厌氧-缺氧-好氧处理城市废水

用厌氧－缺氧－好氧中试反应器系统对城市废水进行处理。结果表明,此系统可去除９０％总ＣＯＤ,８９％ＴＳＳ,９３％ＶＳＳ,氮和磷的去除率分别为８０％和４０％。在此系统的缺氧相污泥中,脱氮硫杆菌的最高含量,最高脱氮作用率,氧化Ｎａ２Ｓ的最高浓度,Ｓ＾２－的最高污泥负荷率分别为１．１×１０＾８／ｇＶＳＳ,３．６ｍｇＮＯ３＾－／ｇＶＳＳ·ｈ,１７５０ｍｇ／Ｌ和２５ｍｇＳ＾２／ｇＶＳＳ·ｄ。     

UASB+AF处理维生素C废水的研究

采用有效容积为６ｍ３的ＵＡＳＢ＋ＡＦ反应器处理维生素Ｃ高浓度有机废水,结果表明：稳定运行容积负荷可达１０—１２ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）ＣＯＤ去除率大于８０％,容积产气率大于３．０Ｎｍ３／（ｍ３·ｄ）,并具有启动速度快和较强耐冲击负荷的能力。     

内循环生物流化床处理丙烯酸废水的试验

介绍内循环三相生物流化床处理丙烯酸废水的中试研究。当进水ＣＯＤ为７１０—９９２ｍｇ／Ｌ时,平均去除容积负荷ＮＶ＝４．０ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,污泥负荷ＮＳ＝１．６ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｋｇＶＳＳ·ｄ）;进水ＣＯＤ为１２７７—２２７６ｍｐ／Ｌ时,ＮＶ＝６．８ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,Ｎｓ＝２．８ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｋｇＶＳＳ·ｄ）;氧利用率约１７％。同时对流化床出水进行了后处理试验,提出了丙烯酸废水的治理方案。     

外循环气升式反应器中光合细菌处理味精废水的研究

外循环气升式反应器（ＥＡＬＲ）中球形红假单胞菌处理味精废水,能生产单细胞蛋白。在连续供气、ＫＬａ为２４２ｈ＾－１,ＨＲＴ为１２ｈ,活性炭载体浓度为１０ｇ／Ｌ,进水ＢＯＤ５为２７５０ｍｇ／Ｌ条件下,废水ＢＯＤ５的去除率达到９２％。载体增加反应器内生物量２８％,ＳＣＰ产率系数Ｙ＝０．５９ｋｇ（ｃｅｌｌ）／（ｋｇ ＢＯＤ５·ｄ）,是无载体组的２倍。ＥＡＬＲ的生物负荷为１．６８ｋｇ ＢＯＤ５／（ｋｇ ＭＬ     

固定化光合细菌处理豆制品废水产氢研究

以海藻酸钠做包埋材料制备的固定化光合细菌,可以在不同浓度豆制品废水中进行光照放氢。豆制品废水ＣＯＤ浓度在７５６０—１２６００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,可以维持稳定产气２６０ｈ以上,平均产气率为１４６．８—３５１．４ｍｌ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,气体中Ｈ２含量在６０％以上,废水ＣＯＤ去除率为６２．３％─７８．２％;当废水ＣＯＤ浓度在１２６０—５０４０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,可以维持产气９３ｈ,平均产气率为１２０．７—１４０．ｏｍｌ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,气体中Ｈ２含量在７５％以上,废水最终ＣＯＤ去除率为４１％─６０．３％。     

溴甲酚绿－溴化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

建立溴甲酚绿（ＢＣＧ）－溴化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法。实验表明，最适合的ｐＨ范围为５．５－９．０，λｍａｘ＝６１４ｎｍ，在８６μｇＣＰＢ存在下，十二烷基苯磺酸钠（ＳＤＢＳ）和十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）分别在０－８０μｇ／１０ｍｌ和０－７５μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律，其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为２．９×１０４和３．１×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１。用此法测定了河水和生活废水中的阴离子表面活性剂，相对标准偏差＜３．０％，样品加标平均回收率为９９．３％。     

