甲胺磷、乙草胺和铜单一与复合污染对黑土环境安全的胁迫研究

以黑土为环境介质,通过急性毒性试验法研究了东北黑土区普遍存在的2种农用化学品甲胺磷和乙草胺与重金属Cu对赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)的单一与复合毒性效应.单一毒性试验结果表明,3者对蚯蚓均有毒性,顺序为甲胺磷>乙草胺>Cu.复合毒性实验结果表明,2种有机农药与重金属Cu复合毒性效应十分复杂,与不同的浓度组合及染毒历时有关,一般随时间的延长,毒性加剧.2种有机农药通过不同途径毒害蚯蚓,复合毒性效应表现为协同作用.可见,3者对土壤生态系统环境安全性和土壤健康质量存在潜在危害,同时这几种污染物的共存进一步加大了潜在危害性,且复合毒性效应与各组浓度组合及污染暴露时间密切相关.     

乙草胺-铜离子复合污染对黑土农田生态系统中土著细菌群落的影响

采用传统毒性评价手段和现代分子生物学技术相结合的方法 ,研究乙草胺和金属铜的复合污染对黑土农田生态系统中土著细菌群落的影响 .结果表明 ,乙草胺 铜复合污染比其单一污染更能降低细菌总数以及固氮菌、硅酸盐细菌和矿化磷细菌活菌量和土壤脱氢酶的活性 ,更能促进土壤呼吸强度的增加 ;利用以 16SrDNA为基础的变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE)分析各处理样品间的相似程度 ,发现复合污染明显影响微生物群落结构 .由相似系数结果表明 :长期未施农药土壤、农药单一与复合污染土壤 3者间存在细菌群落的显著差异 ,并且乙草胺 Cu2 复合污染土壤与长期施用农药土壤具有较高相似性 (相似系数达 74 1% ) .     

毒死蜱、乙草胺、三氯杀螨醇对中肋骨条藻的单一和二元联合毒性效应

研究了三种常见农药毒死蜱、乙草胺和三氯杀螨醇对中肋骨条藻的毒性效应和生长影响,并采用毒性单位法评价了其二元联合毒性效应。结果表明:佐剂甲醇对中肋骨条藻的不可见效应浓度为0.10%(v/v);三种农药对中肋骨条藻的毒性顺序为乙草胺三氯杀螨醇毒死蜱,96 hEC50分别为0.0856、0.454和0.521 mg/L;在毒性比为1∶1情况下,乙草胺-毒死蜱的联合作用96 h-∑TU为0.861,表现为协同效应,毒死蜱-三氯杀螨醇和乙草胺-三氯杀螨醇的96 h-∑TU分别为1.139和1.417,均表现为拮抗效应。     

中药废水污泥群落结构解析中PCR-DGGE引物的选择与评价

在中药废水生物活性污泥群落DGGE解析过程中,为了探讨16S rDNA通用引物的扩增效率和对污泥细菌群落的表征能力,选用包括简并性引物在内的11对通用引物扩增16S rDNA序列的4个可变区,并应用DGGE图谱评价不同引物的扩增效率和微生物种群多样性.结果表明,采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,微生物种群多样性存在着显...     

PCR-DGGE技术对城市餐厨垃圾堆肥中细菌种群结构分析

使用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)技术对城市餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中细菌种群结构随时间的变化进行了研究.在堆肥不同时间取样,进行了堆肥温度、pH、含水率、有机质、C/N的变化分析和DGGE分析.结果显示,堆肥温度高于50℃的天数为7d,最高达65℃,可有效杀灭致病菌;最终pH值接近7.5;C/N为20.04.PCR-DGGE图谱显示,不同时间堆肥样中细菌DGGE图谱有着明显的差异性;堆肥升温期细菌种群丰富,优势种群不明显;高温期细菌种群减少,优势种群明显;降温期细菌种群结构基本保持稳定.温度对堆肥过程中细菌种群具有明显的筛选作用.堆肥各阶段DGGE图谱相似性Cs值比较低,堆肥处理后细菌种群结构与堆肥原料之间存在明显差异.     

