Influence of zeta potential on the flocculation of cyanobacteria cells using chitosan modified soil

Using chitosan modified soil to flocculate and sediment algal cells has been considered as a promising strategy to combat cyanobacteria blooms in natural waters. However, the flocculation efficiency often varies with algal cells with different zeta potential (ZP) attributed to different growth phases or water conditions. This article investigated the relationship between ZP of Microcystis aeruginosa and its influence to the flocculation efficiency using chitosan modified soil. Results suggested that the optimal removal efficiency was obtained when the ZP was between − 20.7 and − 6.7 mV with a removal efficiency of more than 80% in 30 min and large floc size of > 350 μm. When the algal cells were more negatively charged than − 20.7 mV, the effect of chitosan modified soil was depressed (< 60%) due to the insufficient charge density of chitosan to neutralize and destabilize the algal suspension. When the algal cells were less negative than − 6.7 mV or even positively charged, a small floc size (< 120 μm) was formed, which may be difficult to sink under natural water conditions. Therefore, manipulation of ZP provided a viable tool to improve the flocculation efficiency of chitosan modified soil and an important guidance for practical engineering of cyanobacteria bloom control.     

风场对太湖梅梁湾水华及营养盐空间分布的影响

为了解风场对湖泊表层蓝藻水华及营养盐空间分布的影响,以太湖梅梁湾为例,在蓝藻水华期间开展表层粒子漂流实验,研究风场对水体表层物质的推移规律,并开展全水域水体表、中、底层密集布点采样,测定水体藻类叶绿素a、氮、磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解性有机碳、溶解氧等水质指标,探讨风场驱动下大型浅水湖泊蓝藻水华及营养盐时空分布特征.结果表明,在平均风速1. 9 m·s~(-1)和2. 3 m·s~(-1)的情况下,表层粒子的平均漂移速度分别为3. 0 cm·s~(-1)和5. 0 cm·s~(-1);风场对表层水体蓝藻水华的空间分布具有决定性影响,能够引起蓝藻水华在空间上较高的异质性;蓝藻水华物质的空间变化对水体颗粒态氮、磷、有机质和溶解氧等水质指标产生较大影响,表、中、底层颗粒态氮和磷、高锰酸盐指数与叶绿素a浓度的空间分布一致,而溶解态氮、磷浓度及溶解性有机碳的分布与叶绿素a浓度分布不尽相同;蓝藻水华物质在风场作用下的再分配对水体溶解氧产生复杂的影响,底层溶解氧平均值低于表层与中层,可能对沉积物营养盐释放产生影响;依据高密度布点调查估算,仅表层20 cm,梅梁湾水域的蓝藻干物质赋存量约396 t,远大于蓝藻打捞工程的清除量.研究表明,鉴于水华期间风场作用下对蓝藻水华漂移的巨大影响,在湖泊水质调查采样方法及数据分析时应充分考虑蓝藻水华漂移的影响因素;防控湖泛灾害的蓝藻打捞作业对湖体蓝藻水华赋存量的清除能力有限,只能对岸边带湖泛的预防产生影响.     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.     

胶州湾赤潮暴发水体中溶解有机物质荧光特征

利用荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱(Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy,EEMS)技术研究了胶州湾2004-02赤潮暴发期间水体中溶解有机物类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光特性,探讨了各种荧光性质与浮游植物增殖、溶解有机碳、盐度、溶解氧和pH的关系,并对切向超滤前后类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光的变化进行了初步评估.结果表明,赤潮过程中溶解有机物类蛋白荧光较强而类腐殖质荧光较弱,并且高和低激发波长类蛋白荧光同源;类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光强度与叶绿素a的对应关系与浮游植物的增殖阶段有关,但整体趋势上却是随着浮游植物量的增大而增强,并且浮游植物量越大,新生成的有机物质占的比例也越大;类蛋白荧光以及类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光强度之比与溶解有机碳具有较好的正相关性,表明赤潮过程中溶解有机物主要由新生成的物质组成;盐度、溶解氧和pH对类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光的影响很小;切向超滤前后类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光峰的位置基本一致,切向超滤前后荧光平衡差于溶解有机碳平衡,在切向超滤的评价上,荧光只能作为溶解有机碳平衡的一个补充.     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the source water. KMnO₄ pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O₃ + activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV₂₅₄ in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organicmatter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2% of color, 96.0% of UV₂₅₄ and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter(NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the source water. KMn O4pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O3+ activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV254 in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organic matter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2%of color, 96.0% of UV254 and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