补充碳源对厌氧生物处理2,4,6-三氯酚的影响

利用半连续投料的驯化方法对３种不同来源的生物污泥厌氧降解２,４,６－三氯酚（２,４,６－ＴＣＰ）过程中补充碳源的影响进行了研究。结果表明,经过５０～６０ｄ的驯化,取自有机化工厂和造纸七厂的２种污泥的比降解速度（氯酚／ＳＳ）分别达到了０．６ｍｇ／（ｇ·ｄ）和０．２ｍｇ／（ｇ·ｄ）,而取自北京啤酒厂ＵＡＳＢ反应器的污泥的比解速率只有０．０３ｍｇ／（ｇ·ｄ）～０．０５ｍｇ／（ｇ·ｄ）。补充碳源对北京啤酒     

藻类－卤虫－对虾系统深度处理含盐含汞化工废水的模拟试验研究

利用藻类－卤虫－对虾系统深度处理含盐含汞化工废水的模拟试验研究表明，该系统对ＢＯＤ＿５和ＣＯＤ去除率分别达９５．５％和８０．０％，对ＰＯ和Ｈｇ￣（２＋）去除率都在９８％以上，在卤虫密度５２．１个／Ｌ和３６．０个／Ｌ，藻类密度２５７２５．８万个／Ｌ和２０９２４．９万个／Ｌ，水中汞能被不同营养等级的生物累积，在水中汞浓度１．０×１０￣（－４）－３．０×１０￣（－４）ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，藻类和卤虫对水中汞的浓缩倍数分别为７．５×１０￣２－７．８－１０￣３和２．１０×１０￣２－１．０４×１０￣４；卤虫吞食藻类，它对藻体中汞的浓缩倍数较低，变化范围在０．１－１．７之间；食染汞卤虫的对虾对汞的累积不明显。     

柠檬酸废水的厌氧－兼氧－好氧处理

采用厌氧－兼氧－好氧工艺处理柠檬酸废水。管道厌氧消化器在进水ＰＨ３．４４～４．３８．ＣＯＤ１４１８７．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，处理水量为２００ｔ／ｄ，有机负荷率７．０９ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）条件下，出水ＰＨ７．０～７．５，ＣＯＤ去除率为用８１．１％，产气率为０．４３ｍ３／ｋｇＣＯＤ。兼氧－好氧处理进水ｐＨ３．２～４．６，ＣＯＤ１９２９ｍｇ，／Ｌ．处理水量１０８０ｔ／ｄ，停留时间为兼氧６ｈ、好氧１３ｈ，出水ｐＨ７．４～８．１，ＣＯＤ１０７．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，达到ＧＢ８９７８－８８二级标准。     

庆大霉素和金霉素废水的处理试验研究

对庆大霉素、金霉素及其混合废水的厌氧、好氧处理进行静态试验。结果表明,对于ＣＯＤ为１９２４０ｍｇ／Ｌ的庆大霉素废水,当厌氧反应时间为３ｄ,好氧１０ｈ时,ＣＯＤ去除率为９８．４％;ＣＯＤ为７７４０ｍｇ／Ｌ的庆大霉素和金霉素混合废水（１：２）,厌氧处理２ｄ,好氧１０ｈ时,ＣＯＤ去除９５．８％;庆大霉素废水厌氧处理３ｄ,金霉素废水厌氧处理６ｈ,再将这２种废水混合进行好氧处理４ｈ,其最终出水ＣＯＤ可小于３００ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

