餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化

在中试规模下,研究餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化试验,通过监测餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH4+-N、VFAs等化学指标含量变化,确定餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,在工程上餐厨垃圾单独进行高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性,但难以保证系统长时间安全稳定运行;餐厨垃圾厌氧消化正常运行时最大有机负荷可达2.551 kg VS/(m3.d);当系统有机负荷为2.551 kg VS/(m3.d)时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.622 m3;氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷影响明显;餐厨垃圾中固有Na+含量对厌氧消化产甲烷影响不明显。     

氧化铁对不同有机负荷下餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气的影响

进行了餐厨垃圾(FW)和接种污泥(Ⅰ)基于不同VS比(分别为FW/I=1,FW/I=3,FW/I=5)下的中温厌氧消化实验,对比了不同有机负荷下未添加氧化铁和添加氧化铁对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气的影响。结果表明,在FW/I=1时,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化体系的产气情况主要由接种污泥决定,添加氧化铁仅能在较小的程度上促进体系产甲烷能力提升;而在FW/I=3时,添加氧化铁可以帮助餐厨垃圾厌氧消化体系从低速产甲烷过程快速进入高速产甲烷,快速降解有机质实现稳定化;而对于FW/I=5时添加氧化铁可以解除由于有机负荷过高造成的酸抑制并恢复体系的产甲烷能力。因此,在实际应用厌氧消化技术处理餐厨垃圾中可以通过添加氧化铁来提高其有机负荷(OLR),提高处理效率,保证餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的正常运行和促进甲烷的产生。     

青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化研究

在中试规模下,研究青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合(质量比1∶1)高温厌氧消化实验,通过监测厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH3-H、VFAs含量和组分等化学指标变化,确定混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析混合高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,(1)青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性;(2)混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷可达4.069 kg VS/(m3.d);(3)当系统最大有机负荷时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.346 m3;(4)混合厌氧消化可削减氨氮对餐厨垃圾单独厌氧消化产沼气的影响。     

污泥基生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷及微生物群落结构的影响

为考察污泥基生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响,以餐厨垃圾为基质,设置4种不同接种比(inoculum to substrate ratio, ISR)的批次实验,以得到不同酸化程度的厌氧消化体系;检测空白组、餐厨垃圾对照组和生物炭实验组的产甲烷情况和微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明:当ISR=2时,生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果不明显;当ISR=0.5时,生物炭使其停滞期缩短28.9%左右;ISR越小,生物炭对酸化停滞时间缩短以及产甲烷速率提高的效果越明显。同时,生物炭可以促进Chloroflex,Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes的生长,从而提高厌氧消化中间产物的产生。当ISR较大时,厌氧消化系统的产甲烷途径以乙酸利用型为主,投加生物炭可以促进乙酸型产甲烷;随着ISR减小,产甲烷途径有逐渐向氢利用型转变的趋势,同时Methanosacrina逐渐替代Methanosaeta利用乙酸产甲烷。本研究结果可为污泥基生物炭在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的实际应用提供参考。     

不同园林废弃物对污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响

将甘蔗叶、小心叶薯和合欢按不同的物料配比加入到污泥和餐厨垃圾中,考察了3种园林废弃物对污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧消化处理的影响.实验结果表明,添加小心叶薯、甘蔗叶和合欢可显著提高污泥厌氧消化的沼气总产量以及甲烷总产量.当污泥与甘蔗叶以5:3的湿质量比混合时厌氧消化效果最佳,此时沼气总产量、甲烷总产量分别为污泥对照组的22.4、37.7倍.然而,甘蔗叶对提高餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果的作用有限,合欢对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化具有明显抑制作用,添加合欢后沼气总产量比餐厨对照组低48％.     