Selective elimination of chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

Effluent organic matter (EfOM) from municipal wastewater treatment plants potentially has a detrimental effect on both aquatic organisms and humans. This study evaluated the removal and transformation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant under different seasons. The results showed that bio-treatment was found to be more efficient in removing bulk DOM (in terms of dissolved organic carbon, DOC) than CDOM and FDOM, which was contrary to the disinfection process. CDOM and FDOM were selectively removed at various stages during the treatment. Typically, the low molecular weight (MW) fractions of CDOM and protein-like FDOM were more efficiently removed during bio-treatment process, whereas the humic-like FDOM exhibited comparable decreases in both bio-treatment and disinfection processes. Overall, the performance of the WWTP was weak in terms of CDOM and FDOM removal, resulting in enrichment of CDOM and FDOM in effluent. Moreover, the total removal of the bulk DOM (P < 0.05) and the protein-like FDOM (P < 0.05) displayed a significant seasonal variation, with higher removal efficiencies in summer, whereas removal of CDOM and the humic-like FDOM showed little differences between summer and winter. In all, the results provide useful information for understanding the fate and transformation of DOM, illustrating that sub-fractions of DOM could be selectively removed depending on treatment processes and seasonality.     

A field study of advanced municipal wastewater treatment technology for artificial groundwater recharge

Field studies were conducted to investigate the advanced treatment of the municipal secondary effluent and a subsequent artificial groundwater recharge at Gaobeidian Wastewater Treatment Plant, Beijing. To improve the secondary effluent quality, the combined process of powdered activated carbon adsorption, flocculation and rapid sand filtration was applied, which could remove about 400 dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and 70% adsorbable organic halogens. The results of liquid size exclusion chromatography indicate that in the adsorption unit the removed organic fraction was mainly low molecular weight compounds. The fractions removed by the flocculation unit were polysaccharides and high molecular weight compounds. The retention of water in summer in the open recharge basins resulted in a growth of algae. Consequently, DOC increased in the polysaccharide and high molecular weight humic substances fraction. The majority of the DOC removal during soil passage took place in the unsaturated area. A limited reduction of DOC was observed in the aquifer zone.     

预压力混凝沉淀除藻工艺中DOC变化规律研究

为了探讨预压力混凝沉淀除藻工艺是否会使藻细胞破裂,导致水中溶解性有机物(DOC)增加,进而优化压力作用方式,得到安全、高效的预压力除藻工艺,实验研究了预压力、预氧化技术处理含藻水时DOC的变化,以及水中相对分子质量分布,并研究了混凝沉淀后藻类、浊度、DOC的去除效果.结果表明,在0.5~0.8 MPa压力作用后,水中DOC没有增加,反而减少,且有机物相对分子质量减小.而高锰酸钾与次氯酸钠预氧化均会导致DOC增加,相对分子质量分布没有明显变化.预压力混凝沉淀后藻类去除率96.23%;DOC去除率29.11%,高于预氧化混凝沉淀工艺10%~30%.     