喜旱莲子草对Pb、Cd胁迫响应的研究

采用营养液培养法,以喜旱莲子草为对象,选择重金属Pb在浓度梯度0,0.1,10,50,100和200 mg/L条件下,Cd在浓度梯度0,0.01,1,10,20和40 mg/L条件下,研究了不同浓度Pb、Cd单一及复合胁迫对喜旱莲子草生长的影响。结果表明,在试验条件下,对单一Pb及Cd对喜旱莲子草生长及生理影响而言,与对照相比,当Pb处理浓度为0.1 mg/L时,植物最高株高和最长根长分别增加了3.8%和15%。随着Pb处理浓度增加到200 mg/L时,植物生长受到明显抑制,茎叶株高呈显著下降。当Cd处理浓度为1 mg/L时,与对照相比,植物最高株高和最长根长分别增加了9.0%和10.0%,随着Cd处理浓度增加(20~40 mg/L),植物生长受到明显抑制,茎叶株高呈显著下降。随Pb和Cd处理浓度增加,喜旱莲子草叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,POD活性先升后降,MDA含量呈上升趋势,植株体内Pb、Cd积累量呈上升趋势。在研究Pb、Cd对喜旱莲子草生长及生理胁迫的基础上,选择Pb、Cd不同配比浓度,探讨其对喜旱莲子草的复合胁迫作用,研究植物对重金属Pb、Cd富集特性,结果表明,低浓度Pb、Cd处理表现出相互促进吸收富集,高浓度处理表现出相互抑制吸收富集的特性。     

Effects of cadium, zinc and lead on soil enzyme activities

Heavy metal （HM） is a major hazard to the soil-plant system. This study investigated the combined effects of cadium （Cd）, zinc （Zn） and lead （Pb） on activities of four enzymes in soil, including calatase, urease, invertase and alkalin phosphatase. HM content in tops of canola and four enzymes activities in soil were analyzed at two months after the metal additions to the soil. Pb was not significantly inhibitory than the other heavy metals for the four enzyme activities and was shown to have a protective role on calatase activity in the combined presence of Cd, Zn and Pb; whereas Cd significantly inhibited the four enzyme activities, and Zn only inhibited urease and calatase activities. The inhibiting effect of Cd and Zn on urease and calatase activities can be intensified significantly by the additions of Zn and Cd. There was a negative synergistic inhibitory effect of Cd and Zn on the two enzymes in the presence of Cd, Zn and Pb. The urease activity was inhibited more by the HM combinations than by the metals alone and reduced approximately 20%--40% of urease activity. The intertase and alkaline phosphatase activities significantly decreased only with the increase of Cd concentration in the soil. It was shown that urease was much more sensitive to HM than the other enzymes. There was a obvious negative correlation between the ionic impulsion of HM in soil, the ionic impulsion of HM in canola plants tops and urease activity. It is concluded that the soil urease activity may be a sensitive tool for assessing additive toxic combination effect on soil biochemical parameters.     

Screening hydroxyapatite for cadmium and lead immobilization in aqueous solution and contaminated soil: The role of surface area

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been widely used to immobilize many cationic metals in water and soils. The specific reason why an increase in the surface area of HAP enhances cadmium (Cd) uptake, but has no effect on lead (Pb) uptake, is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the factors causing the differences in sorption behavior between Cd and Pb by evaluating HAPs with different surface areas. We synthesized HAPs with two different surface areas, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy, and then evaluated them as sorbents for Cd and Pb removal by testing in single and binary systems. The sorption capacity of large surface area HAP (1.85 mmol/g) for Cd in the single-metal system was higher than that of small surface area HAP (0.64 mmol/g), but there were no differences between single- and binary-metal solutions containing Pb. After the Cd experiments, the HAP retained a stable structure and intact morphology, which promotes the accessibility of reactive sites for Cd. However, a newly formed precipitate covered the surface and blocked the channels in the presence of Pb, which reduced the number of potential adsorption sites on HAP for Cd and Pb. Remediation experiments using Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil produced similar results to the solution tests. These results indicate that alterations of the structure and morphology during the reaction is an important factor influencing metal sorption to HAP.     

