41±3.63)μg·m~(-3)和(8.21±3.24)μg·m~(-3).SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+呈细粒径段为主的双模态分布,春季、夏季和秋季细粒径段峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而冬季则出现在0.65~1.1μm粒径段,细粒径段峰值出现由凝结模态向液滴模态转移的现象;NO~(-3)、Na+、Cl-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)呈粗粒径单峰分布,峰值出现在4.7~9μm粒径段;K+为双模态分布,细、粗粒径段峰值分别出现在0.43~0.65μm和4.7~5.8μm.三亚作为我国少数PM2.5年均值达标城市,水溶性无机离子来源主要为二次源、海盐和土壤尘及降尘.     

2014年APEC前后北京城区PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析

2014年10月至11月间,在北京城区开展PM_(2.5)监测并对其中的水溶性离子进行离线及在线分析.其中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+在不同观测阶段均是PM_(2.5)中的主要离子,APEC期间三者总浓度为(26.8±22.5)μg·m~(-3),占PM2.5质量浓度的(41.7±8.5)%,占所测水溶性离子组分的(84.7±5.0)%;APEC期间NO-3浓度水平较高,对PM_(2.5)贡献最大.对APEC期间水溶性离子的累积趋势研究发现,NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和Cl~-均经历了3个不同的累积过程,除气象条件外,本地源排放及区域污染引起的累积效应仍不可忽视.对颗粒物酸性特征研究发现,不同观测期间,颗粒物中主要水溶性离子浓度虽有不同,但北京秋末冬初颗粒物无明显酸化特征.     

天津冬季一次重污染过程颗粒物中水溶性离子粒径分布特征

为研究天津冬季重污染天气过程中颗粒物水溶性离子的粒径谱分布及二次离子生成机制,于2014年1月利用Anderson撞击式分级采样器在中国气象局天津大气边界层观测站内采集颗粒物样品,并使用离子色谱仪分析Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)等8种水溶性无机离子(TWSII).结果表明,采样期间PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度均值分别为(138±100)μg·m~(-3)和(227±142)μg·m~(-3),粗、细粒子中TWSII的平均浓度分别为(34.07±6.16)μg·m~(-3)和(104.16±51.76)μg·m~(-3).细粒子中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+这3种离子的浓度远高于其他离子,且相关性较好,粗粒子中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-浓度较高.随着污染程度加剧,细粒子中TWSII浓度增加明显,粗粒子中则变化不大.水溶性离子的粒径谱分布显示,SO_4~(2-)以单模态分布,优良天峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm,NO_3~-在优良日呈现三模态分布,峰值分别出现在0.43~0.65、2.1~3.3和5.8~9.0μm,NH_4~+呈双模态分布,优良日峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm和4.7~5.8μm,污染日3种二次离子峰值均以0.65~1.1μm的单模态分布为主,与三者之间的热动力平衡过程有关.细粒子中NH_4~+除与SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-结合外,还与部分Cl~-结合,粗粒子中NH_4~+全部与NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)结合后,剩余的NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)与其他阳离子结合.     

成都市大气颗粒物粒径分布及水溶性离子组成的季节变化特征

利用Anderson冲击式分级采样器,于2012年2月~2013年1月在成都市城东成都理工大学校园内按月采集了不同粒径的大气颗粒物样品,分析了颗粒物样品的质量浓度以及9种水溶性离子含量.结果表明,采样期间成都市PM_(2.1)和PM_(11)的年平均浓度分别为(125.9±56.14)μg·m~(-3)和(224.5±83.64)μg·m~(-3),颗粒物浓度冬季最高,春季次之,秋季浓度最低;成都市水溶性离子浓度平均水平为37.15μg·m~(-3),其中检测的9种离子浓度从大到小顺序依次为SO_4~(2-)NO_3~-NH_4~+Ca~(2+)Cl~-Mg~(2+)K~+Na~+F~-,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+占总水溶性离子的78%,是主要的离子组分.SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+呈单峰分布,其主要分布于细粒子中;Ca~(2+)和F~-也呈单峰分布,但是主要分布在粗粒子中;Cl~-和K~+粒径分布相似,Mg~(2+)和Na~+分布相似,均呈双峰分布.成都市冬、春季节粗、细颗粒物中的水溶性离子浓度均明显高于夏、秋季节.结合离子相关性分析,细颗粒物中的SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+可能主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4或NH_4HSO_4、NH_4NO_3的形式存在,而粗颗粒物中的主要离子组分SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和Ca~(2+)则可能以Ca(NO_3)2、CaSO_4等形式存在.主成分分析结果表明,颗粒物中水溶性离子主要来自二次过程、土壤扬尘、生物质燃烧和农业源.     

邯郸市大气PM_(2.5)成分空间分布研究

为研究邯郸市2015年PM_(2.5)的污染状况,采用河北工程大学监测站全年PM_(2.5)浓度和气象在线监测数据以及4个代表月4个站点离线采样成分数据,分析了PM_(2.5)的浓度水平与气象要素的关系以及其化学组分特征。结果表明:PM_(2.5)的年均浓度为91.14μg/m~3,最高达到706.56μg/m~3;不同相对湿度条件下,PM_(2.5)浓度对邯郸地区能见度有较大影响。此外,邯郸静风频率较大,全年东南风风速较小,PM_(2.5)污染相对更加严重;PM_(2.5)中主要化学成分为SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+、OC和EC,4个站点采样无显著差异性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.