乙酰甲胺磷和汞单一及复合污染对黄瓜发芽及幼苗生长的影响

有机磷农药和重金属是目前我国土壤中较常见的污染物。本文以黄瓜种子为供试作物,研究了重金属汞与农药乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对其发芽率以及幼苗生长的毒害效应。结果表明,Hg2+与乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对黄瓜种子的发芽率、芽长和根伸长的生态毒性敏感程度依次为:根伸长>芽长>发芽率,Hg2+与乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对黄瓜幼苗的毒害效应均较明显。复合污染对黄瓜种子发芽指标和幼苗生长的抑制效应表现为协同作用,其结果是复合污染的整体生态毒性效应增强。研究结果为进一步研究农药和重金属复合污染的生态毒性提供基础资料。     

3,4-二氯苯胺与取代芳烃联合毒性的定量构效关系研究

采用细菌生长抑制实验测定了取代芳烃及其混合物对长江水中混合细菌的急性毒性,得到17种单一化合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50)及22组混合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50mix).采用毒性单位法和混合毒性指数法对联合毒性效应进行了定性评价,3,4-二氯苯胺与胺类化合物的联合效应以简单相加或部分相加作用为主,而3,4-二氯苯胺与酚类化合物的联合效应则多表现为协同作用.以化合物的辛醇/水分配系数(lgP)和分子最低空轨道能(ELUMO)为结构描述符,分别建立了单一毒性和联合毒性的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型.所得模型对极性麻醉型化合物和反应性化合物的毒性都具有较强的预测能力,不仅能预测3,4-二氯苯胺与取代芳烃不同配比的二元混合物的联合毒性,也能预测三元和四元混合物的联合毒性.     

南淝河细菌群落结构的研究

为了研究受污染城市河道南淝河在进行修复前微生物群落的多样性,于2009年10月(秋季)和2010年1月(冬季)在南淝河河道中采集水样,直接从水中提取总DNA,用细菌16S rDNA的通用引物对V3区进行PCR扩增,PCR产物经DGGE(变形梯度凝胶电泳)分离后,获得水体细菌群落的DGGE指纹图谱;同时运用平板计数法对水体的异养细菌进行计数。结果表明:不同季节,不同位点南淝河的细菌群落的多样性都很丰富,但不同季节优势种有差异;相同季节临近位点细菌种群结构的相似性较高,且有顺河而下相近位点相似性增高的趋势。南淝河水体异养细菌数量秋季为20.3×103～616.3×103CFU/mL。冬季为2.3×103～53.6×103CFU/mL,冬季异养细菌数量比秋季低一个数量级,并且从上游到下游逐渐增多。但与其他同等富营养化水平的水体相比,其异养细菌含量较低。     

水质发光细菌生物毒性的重金属剂量效应研究

重金属及类金属元素是水质中重要的毒性指标,通过开展这些元素单因子及多因子复合与发光细菌生物毒性剂量效应的分析实验,研究不同重金属对发光细菌的毒性影响大小.单因子评价采用计算测量浓度和相对发光度的相关性曲线,根据EC50来分类毒性物质的毒性大小,结果显示毒性从大至小依次为汞、砷、铅、镉.多因子复合评价采用四元五水平回归设计的方式,应用数据统计软件进行数据处理和分析,结果显示砷、镉、汞、铅四元复合时,元素砷对相对发光度影响的主因子效应明显,即砷为主效因子.可以看出在四种元素中,元素砷无论是单因素还是复合因素对发光细菌均有很大的毒性.     

乙草胺与硫酸铜对黑土微生物的复合生态影响

为了探究2种不同类型农药联合施用对土壤微生物的复合生态影响,以除草剂乙草胺和杀菌剂硫酸铜为例,采用传统毒理学方法和BIOLOG法对其进行评价.结果表明,乙草胺和硫酸铜的联合施用对细菌、放线菌和真菌活菌量以及土壤脱氢酶活性基本呈现急性抑制效应,但随时间延长其作用逐渐减弱甚至发生逆转,而对土壤底物诱导呼吸强度表现为明显促进.利用Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh多样性指数模型和主成分分析法对BIOLOG数据进行分析,表明2种农药的联合施用显著破坏了黑土微生物群落物种多样性的丰富度和均一性,主成分分析法也表明土壤微生物群落碳源利用多样性发生了改变.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos on earthworm Eisenia fetida in phaiozem, northeast China

Introduction W ith the increase in types and am ount of pollutants releasing into soil ecosystem s, research on the joint effects of m ore than one pollutant in soil-plant, soil-anim al and soil-m icroorganism system s is increasingly concerned (Zhou and …     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.     