铁锈及Fe(OH)3处理硫酸盐废水厌氧方法试验

投加铁锈或Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３可明显改善含高浓度硫酸盐有机废水的厌氧处理能力，使趋于失败的升流式厌氧污泥床ＵＡＳＢ恢复正常工作对ＳＯ４２－为５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤＣｒ为１５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的合成脂肪酸废水，在水力停留时间为４ｄ，由４０％以下的ＣＯＤ去除率提高到投加铁锈或Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３后的７３％和８２％，出口ｐＨ值由５３上升到７３，产甲烷气量由０.３Ｌ／ｄ上升为２２Ｌ／ｄ.并提出了Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３比铁锈在去除Ｓ２－干扰更有效，去除Ｓ２-干扰可使厌氧处理恢复正常     

不同生态混凝土坡岸中溶解性有机质与镉的相互作用机理研究

为研究生态混凝土坡岸中DOM(dissolved organic matter,溶解性有机质)与重金属离子的相互作用,通过FQT(fluorescence quenching titration,荧光淬灭滴定)试验配合3D-EEMs(three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy,三维荧光光谱)、PARAFAC(parallel factor,平行因子分析)和2D-COS(two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy,二维相关光谱)探究了AEC(applied eco-concrete,应用型生态混凝土)和IEC(improved eco-concrete,改良型生态混凝土)坡岸中DOM与Cd2+的相互作用机理.结果表明:①3D-EEMs结果显示,AEC_ow(AEC坡岸出水)类蛋白组分荧光强度降低,水体腐殖化程度升高,而IEC_ow(IEC坡岸出水) DOM各组分荧光强度均降低;Cd2+能与DOM中所有组分发生络合,且随c(Cd2+)增加,各组分的荧光强度最终趋于稳定.②PARAFAC将所有样品中DOM分离出类蛋白、类富里酸和类腐殖质3个独立组分,其中类富里酸组分随c(Cd2+)增加表现稳定的荧光淬灭效果.③通过Ryan and Weber模型计算Cd2+与DOM中各组分的络合常数(lg K)发现,所有样品中Cd2+与DOM中类富里酸组分的lg K值均大于类蛋白组分.进一步发现,不同坡岸出水lg K值大小依次为RW(原水) > AEC_ow > IEC_ow;④2D-COS分析得出,DOM中类蛋白组分对Cd2+的敏感度最大.RW中Cd2+与DOM位点的络合顺序为340 nm→273 nm→282 nm,AEC_ow中络合顺序为410 nm→330 nm.研究显示:Cd2+率先与DOM中类富里酸、腐殖质类物质络合,且络合能力强,类蛋白物质最容易受Cd2+的干扰;AEC_ow增加了下游水生态系统中Cd2+的迁移风险和生物有效性,相反IEC_ow则降低了Cd2+的迁移风险,两种坡岸均能降低DOM组分与Cd2+的络合能力,其中IEC坡岸最优.      

Responses of wheat seedlings to cadmium, mercury and trichlorobenzene stresses

The molecular response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.,cv.Yangmai 10) seedlings to heavy metal (Cd,Hg) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) stresses were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,image analysis,and peptide mass fingerprinting.The results showed inhibitions of root and shoot growth by Cd,Hg and TCB.These stresses led to water deficit and lipid phosphorylation in the seedling which also promoted protein phophorylation in the leaves.Hg stress inhibited protein synthesis while Cd and TCB stresses induced or up-regulated more proteins in the leaves.Most of these induced proteins played important roles in the biochemical reactions involved in tolerance of wheat to Cd and TCB stresses.The primary functions of Cd- and TCB-induced proteins included methionine metabolism,Rubisco modification,protein phosphorylation regulation,protein configuration protection,H+ transmembrane transportation and also the synthesis of ethylene defense substances and cell wall compounds.     

Single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and cadmium on the polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube

