赣东北景德镇四村矿化蚀变带成矿地质条件及找矿潜力

四村矿化蚀变带是在塔前—赋春矿集区新发现的1处铜多金属矿化蚀变带,通过与朱溪钨铜多金属矿床进行地质、矿化蚀变、地球物理-地球化学-遥感异常等对比,认为二者的成矿地质条件相似。根据四村地区浅表闪长玢岩、煌斑岩和辉长辉绿岩脉地质特征,推测其深部可能存在花岗质岩体。结合晚古生代碳酸盐岩、断裂破碎带和层间破碎带地质特征,推测花岗质岩浆上侵并与碳酸盐岩接触交代,可形成矽卡岩型矿床或热液脉型矿床,具有较好的找矿潜力。下一步找矿重点为侵入岩与碳酸盐岩接触带、断裂带和层间破碎带。     

塌陷区回填煤矸石复垦

在矿区,地下煤炭资源被大量开采,破坏了岩体原有的平衡状态,被开采煤层的上覆岩层将依次发生冒落、断裂、弯曲等移动变形。晋城矿务局王台铺矿三号煤层赋存条件好,煤层平均厚度6.5m,盖山厚度薄,煤层埋藏深度为35～100m之间。煤层采过之后,在采空区上方地表造成大面     

非煤矿山采空区失稳机理及稳定性数值模拟分析

地下开采形成的采空区而引起的灾害已成为地下矿山主要灾害之一。本文从非煤矿山采空区顶板(连续性结构岩体层状顶板、非连续性碎裂结构岩体)和矿柱两个关键影响要素对采空区失稳机理进行了研究,同时结合工程实例,采用FLAC3D软件对采空区稳定性进行了数值模拟计算与分析。结果表明:采空区围岩受力及变形导致的失稳状况与理论计算相吻合,并在工程上得到了很好的验证和应用。     

地下水中核素在岩体破碎区迁移扩散特性分析

为探讨地下水中核素在岩体破碎区的迁移扩散特性,采用Visual Modflow数值模拟软件分析了破碎区岩体渗透系数对核素迁移运动规律的影响。结果表明:局部存在的非贯通岩体破碎区会对核素的迁移速率产生不利影响;核素浓度在迁移衰变过程中呈现先快后慢的降低特征;随着时间的推移,核素浓度变化受破碎区渗透系数的影响程度逐渐减小;当破碎区渗透系数取值为围岩的30倍时,地下水中核素最大浓度从第1年的4.65×10~6Bq/L降至第90年的1.22 Bq/L;核素浓度极值、扩散时间与相对渗透系数之间遵循函数关系式c=0.269 16×e~(-n/6.544 59)+0.575 19×e~(-n/0.985 8)+0.118 95。     

矿井水及其净化方法(续)

三、矿井水在井下的净化系统斯·依·茹可夫等人研制的“顿-3”工艺系统(图3),可用来在井下对矿井水进行初步净化。该系统在拉斯托夫生产联合企业的“南方”矿得到应用。该系统利用采区水仓、主水仓和采空区冒落矸石的过滤,作为第一级净化。用水力提升器定期清理采区水仓和主水仓,清出的泥浆排入采空区经冒落岩石过滤。     

基于钻孔内地下水流速和流向的岩溶裂隙介质渗透性研究

岩溶裂隙介质的非均质性和各向异性是研究岩溶裂隙介质渗透性需要考虑的主要问题之一。以三峡秭归岩溶地区一个水文地质钻孔为例,通过对该钻孔内地下水流速和流向的测量,并结合钻孔岩心编录、超声波测井和钻孔成像所得到的岩体裂隙特征,分析了该岩溶地区岩溶裂隙介质在垂向上的非均质性和水平方向上的各向异性,得到该钻孔内岩体渗透性在垂向上的分布特征以及地下水在水平方向上的主要渗透方向。结果表明:覃家庙组地层的岩溶和裂隙发育程度较石龙洞组地层高,其中66～71m、112～116m和129.7～131.0m段岩体的渗透性好,是主要的出水段,55.5～57.0m和133.1～137.5m段岩体的渗透性差,其他段岩体的渗透性一般,反映了岩溶裂隙介质的垂向非均质性;岩溶裂隙介质岩体渗透性在水平方向具有各向异性,该钻孔内地下水的主要渗流方向为52°左右。     

江苏盱眙金矿化带的基本特征及找矿远景

江苏盱眙金矿化带位于古桑乡石牛山-小团山一带,根据土壤和基岩的化探资料,确定了6个金异常点;通过1:1万地质草测,确定了区内矿化带的空间分布、规模和产状.金矿化主要与南北向断裂有关.围岩蚀变主要有硅化、碳酸盐化及褐铁矿化.金矿化可分两类:一是破碎蚀变岩型,二是侵入接触带型.前者是在地层间的平缓碎裂岩和糜棱岩带,具泥化或红土化现象;后者系岩体与地层接触,形成硫化物或铁帽.盱眙一带金矿找矿前景以断裂附近的岩浆岩体侵入接触带为好.     

同心多环相变桃园山花岗岩体的特征及其铀的“四步成矿”模式

<正> 岩体产于一隆起带核部的震旦一寒武系(Z-∈)变质岩层之中,出露面积1100平方公里,呈椭圆形,其长轴与隆起带延伸方向基本一致,沿北北东向展布。在岩体内外接触带产有与其有明显成因联系的钨、铀矿床(图1),同时又具有与一般岩体不同的特点。为此,对该岩体特征及其铀的成矿作用作一简要介绍,提供同志们研究参考。     

浙江拔茅银矿地质特征及成因

拔茅银矿是浙东中生代火山岩带中近几年新发出的金银矿田,矿床发育于破火山口机构内,矿体主要受NW及近SN向张性硅化破碎带控制。矿床的各种特征表明,其成因属浅成低温热液型。     

与深部逆冲断层有关的变质作用所表现的特点

对与构造密集带内深部逆冲断层有关的变质晕所作的构造和成分分析证明,逆冲断层作用对变质过程的影响有如下表现:产生同期的逆向变质分带热晕;在发生叠加区域变质作用时控制逆冲断层带内流体的P-T条件。蛇绿岩质和硅铝质外来岩体下方逆向变质分带热晕的构造和成分特征以及理论模拟和试验模拟资料表明,产生该类变质作用的热源只有一个,即力学性质的热,并且与外来岩体的类型无关。当构造密集带受到叠加区域变质作用时,由于流经狭窄推覆“面”的流体压力下降。该推覆面的局部压力可能会下降。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.