污泥活性炭对复合染料的脱色及其重金属浸出毒性

用自制的污泥活性炭处理亚甲基蓝与酸性品红组成的染料废水,研究了pH、吸附时间、温度等因素对复合组分染料废水脱色率的影响,测试分析了污泥活性炭在处理亚甲基蓝与酸性品红复合组分染料废水过程中的重金属浸出毒性。结果表明:与处理单一组分染料废水相比较,处理复合染料废水时pH的影响较为复杂,2种染料在污泥活性炭上存在竞争吸附,但是污泥活性炭对复合组分染料的脱色效果较好。污泥活性炭对复合染料的吸附过程符合Langmuir型吸附。在处理染料废水的过程中,污泥活性炭中的重金属镉、锌及铬会浸出,重金属镉、锌的浸出浓度符合国家标准,但铬的浸出浓度已接近国家标准上限。     

复合式MBR处理印染废水

采用复合式膜生物反应器(MBR)对印染废水进行处理研究,系统在不同的停留时间下,各运行了一段时间,试验结果表明,复合式MBR与水解酸化预处理联用工艺处理印染废水,出水水质良好,而且比较稳定.系统出水COD、氨氮、色度较低,无SS.该工艺的特点是在MBR中加装了填料,既保证了微生物对有机物的去除效率,又大大降低了混合液中进入膜分离的悬浮物,有效控制了膜污染.     

膜生物反应器(MBR)-反渗透(RO)工艺深度处理印染废水的实验研究

采用膜生物反应器（MBR）-反渗透（RO）工艺对印染废水进行了深度处理实验。原水经MBR系统处理后,COD去除率、ss去除率和色度去除率分别达89．9％、100％和87．5％。MBR系统处理出水进入反渗透（RO）系统进行处理,硬度去除率和除盐率分别达99．62％和99．64％,同时可进一步除去剩余的COD、色度。系统出水水质满足生产回用的要求。     

改性水稻秸秆对水中橙黄Ⅱ和亚甲基蓝的脱色

为应对日益严重的印染废水污染和实现水稻秸秆(RS)的高效利用,以改性的水稻秸秆(MRS)为药剂,考察了在不同脱色条件下MRS对染料的脱色性能.结果表明,MRS对溶液中橙黄Ⅱ和亚甲基蓝均具有良好的脱色效果.投加量、反应时间、pH是影响MRS脱色性能的主要因素.正交优化的结果显示,MRS对橙黄Ⅱ和亚甲基蓝脱色率分别达到95.71％和76.35％.与其他几种脱色剂相比,在相同脱色条件下,MRS脱色效果最佳.     

《环境污染与防治》网络版论文摘要

A2/O—MBR组合工艺处理活性染料与分散染料的降解特性研究熊小京冯喆文洪华生申茜洪俊明(厦门大学环境科学研究中心,福建厦门316005)采用自行设计的A2/O—MBR实验装置处理模拟印染废水,在连续通水条件下,以活性艳蓝KN-R和分散深蓝S-3BG为处理对象,同时考察了不同营养比和染料浓度条件下A2/O—MBR对两种染料的脱色特性。实验结果表明,A2/O—MBR系统对活性艳蓝、分散深蓝的COD去除率均值在89%以上。活性艳蓝的脱色率维持在60%左右,分散深蓝的脱色率则在95%以上,分散深蓝比活性艳蓝容易降解。关键词A2/O—MBR活性染料分散染料脱…     

不同方法处理飞灰对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

为了研究不同方法处理飞灰对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能和吸附上清液中重金属的浸出毒性,分析了水洗、硫酸洗和醋酸洗飞灰及在吸附过程中投加NaOH和Na2 CO3对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果的影响,以及吸附上清液中Pb和Cr的浸出情况.实验得出,不同方法处理飞灰对亚甲基蓝的脱色率均达70％以上,最高可达100％,通过水洗和酸洗,飞灰的稳定性显著提高,1％硫酸和5％醋酸洗飞灰吸附上清液中Pb和Cr的浸出量远远低于《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》的限定值.飞灰经过稳定化处理,用以处理染料废水具有巨大潜能.     

膜生物反应器处理聚驱采油废水研究

以聚驱采油废水为处理对象,在不排泥情况下采用膜生物反应器(MBR)对此类废水进行处理.以含油量、COD和水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)为污染物处理指标,分别考察了MBR的水力停留时间(HRT)、温度、溶解氧(DO)对MBR处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,MBR处理聚驱采油废水的最佳条件为:HRT 10 h,温度30℃,DO 2.0～4.0 mg/L,此时,膜出水中含油量平均去除率为96.7％,COD平均去除率为78.9％,HPAM平均去除率为75.0％.在最佳条件下连续运行30 d,MBR内悬浮物平均去除率可达98.8％以上,且膜出水悬浮物粒径中值达到《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》(SY/T 5329-94)中A1级回注水的规定值,聚驱采油废水得到理想的处理.     

铁碳微电解填料制备及其对亚甲基蓝的降解

针对传统铁碳微电解工艺中填料易板结的问题,在较低的烧结温度800℃条件下,将铁、活性炭、粘结剂和催化剂按一定配料比混合烧结4 h制备了一种铁碳微电解填料。将印染废水中的染料成分亚甲基蓝作为目标污染物,探究溶液pH、铁碳材料添加量和亚甲基蓝起始浓度等反应条件对亚甲基蓝降解效率的影响。在pH=3,铁碳投加量30 g·L~(-1),亚甲基蓝浓度10 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,亚甲基蓝的去除率达到55%左右;相同条件下对于微电解填料的循环使用实验中亚甲基蓝的去除率能维持在50%以上,证明了该微电解填料具有连续运行的能力。另外,通过微电解与芬顿反应联用的初步实验发现联用效果对于亚甲基蓝的降解率能大幅度提升至90%以上,证明微电解与芬顿反应联用具有较大的应用潜力。     

高色度印染废水和染料废水的脱色新技术应用

应用氧化絮凝复合新技术处理高色度印染废水和染料废水,研究了影响脱色效果的一系列物理化学因素。本技术应用于高色度印染废水和染料废水的脱色处理,可使其脱色率达99％以上,CODcr去除率也在80％以上。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰对染料（亚甲基蓝）的吸附性能

以垃圾焚烧飞灰为吸附剂对亚甲基蓝进行了吸附脱色实验。主要探讨了飞灰粒径、用量、温度、pH值和初始浓度等因素对亚甲基蓝吸附的影响,同时分析了吸附上清液中重金属Pb和Cr的浸出毒性。研究结果表明,在25—45℃、pH值2～12、飞灰用量1～5g范围内,经过180min吸附,亚甲基蓝的脱色率都达75％以上,最高可达99．46％。实验还得出,除重金属Pb外,吸附上清液中重金属的浸出量远远低于《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》的限定值。因此,若能降低重金属Pb的浸出,飞灰将具有应用于处理染料废水的巨大潜力。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.