宜宾市酸雨pH值预测的偏最小二乘回归分析

酸雨pH值受酸性离子(有机酸、无机酸)和碱性离子的影响。这些影响因素之间存在多重相关性。用一般最小二乘回归法建模预测pH值,估计参数存在着很大的误差,而且物理意义明显不足。本文以宜宾市区2002-2003年的27组降雨监测数据作为样本数据,应用偏最小二乘回归技术建立pH值预测模型,克服了自变量之间的多重相关性的问题。与最小二乘回归法相比更具有先进性,计算结果更为可靠;在确定了模型可行性后,分析比较了影响宜宾市区酸雨pH值的离子的重要性和离子来源。     

偏线性最小二乘法预测SBR工艺出水浓度的方法研究

SBR工艺出水浓度受进水浓度（COD、NH3-N）及曝气时间等因素的影响，这些影响之间存在着一定的多层相关性。尝试从统计学角度用偏线性最小二乘法对SBR系统进行描述性分析，建立数学模型，对SBR系统进行解释性描述。在对SBR工艺工况进行充分的观察和认识，对其要素内在联系进行辨识和深入分析的基础上，对SBR出水浓度作出预测。     

上海市建设用地时空演变的驱动力研究

分析上海建设用地摊大饼式扩张的直接驱动因素,探讨其演变规律,使用多元回归、路径分析模型和偏最小二乘回归模型。研究表明,上海外来人口增加过快导致建设用地急剧扩张,社会房屋建设占用了许多非建设用地,基础设施投资快速增加导致大量农村土地转变作用,城市绿地扩张导致其他非建设用地急剧减少。研究结论表明,合理规划就业人群的居住区域,调整郊区的发展策略,发展基础设施建设的规模效应,改变城市绿地的无序分布。     

基于高光谱的土壤重金属含量预测模型建立与评价

研究不同重金属元素的统计特性以及与光谱不同变换形式之间的相关性,通过逐步回归算法和最佳适应值函数F为指标选取最佳波段,运用偏最小二乘回归方法构建了不同变换形式的光谱反射率与重金属含量的反演模型。结果表明:研究区内Zn、Cu和Ni主要受自然因素影响,Cr受外界因素影响程度较大且存在一定的积累现象。不同光谱变换方式的建模精度和预测能力大小有以下关系,光谱对数微分光谱一阶微分光谱倒数微分光谱连续统去除光谱倒数对数原始光谱。采用光谱对数一阶微分建模可以作为反演研究区土壤重金属含量的最佳模型,从而为研究区土壤重金属含量快速监测和大尺度的土壤重金属污染评价提供技术支撑。     

炼化废水中COD与BOD_5相关性的探讨

为了及时掌握炼化废水的BOD5值，因此对COD与BOD5之间的相关性进行了探讨试验；COD与BOD5的测定采用国家标准方法，连续20d，用最小二乘法计算COD与BOD5的相关关系式；通过相关式由COD值可求出当天相应的BOD5值，为及时调整污水处理设施提供依据。     

电子束法烟气净化工艺主要因素分析

电子束法烟气净化技术是近年来发展较快的一项烟气净化技术。在清华大学核能技术设计研究院的电子束法烟气净化装置的实验基础上，通过对大量实验数据的分析，找出工艺中各种因素对脱硫率与脱硝率的影响。辐照剂量[D]、烟气温度[T]、含湿量[H]、注氨当量[α]、SO2的初始浓度[CSO2]和NOx的初始浓度[CNOx]是影响烟气脱硫脱硝的基本因素。文章采用相关分析、回归分析的方法，找出主要的因素，建立回归经验方程，以优化系统工艺，简化系统结构，预测实验结果。     

汽车磷化废水的处理研究及其应用

汽车磷化处理是对汽车的钢铁零件表面进行的一种化学加工工艺,其废水中含磷量高。采用石灰法处理磷化废水,在适当的pH值条件下能使PO4^3-达到良好的沉淀效果,而且石灰价格低廉,经济效益高;同时,通过研究氯化钙处理磷化废水的效果,分析和论证溶液的pH值和钙离子浓度对PO4^3-根沉淀效果的影响。     