餐厨垃圾生化产甲烷潜力的数学模拟

为资源化回收利用餐厨垃圾,采用BMP实验对其产甲烷潜力进行了研究,测定了不同厌氧消化时间内的沼气产量及COD、VFA浓度,并在此基础上对餐厨垃圾产甲烷潜力进行了数学模拟。结果表明,混合液COD浓度变化曲线呈逐渐下降的趋势,VFA出现短暂积累,应调控厌氧消化系统的碱度。餐厨垃圾经40 d厌氧消化后,实际生物化学产沼气及产甲烷潜力分别可达559.1、349.7 m L·g~(-1)VS,第20天后累积产气量增加不显著。数学模拟结果表明,餐厨垃圾最初7 d的平均水解常数为0.244 d~(-1),模拟产沼气及甲烷潜力分别可达578.36和363.72 m L·g~(-1)VS,实际产沼气及甲烷潜力分别占模拟产沼气及甲烷潜力的96.7%、96.1%,采用固体停留时间为25~30 d进行厌氧消化较为合理。     

热碱预处理和pH协同控制厌氧酸化产物及控制机理分析

通过调节系统pH对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化酸化产物进行实验研究的结果表明,当pH为4～5时,酸化产物中乙酸占总酸累积浓度的59.83%,丙酸所占比例最低,仅为3.94%,酸化产物组成最合理,对后续产甲烷过程有利,但此时,酸化产物累积量少,酸化效率低.实验结果表明,采用热碱预处理和控制系统pH相结合的方法能够同时提高餐厨垃圾厌氧...     

竹叶与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化工艺

将黄金竹和毛竹的竹叶分别与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化,通过分析消化过程中的产气量、pH、COD、NH4+-N和VFAs变化,探讨添加不同竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果的影响.实验结果表明,添加毛竹叶显著增强了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化能力.毛竹叶+餐厨垃圾组的总产气量是餐厨垃圾对照组单独厌氧消化总产气量的3.28倍,甲烷总产量为10.1 L,COD去除率高达83.0％.而添加黄金竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响则不明显,可能因为黄金竹叶在消化过程中释放了大量挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),造成体系酸中毒.     

利用米曲霉发酵餐厨垃圾产水解酶促进污泥厌氧消化

将米曲霉接种到餐厨垃圾中生产水解酶,并利用此生物酶强化污泥厌氧消化。对比分析了富含水解酶的餐厨垃圾(实验组)、中温灭活富含水解酶的餐厨垃圾(对照组A)和未发酵餐厨垃圾(对照组B)分别与剩余污泥厌氧共消化情况;考察了实验组对污泥厌氧体系的促进效果;并运用3种模型对反应体系中底物的产甲烷潜力进行了拟合。结果显示,实验组甲烷含量最高可达71.51%;挥发性固体单位累计甲烷产量为(308.46±19.47) mL·g~(-1),相比对照组A和对照组B显著提高(P0.05),分别是对照组A和对照组B的1.56倍和1.31倍。修正的Gompertz模型优于一级动力学模型和Cone模型,能够很好地预测厌氧消化体系的最大甲烷产量,更适宜于拟合富酶餐厨与剩余污泥厌氧共消化体系。     

餐厨垃圾两相与单相厌氧消化过程参数分析

在(55±0.2)℃温度下,以餐厨垃圾为原料,分别进行两相与单相厌氧消化实验,两相实验设置不同初始p H的反应组,比较两相与单相厌氧消化的产气效率、有机酸、营养物质和酶活性等的变化。结果表明,餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化可以提高产甲烷效率,初始p H 8.5餐厨垃圾组的甲烷产量最高为178.3 m L/g COD,比单相厌氧消化提高了338%;另外,两相厌氧消化中氢气最高可达14.12 m L/g TS。餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化产酸相的初始p H会影响产氢和产甲烷的效率,氢气和甲烷的产量随初始p H的升高而呈增加趋势。淀粉酶活性在两相实验组的产酸相及单相实验组均呈现先升后降的变化,最高活性分别为0.542 mg/(m L·min)和0.298 mg/(m L·min);蛋白酶活性在产酸相达到最高,为1.70μg/(m L·min);脱氢酶活性在初始p H为9.0的实验组达到最高,为145μg/(m L·h),分别是空白和单相实验组的113.3%和120.8%。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.