Using the concentration gradient and combined pollutant exposure method, the single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons （PHCs） and cadmium （Cd） on polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube, an ecologically keystone species in estuarine and coastal environment, have been investigated. The results indicate that the toxicity of PHCs to P. aibuhitensis is stronger than that of Cd to the organism. There are positive correlations between the mortality of worms and the exposed concentration of single Cd or PHCs in solution. Similarly, the accumulation of Cd or PHCs in worms increased with increasing Cd- or PHC-exposed concentrations. All the correlation relationships can be described using unitary quadratic equations （Y or Z = aX^2 ＋ bX ＋ c）. It is calculated, on the basis of these expressions, that the median lethal dose （LC50） ofP aibuhitensis exposed to a single Cd or PHCs is 793.4-13567.3 and 28.0-119.9 μg/L, respectively. The exposed time has some stimulative effect on the two pollutants and on the mortality of the worms. Thus, even a low concentration of a single Cd or PHCs may have strong toxic effects on the worms when the exposed time becomes longer. The accumulation of Cd or PHCs in worms differs with an increase in exposure time at the given exposed concentration of a single Cd or PHCs. Noticeably, the accumulation of PHCs in worms decreases with an increase in exposure time at the given high concentration of PHCs in solution. The joint effect of PHCs and Cd on P. aibuhitensis is very complicated and changes with the exposed concentrations of the two pollutants. At the given concentration of PHCs, the joint toxicity of the two pollutants on the worms changes from synergism to antagonism with an increase in Cd concentration. The accumulation of Cd in the worms significantly decreases with the addition of PHCs to exposure solution.     

长期污水灌溉后林地土壤中磷的含量与移动

为尽可能地削减污水携带的N、P进入湖泊,处理后的城市生活污水被直接喷灌到新西兰罗托鲁阿市的Whakarewarewa森林,并建立了污水灌溉林地处理系统的长期定位试验地以评价生态系统对污水携带营养物质的同化能力.为查清长期污水灌溉土壤中P的数量、迁移淋失及其环境危机,对11a污水灌溉后火山灰土壤中磷的积累、再分布进行剖面分层采样测定.结果表明,土壤pH、TP、Olsen P、M3P、M3Ca和M3Mg在所有灌溉处理区的表层土壤(0～10 cm)均有显著(p0.05)增加,部分增加的显著性达到20～40 cm土层或更深层次土壤.大多数随灌溉而进入土壤的P被保存在上层土壤(0～40 cm)中.土壤Olsen P和M3P的浓度在中、高水平处理区的20 cm以上土层中超过了环境临界值(Olsen P为60 mg.kg-1;M3P为150mg.kg-1),磷饱和率(M3PSR)数值同时显示表层土壤对P的吸持已近饱和,预示土壤磷素有随下渗水向下移动的潜在可能.常规土壤采样以60 mg.kg-1 Olsen P测定值为环境临界值,可解决土壤剖面中磷的下移监测难题.以M3P与M3Al、M3Fe的摩尔比计算的磷饱和率(M3PSR)作为长期污水灌溉林地处理系统中土壤磷向下移动的环境危机临界值参数指标已不是很理想,对新的磷饱和参数的研究是今后的主要工作之一.     

umu试验研究饮用水氯和氯胺消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化以及消毒条件的影响

采用umu遗传毒性测试方法考察了消毒剂投加量、反应时间和消毒剂氯氮比对某饮用水厂臭氧-生物活性炭出水加氯或氯胺消毒前后遗传毒性的影响.结果表明,炭后水具有一定的遗传毒性(20～70 ng/L),加氯或氯胺消毒后遗传毒性增加.反应时间为24 h,在相同投加量下氯消毒遗传毒性(40～95 ng/L)高于氯胺消毒遗传毒性(20～40 ng/L);当氯初始投加量从0 mg/L增加到10 mg/L时,炭后水的遗传毒性先迅速增加,在0.5～1 mg左右达到极大值,然后再降低,在3～5 mg左右达到极小值后缓慢上升,但是氯胺消毒后水样遗传毒性变化规律不如氯消毒的明显.当投加量为3 mg/L时,随着反应时间从0 h延长至72 h,无论是氯消毒还是氯胺消毒,炭后水遗传毒性均是先迅速增加,在2 h时达到极大值后再下降,在18 h左右达到极小值然后缓慢上升,而且任意反应时间内,氯胺消毒的遗传毒性(20～62 ng/L)均小于氯消毒(83～120 ng/L).本试验还研究了消毒剂氯氮比对炭后水氯消毒后遗传毒性的影响.在本试验条件下,从遗传毒性的角度看,对于饮用水消毒氯胺比氯更安全,而且2种消毒方式的遗传毒性的变化规律均不同于总HAAs的变化规律.