二维与三维电解法处理含铜废水的试验研究

以含铜废水为处理对象,考察了二维电解法的电解电压、电解时间、pH值、极间距对铜去除率的影响。在此基础上为提高处理效率,两极间填充活性炭和玻璃珠形成三维电解,确定了三维电解的最佳运行条件是极间距4cm,pH值3～4,电解电压22 V,电解135min,铜离子的去除率为80.6%。     

铜酞菁颜料废水处理试验研究

通过试验研究，提出了一种物化－生化法处理铜酞菁颜料废水的新工艺。该工艺研究了铜氨络离子、pH值、水温、SO4^2-、生化条件等因素对Cu^2 和NH3－N去除效果的影响。     

南通市大气降水中硫酸根的影响因素研究

随着环境空气污染的日益加重,研究硫酸根与降水中其他因子的相关关系对准确反映大气的质量状况具有重要意义.根据南通市2018年的降水监测数据,采用SPSS统计分析软件对降水中的硫酸根浓度与pH值、电导率以及常见阴、阳离子进行相关性分析,推断出离子的可能来源.通过多元线性回归模型可以对南通的硫酸根离子浓度进行预测.研究为南通...     

Research on an Online Identification Algorithm for a Thevenin Battery Model by an Experimental Approach

To improve the estimation accuracy of battery’s inner state for battery management system, an online parameters identification algorithm for Thevenin battery model is researched. The Thevenin model and parameters identification algorithm based on recursive least square adaptive filter algorithm was built with the Simulink/xPC Target. The results of hardware-in-loop experiment, which uses Federal Urban Driving Schedule test to verify the parameters identification approach, show the proposed approach can accurately identify the model parameters within 1% maximum terminal voltage estimation error, and the State of Charge error which calculated by the open circuit voltage estimates can be efficiently reduced to 4%.     

冲击台冲击波形的确定方法

本文对冲击台在冲击试验前,因测试冲击波形是否符合试验要求而所做的过多模拟测试,会导致试验效率较低、试验材料浪费等问题,在数据试验的基础上,运用泰勒公式和最小二乘法,将复杂的物理模型转化为若干个简单的数学模型,给出了一种冲击台的波形发生器的模拟选定和冲击台提升高度的确定方法,以确定冲击波形。测试数据表明,该方法建立的冲击波形的确定方法是可靠的。     

EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING STREAM WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN A TRANSIENT MODEL FROM STOCHASTIC DATA1

ABSTRACT: In this study the estimation of parameters in water quality models represented by linear first order partial differential equations is investigated. Two sets of simulated input-output data, one with input noise and the other with output measurement error, were used. The parameters were estimated by a gradient technique (Bard's method) and a pattern search technique. The results indicate that the output measurement error significantly affects the values of parameter estimates as compared to the noise added to the input. Bard's method consistently gave results with a smaller sum of square value.     

An Optimization Method for Estimating Constituent Mean Concentrations in Base Flow‐Dominated Flow

Pollutant coefficients have been widely used to assess runoff nonpoint source pollution from individual land uses (e.g., agricultural, residential) of a watershed. Pollutant coefficients, known as event mean concentrations (EMCs), were developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) to serve as a national measure for characterizing pollutant loading in a receiving water body. The term “baseflow pollutant coefficient (BPC)” is used in this study as a surrogate for EMC to describe mean concentration of pollutants in base flow‐dominated flow. A method for characterizing base flow quantity and quality for different land uses was explored using inverse modeling with two optimization techniques (a least square method and a genetic algorithm [GA] optimization), land use information, and streamflow quantity and quality data. The inverse model was formulated as a constrained minimization problem and demonstrated with data for 15 watersheds in Indiana. Results showed that estimated pollutant coefficients are comparable to the published literature. This indicates that the proposed method has the potential to effectively estimate constituent mean concentrations for pollutant load determination in gauged and ungauged watersheds, albeit more analysis with larger and more robust datasets is desirable to further refine and validate the accuracy of the approach.     

