氯苯污染土壤低温原位热脱附修复

为了考察低温原位热脱附技术对土壤中氯苯的修复效果,以土壤中氯苯为目标污染物,控制热脱附设备设定温度、土壤粒径、土壤含水率,对不同条件下土壤中的氯苯进行测定分析,研究其对热脱附效果的影响。结果表明:原位热脱附过程中土壤温度变化以加热棒为中心,随着距离增加而呈现时间和空间上的滞后效应;原位热脱附设定温度越高,土壤修复效果越好,当土壤设定温度为100℃时,90%土壤样品氯苯去除率达99%以上,与设定温度130℃修复效果相当;土壤粒径越小,其比表面积大,对污染物吸附效率越高,所需热脱附时间越长;含水率影响氯苯在土壤中的挥发速率、有效孔隙率和透气率,含水率过高或过低都不利于氯苯污染土壤原位热脱附修复。热脱附设备设定温度、土壤粒径、土壤含水率对低温原位热脱附技术去除土壤中氯苯的效果具有较大的影响。     

异位热脱附技术与设备在我国污染场地修复工程中的应用

异位热脱附技术具有污染物去除率高、修复周期短、普适性强等显著优势,是目前修复有机污染土壤最有效的技术之一。通过资料、文献查阅及现场调研,梳理了异位热脱附技术及设备在国内外的研究现状及在我国的应用发展历程,结合工程案例,分析了典型直接热脱附设备、间接热脱附设备的工艺技术路线,进而提出开展实际污染场地修复时的设备选择建议,以及热脱附技术的理论研究和设备发展方向,为我国有机污染土壤异位热脱附修复技术的推广和应用提供参考。     

污染场地异位热脱附工程大气污染物排放标准研究

污染物排放标准是环境治理的基本手段和环境监管的基本依据。鉴于国内针对污染场地异位热脱附工程的大气污染物排放标准体系尚不明确,结合工程案例,对不同地区异位热脱附工程运行过程中大气污染物排放的执行标准进行梳理。结果表明,目前异位热脱附工程大气污染物排放缺乏行业执行标准,主要依托综合型、通用型和行业型国家、地方标准进行管理,存在标准年限跨度大、特征污染物指标体现不够、热脱附过程中二次污染物监控不全、指标限值宽严有异等问题。最后,结合国内节能减排的新形势,提出制定统一排放标准、固定周期更新标准内容、增加行业特征污染物管控指标、强化热解过程二次污染物识别与监测、适当收严污染物排放限值、强化污染物总量控制等建议加强异位热脱附工程的大气污染物排放管理。     

4种碱基添加剂对1,2,4-三氯苯污染土壤热脱附效果的影响

含氯有机物是土壤中常见的污染物质,对人体危害大,采用热脱附修复技术去除。通过改变加热温度、加热时间及添加4种碱性物质(NaHCO3、NaOH、Ca(OH)2、CaCO3)等条件获取TCB的去除效率及污染土壤理化性质变化情况。实验结果表明,热脱附能有效去除土壤中TCB,当温度为350℃加热30 min时,污染土壤中TCB去除率为83.27%;碱性物质的添加能有效强化热脱附过程,添加1%的NaHCO3、NaOH、Ca(OH)2和CaCO3后,TCB去除率分别提高了28.28、26.13、20.28、18.19%。碱性物质的添加促进了TCB的脱氯和降解,相比于无碱性物质热脱附,添加1%NaHCO3和NaOH后尾气中DCBz增加了5.4 ug·L-1和3.65 ug·L-1。热脱附后土壤有机碳、有效磷质量分数和阳离子交换量减少,电导率增大;碱基协同热脱附前后土壤的总有机碳质量分数变化不大,土壤中有效磷质量分数和阳离子交换量明显增大,脱附条件为250℃、30 min以及1%的Ca(OH)2时,脱附前后有效磷由57.5 mg·kg-1增大至80.2 mg·kg-1,阳离子交换量由19.72 cmo...     