乙草胺、铜污染共存对土壤甲胺磷蚯蚓降解过程的影响研究

为揭示利用蚯蚓活动强化甲胺磷降解的可行性,采用了微宇宙培养方法,通过有蚯蚓和无蚯蚓的对比实验,考察了乙草胺和铜分别与甲胺磷共存条件下污染黑土中甲胺磷降解过程的动态变化.结果表明,无论是否加入蚯蚓,甲胺磷单一污染的土壤中甲胺磷的降解符合一级反应动力学规律;蚯蚓活动能促进甲胺磷降解过程的进行.土壤中乙草胺或铜与甲胺磷共存时,均明显地干扰了甲胺磷降解过程随时间的动态变化;根据化学结构分析,推测两者对甲胺磷降解规律的影响机制可能类似.铜与甲胺磷复合污染的土壤中甲胺磷含量明显高于乙草胺与甲胺磷复合组,说明铜较乙草胺对土壤甲胺磷降解过程的延缓作用更强.     

乙草胺对小麦生理机能的影响与生物标记物识别

对乙草胺胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛（MDA）以及叶片中叶绿素含量的变化进行了研究.结果表明,乙草胺处理小麦幼苗1 d后,叶片MDA含量显著增加,说明了乙草胺处理诱导有毒活性氧（AOS）生成,但随着处理时间的延长,不同浓度处理与对照的差异逐渐减小.对小麦叶片中POD活性变化的研究表明,在乙草胺胁迫的开始阶段,植物有能力抵抗低浓度乙草胺污染所产生的氧化胁迫,但是,随着暴露时间的延长和污染物浓度的增加,这种抵抗能力将会消失.对小麦SOD活性的研究表明,小麦叶片中POD酶活的上升可能与其它途径而不是SOD诱导产生的H₂O₂有关.小麦叶片中MDA含量和POD活性不能作为土壤乙草胺污染的生物标记物.小麦叶片中SOD酶活性有着作为乙草胺污染土壤生物标记物的潜力,但还需要进一步研究.小麦叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量可以作为乙草胺污染胁迫的生物标记物,并且小麦幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白含量与土壤乙草胺浓度之间具有较好的剂量-效应关系.     

Joint toxicity of methamidophos and cadmium acting on Abelmoschus manihot

IntroductionNowadays, more and more ornamentals are being usedin families, parks, roads and other public sites with theimprovement of people’s living levels and changes in the citylife style (Wei, 2004; Zhou, 2004). At the same time,increas…     

Effect of methamidophos on soil fungi community in microcosms by plate count, DGGE and clone library analysis

Methamidophos was widely used a pesticide in northern China. The potential influences of methamidophos on soil fungal community in black soil were assessed by plate count, 28S rDNA-PCR-DGGE, and clone library analysis. Three methamidophos levels (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg) were tested in soil microcosms. Results from plate count during a 60-d microcosm experiment showed that high concentrations of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) could significantly stimulate fungal populations. DCGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) fingerprinting patterns showed a significant difference between the responses of culturable and total fungi communities under the stress of methamidophos. Shannon diversity indices calculated from DGGE profiles indicated that culturable fungi in all microcosms with methamidophos treatment increased after 1 week of incubation. However, the diversity indices of total fungi decreased in the first week, as compared to the stimulation of culturable fungi. At the 8th week, however, all the microcosms treated by methamidophos were similar to the control microcosms in community structure as suggested by the Shannon diversity indices for both culturable and total fungi. In contrast, after 1 week the fungal structure of culturable and unculturable both were disturbed to different extent under the stresses of methamidophos by clustering analysis. Clone sequencing analysis indicated the stimulation of pathogenic and unculturable fungal populations by methamidophos treatment, suggetsing potential risks of plant disease outbreak.