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION SYSTEMS: A CONSISTENT ESTIMATOR FOR UNKNOWN PARAMETERS IN CONFINED AQUIFERS1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents criteria for establishing the identification status of the inverse problem for confined aquifer flow. Three linear estimation methods (ordinary least squares, two-stage least squares, and three-stage least squares) and one nonlinear method (maximum likelihood) are used to estimate the matrices of parameters embedded in the partial differential equation characterizing confined flow. Computational experience indicates several advantages of maximum likelihood over the linear methods.     

都匀市降水pH值的变化趋势及特征分析

ｐＨ值是衡量降水酸性的重要指标。本文研究了都匀市降水ｐＨ值的变化趋势，并对其酸性降水的特征进行分析，提出了保护大气质量，降低酸雨频率的对策建议。     

WATER LOSS EQUATIONS AND COEFFICIENTS TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL1

Infiltration models are based on physical characteristics of the soil and initial soil moisture. For a given soil it is based on the initial soil moisture distribution. A computer simulation model for flood runoff systems (FH-Model) was used to analyze 39 sets of rainfall-runoff data on four small watersheds ranging in size from 17 to 342 square kilometers located in the Yamaska River basin in Quebec. From these analyses, parameters and coefficients have been determined for a water loss (infiltration) equation. A method for determining the loss parameters, using a nonlinear least square curve fitting technique, is presented. Expressions were made to relate the loss parameters to antecedent precipitation. The equations were tested on 11 storm rainfall and runoff events on a watershed located in the same region and close agreements were found.     

SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN WATER‐BALANCE MODEL PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: A monthly water‐balance (WB) model was tested in 44 river basins from diverse physiographic and climatic regions across the conterminous United States (U.S.). The WB model includes the concepts of climatic water supply and climatic water demand, seasonality in climatic water supply and demand, and soil‐moisture storage. Exhaustive search techniques were employed to determine the optimal set of precipitation and temperature stations, and the optimal set of WB model parameters to use for each basin. It was found that the WB model worked best for basins with: (1) a mean elevation less than 450 meters or greater than 2000 meters, and/or (2) monthly runoff that is greater than 5 millimeters (mm) more than 80 percent of the time. In a separate analysis, a multiple linear regression (MLR) was computed using the adjusted R‐square values obtained by comparing measured and estimated monthly runoff of the original 44 river basins as the dependent variable, and combinations of various independent variables [streamflow gauge latitude, longitude, and elevation; basin area, the long‐term mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation; temperature and runoff; and low‐flow statistics (i.e., the percentage of months with monthly runoff that is less than 5 mm)]. Results from the MLR study showed that the reliability of a WB model for application in a specific region can be estimated from mean basin elevation and the percentage of months with gauged runoff less than 5 mm. The MLR equations were subsequently used to estimate adjusted R‐square values for 1,646 gauging stations across the conterminous U.S. Results of this study indicate that WB models can be used reliably to estimate monthly runoff in the eastern U.S., mountainous areas of the western U.S., and the Pacific Northwest. Applications of monthly WB models in the central U.S. can lead to uncertain estimates of runoff.     

TWO PRACTICAL APPROACHES FOR DETERMINING THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF RAINFALL DEPTH PERCENTILES1

ABSTRACT: A simple simulation type approach and a statistical method are proposed for determining the confidence interval of the T‐year frequency rainfall percentiles (or precipitation extremes) for generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions. The former method is based on the Monte Carlo testing procedure. To generate realizations, the covariance structure of the three parameters of GEV is investigated using an observed information matrix of the likelihood function. For distributions with realistic parameters, the correlation between the location and the scale parameters is practically constant when the shape parameter varies around values close to its optimal value. The latter method is based on likelihood ratio statistics. In the case where the joint confidence surface for shape parameters and estimates is plotted with lines of best estimates, the region where the estimated best percentile value can be chosen as a possible estimate is part of the joint confidence surface. The projection of this bounded region on axis of percentile is defined as the effective confidence interval in this research. The use of this effective interval as the confidence interval of the percentile of T‐year frequency rainfall is particularly recommended because it is stable for T and it reflects variations in all three parameters of GEV appropriately.