燃气热脱附技术修复有机污染场地研究与应用进展

原位燃气热脱附是目前修复有机污染土壤最具潜力的技术之一。在查阅文献的基础上,结合国内外实际案例,系统梳理了有机污染土壤原位燃气热脱附修复技术的原理、适用范围、优缺点以及工艺施工流程,对国内外燃气热脱附技术的研究现状和工程应用情况进行了对比分析,并对该技术的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望,以期为我国有机污染土壤原位热修复技术的推广和应用提供参考。     

绝缘油污染土壤微波热脱附的影响因素

为探究绝缘油污染土壤微波热脱附的影响条件,考察了温度、停留时间、土壤含水率、污染物初始浓度和微波功率对土壤中绝缘油去除效果的影响.结果表明,温度和停留时间显著影响土壤中绝缘油的去除率,在400℃、微波处理时间5 min的条件下,土壤中绝缘油的去除率为98.6％.当土壤含水率为5％时,土壤中绝缘油的去除率达到最佳.在微波处理15 min内,土壤中绝缘油的去除率随着绝缘油初始浓度的升高逐渐降低.微波功率越高,土壤中绝缘油的微波热脱附效率越高,综合考虑能耗和去除率,微波功率为1 000 W时较优.绝缘油污染土壤微波热脱附机理研究表明,脂肪烃主要通过蒸汽蒸馏和热解吸两种方式从土壤中脱除.本研究结果可为高浓度绝缘油污染土壤微波热脱附技术应用提供参考.     

热脱附技术在修复石油烃污染土壤中的应用研究

采用热脱附技术处理实际石油烃污染土壤,考察影响热脱附效率的影响因素,并结合工程实际,初步确定热脱附技术的最优工艺参数.实验结果表明,热脱附技术可有效修复石油烃污染土壤,其中加热温度、停留时间是影响修复效果的关键因素.相同热脱附条件下,石油烃组分相对分子质量越大,饱和蒸气压越低,与土壤有机质结合能力越强,越不易脱附.当加...     

原位电热脱附技术在某有机污染场地修复中的应用效果

以某退役化学试剂厂土壤及地下水中氯乙烯、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、苯、氯苯为目标污染物,基于电热脱附技术开展了中试规模的修复研究。结果表明:经电热脱附处理后,土壤中氯乙烯、氯苯的平均去除率分别达到100%、99%,均低于北京市《场地土壤环境风险评价筛选值》中污染场地(住宅用地)中土壤筛选值;地下水中氯乙烯、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、苯、氯苯的平均去除率分别为90.5%、93.5%、96.4%、99.3%。此外,加热井设计间距对土壤温度变化有明显影响,间距为3.0 m的加热井布设方案下的升温时间短且升温效果好,优于间距为4.0 m的加热井布设方案,但两者均可达到去除污染物的目标;加热边界有效热传递范围可达2.0 m;止水帷幕与加热边界的最佳间距至少为3.0 m;目标温度越高,热脱附时间越长,热脱附效率则越高。同时,还讨论了土壤含水率及渗透性等因素对脱附效果的影响。电热脱附技术对修复氯代烃类有机物污染场地具有良好的效果,可进行大规模的工程应用。     

污染场地修复中原位热脱附技术与其他相关技术耦合联用的意义、效果及展望

在有机污染场地修复过程中,原位热脱附技术因具有土方不开挖、不转运、对周围环境干扰小以及污染物去除彻底等诸多优势,故其应用范围逐渐增多。但该技术也存在修复施工成本相对较高的弊端,且此弊端主要是由于采用单一热脱附技术能耗很高的原因造成的。原位热脱附技术与化学氧化、微生物降解以及蒸汽注射等手段的耦合可以很好地弥补这一不足,尤其是针对大型的复杂有机污染场地。针对目前原位热脱附技术在应用过程中存在的主要问题,在分析了国内外大量相关研究与案例的基础上,梳理了原位热脱附与化学氧化、微生物降解及其他原位热处理等技术耦合的应用情况,提出了原位热脱附耦合技术的工程应用建议。     

响应曲面优化烃类污染土壤热强化SVE修复工艺

采用热强化土壤气相抽提技术,优化影响烃类污染土壤处理效率的参数。在单因素实验的基础上,以通气速率、土量、水蒸气浓度为考察因素,以尾气中HC浓度达到750 mg·m~(-3)时的脱附时间为评价指标,采用Design-Expert响应曲面法,考察各影响因素的单独变量作用及交互作用对土壤中烃类组分去除速率的影响,建立二次多项式模型。单因素变量、通气速率与土量的交互项均对烃类污染物的去除速率有显著影响。模型优化结果显示,热强化SVE处理污染土壤的最佳工艺为通气速率81mL·min~(-1)、土量77mL、水蒸气浓度14%,模型预测最短脱附时间213.58min,实验验证结果的平均值是224min,测定值与预测值之间相对误差为4.88%。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.