高藻原水预臭氧强化混凝除藻特性研究

采用有机物表观分子量分级、树脂分级等手段表征了原水有机物特征,通过实验室试验和中试运行对预臭氧强化混凝藻类去除效果、溶解性有机物（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）的变化和去除、消毒副产物的控制等进行了研究,并利用藻类活性测试研究了预臭氧强化混凝除藻机制.结果表明,采用适当浓度的臭氧（如1.0 mg·L^-1）进行预氧化,可有效提高藻类去除率,从常规混凝沉后水的55%～85%上升到95%左右,最高去除率达到99.3%（预臭氧1.0 mg·L^-1,PACl 3.0 mg·L^-1）;THMFP(trihalomethanes formation potential)总体去除效果从常规处理的117 μg·L^-1降至46 μg·L^-1;高投量（≥2.0 mg·L^-1）预臭氧,促进了藻类灭活,但影响了有机物的去除.藻类活性评价臭氧氧化和常规水处理过程对藻类作用存在显著差别.常规混凝对藻类活性影响不明显,不同剂量混凝剂对藻类活性影响差异不大;而臭氧对水体中的藻类有灭活作用,在0.5～2.0 mg·L^-1臭氧条件下,藻类活性降低至12以下,且该指标随着臭氧剂量的加大显著降低.紧随其后的混凝过程中,混凝剂或者其水解过程的某些成分对臭氧灭活藻类有增效/催化作用.与传统的显微计数法相比,藻类活性试验更明确地表征水处理过程对藻类生存状态的影响,为水处理除藻机制研究和工艺设计提供更清晰的信息.     

蓝藻腐解对水中营养盐影响的模拟研究

为研究不同密度藻类腐解过程对水体营养盐再分配的影响,在太湖藻类聚集区采集沉积物柱状样进行室内加藻模拟实验,共设置B、C、D 3组加藻密度分别为2500、7500和15000 g·m-2的处理组,监测蓝藻腐解过程中上覆水体的溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(Eh)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、总氮(TN)及总磷(TP)等理化指标的变化情况.结果表明,蓝藻腐解会使水体DO和Eh迅速下降,最终分别维持在0.1 mg·L~(-1)左右和-300~-400 mV之间,水体处于厌氧强还原状态;同时,厌氧强还原条件又加速了蓝藻死亡腐解过程,促进了藻体营养盐向上覆水的扩散,B、C、D组营养盐含量分别于实验第6、第10和第14 d达到峰值,TN平均增长速率分别为26.67、43.41和67.82 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),TP平均增长速率分别为3.30、5.53和8.35 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),NH_4~+-N浓度最大值分别为对照组的7、51、125倍,水体形成明显的氮磷污染负荷,且蓝藻衰亡导致的上覆水TN浓度升高持续时间较TP浓度升高持续时间要长.研究表明,蓝藻水华腐解过程中向上覆水体释放了大量的有机物和可溶性营养盐,降低了水体透明度,加剧了水体富营养化状况,诱发湖泛发生,也为蓝藻水华再次爆发提供了物质基础.     

Evaluation of drinking water treatment combined filter backwash water recycling technology based on comet and micronucleus assay

Based on the fact that recycling of combined filter backwash water（CFBW）directly to drinking water treatment plants（WTP）is considered to be a feasible method to enhance pollutant removal efficiency,we were motivated to evaluate the genotoxicity of water samples from two pilot-scale drinking water treatment systems,one with recycling of combined backwash water,the other one with a conventional process.An integrated approach of the comet and micronucleus（MN）assays was used with zebrafish（Danio rerio）to investigate the water genotoxicity in this study.The total organic carbon（TOC）,dissolved organic carbon（DOC）,and trihalomethane formation potential（THMFP）,of the recycling process were lower than that of the conventional process.All the results showed that there was no statistically significant difference（P>0.05）between the conventional and recycling processes,and indicated that the genotoxicity of water samples from the recycling process did not accumulate in 15 day continuous recycling trial.It was worth noting that there was correlation between the concentrations of TOC,DOC,UV₂₅₄,and THMFPs in water and the DNA damage score,with corresponding R² values of 0.68,0.63,0.28,and 0.64.Nevertheless,both DNA strand breaks and MN frequency of all water samples after disinfection were higher than that of water samples from the two treatment units,which meant that the disinfection by-products（DBPs）formed by disinfection could increase the DNA damage.Both the comet and MN tests suggest that the recycling process did not increase the genotoxicity risk,compared to the traditional process.     

Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights. Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than 4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution pH value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.     

臭氧-生物活性炭对南方河网典型污染物的去除特性

以我国南方河网原水中有机物和季节性溴化物(Br^-)为对象,研究臭氧-生物活性炭(BAC)工艺净化过程中有机物相对分子质量(M_r)分布变化及溴酸盐(BrO^-₃)和消毒副产物(THMs)的形成规律.结果表明,原水中M_r在10³以下的有机物(DOC)约占总量的80%,常规工艺主要表现为对M_r >100×10³有机物的去除,出水DOC去除率为8%、 SUVA(UV₂₅₄/DOC)值下降14%;臭氧-活性炭工艺主要去除10³<M_r<5×10³的有机物,但亲水性小分子有机物抑制生物降解作用,出水DOC去除率仅提高至30%、SUVA值下降31%.当臭氧投加量高于2 mg/Ｌ时,臭氧氧化出水中BrO^-₃增加明显,氧化过程原水中Br^-浓度升高BrO^-₃生成量增大;生物活性炭对BrO^-₃的去除率平均仅为13%,且波动较大.与常规处理相比,臭氧-生物活性炭处理后各类THMs均有减少,总量减少40%;但氯量和Br^-对溴代副产物影响大,主要为CHBr₃生成量增加.     

Export of dissolved carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances in rivers of the “Water Tower of Asia”

Rivers are critical links in the carbon and nitrogen cycle in aquatic,terrestrial,and atmospheric environments.Here riverine carbon and nitrogen exports in nine large rivers on the Tibetan Plateau—the"Water Tower of Asia"—were investigated in the monsoon season from 2013 to 2015.Compared with the world average,concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC,30.7 mg/L)were high in river basins of the plateau due to extensive topographic relief and intensive water erosion.Low concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC,1.16 mg/L)were likely due to the low temperature and unproductive land vegetation environments.Average concentrations of riverine DIN(0.32 mg/L)and DON(0.35 mg/L)on the Tibetan Plateau were close to the world average.However,despite its predominantly pristine environment,discharge from agricultural activities and urban areas of the plateau has raised riverine N export.In addition,DOC/DON ratio(C/N,~6.5)in rivers of the Tibetan Plateau was much lower than the global average,indicating that dissolved organic carbon in the rivers of this region might be more bioavailable.Therefore,along with global warming and anthropogenic activities,increasing export of bioavailable riverine carbon and nitrogen from rivers of the Tibetan Plateau can be expected in the future,which will possibly influence the regional carbon and nitrogen cycle.     

微囊藻水华对水体中氮转化及微生物的影响

氮是水生态系统初级生产力的限制性生源要素,认识水体中氮的转化特征有利于调控和削减水体中过量的氮,对维持水生态健康十分重要.氨氧化细菌、氨氧化古菌以及反硝化细菌在氮循环中发挥关键作用.通过在室内构建微宇宙模拟蓝藻水华的重复暴发,发现在蓝藻水华暴发和衰亡短期内,TN、氨氮、TOC浓度快速升高和DO急剧降低,但后期逐渐得到恢复,且水体中的TN在高浓度藻存在下迅速降低.在蓝藻水华暴发和衰亡过程中,太湖水体中氨氧化菌演化为AOB占优势,氨氧化功能活性逐渐恢复,有利于水体中氨氮的去除.蓝藻水华暴发促进太湖水体中含nir S和nir K基因反硝化菌的数量增加至起始的100倍左右,从而促进水体中总氮的去除.     

HA1絮凝剂在供水水库水华应急处理中的应用研究

2006-04华南一座供水水库发生卷曲鱼腥藻（Anabaena circinalis）水华,供水口形成藻细胞的堆积,浮游植物、蓝藻、卷曲鱼腥藻（Anabaena circinalis）的细胞密度分别高达7.3×10⁷、7.2×10⁷、4.1×10⁷ cells·L^-1.为保障正常供水,于04-22～04-30用小孔径的网和防水膜对供水口进行区域分隔,改变水流方向,同时在水面喷射以铁盐为核心的HA1絮凝剂控制水华.处理第1 d,浮游植物、蓝藻、卷曲鱼腥藻（Anabaena circinalis）的细胞密度分别降至5.3×10⁶、4.7×10⁶、2×10⁶ cells·L^-1,去除率分别达到93%、94%和95%.处理期间,藻细胞密度平均为1.2×10⁷ cells·L^-1,最高不超过2.0×10⁷ cells·L^-1,不同藻类门的处理效果不同,蓝藻的数量大幅度下降,绿藻、硅藻的种类和数量略有增加,说明HA1絮凝剂在本次应急处理方案中对蓝藻具有较好的去除效果.     

混凝去除垃圾渗滤液中DOM的实验研究

选取氯化铁(FeCl3.6H2O)为混凝剂,以经0.45μm膜和1nm膜分子切割的垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,通过混凝剂投加量和混凝pH值实验,研究了垃圾渗滤液中DOM的去除情况,并比较了两种不同分子量水平的渗滤液中DOM的混凝去除特点。研究表明,pH值是影响渗滤液DOM去除的主要因素,氯化铁在pH=5、投加量为4g/L的条件下混凝效果最佳。混凝pH值对大分子量渗滤液中DOC去除的影响较大;而两种分子量水平的渗滤液UV254的去除差异不大。     

藻源型湖泛发生过程水色变化规律

利用Y-型沉积物再悬浮发生模拟装置,模拟湖泛发生过程,分析水体吸收特性变化特征;同时,利用Hydrolight和CIE颜色匹配函数模拟水体颜色,分析湖泛水色变化规律.结果表明:在湖泛发生过程中,可溶性有色物质(CDOM)浓度(ag)不断增大,无机颗粒物浓度及吸收(ad)总体呈减小的趋势,而浮游植物色素浓度及吸收(aph)随时间变化不规律;基于Hydrolight模拟湖泛水体,离水辐亮度(Lw)和遥感反射比(Rrs)均随时间不断变小;3)另外,随SPIM或ag(443)的变大,水体颜色逐渐由绿色变为棕色.当SPIM增至40mg/L时,水体呈现棕色;当ag(443)达到10m-1时,水体呈现红棕色.通过研究湖泛发生过程水体光学特性和水色变化规律,有助于构建高精度的湖泛遥感监测模型.     

城市景观水体混凝除藻过程对氮元素协同去除特性初探

以城市景观水体净化为目标,考察混凝除藻同时去除氮元素的特性和影响因素. 结果发现,水体内较高的DOC(溶解性有机质)含量会阻碍藻浊度的去除. 聚合氯化铝(PACl)以及PACl与硫酸铝(Alum)的复合剂(PACl+Alum)对藻浊度的去除效果均相对单独使用PACl或Alum较好,其中PACl+Alum对其他物质(如氮、DOC等)的去除效果也相对单独使用PACl或Alum更佳;在同样的最佳投药量时,低pH条件能获得更好的藻浊度去除率;对氮元素去除的进一步研究发现,DON(溶解性有机氮)的去除特征和过程与TN(总氮)非常一致,表明该水体TN的去除主体上是通过DON的去除实现的;低pH条件同样有利于氮和DOC的去除;但DOC与DON去除的不同步性,说明DOC中的DON成分和性质是非均一性的,是未来可进一步深入研究的重要方向.