珠江口大气氮磷干湿沉降通量及其污染特征

为准确核定入海污染负荷和系统实施入海污染物总量控制,观测了珠江口地区大气氮磷的干湿沉降通量,并分析了其时空变异规律、化学组成特征以及主要的影响因素。结果显示,珠江口地区大气总氮和总磷的平均月沉降通量分别约为299.00、4.12kg/km2,其中湿沉降通量占总沉降通量的60%以上。干沉降和湿沉降通量均表现出明显的时空变异规律,前者的季节性变化主要受农业活动氮磷挥发的影响,而后者与年内降雨量分布以及季风作用下降雨云团来源的关系更为密切;沉降负荷的空间分布规律基本与不同区域受人类活动影响的特点相一致。由于不同污染来源和季风气候的影响,氮沉降化学组成的季节差异特征也较为明显,氨氮在秋冬季沉降中所占的比例明显高于春夏季,而有机氮则与之相反。     

邯郸市大气氮干湿沉降通量及其特征

为研究大气降尘对土壤、水体等环境介质中氮的贡献,在邯郸市区设置3个大气干湿沉降采样点,并进行了为期1年的监测。根据监测数据分析了氮干湿沉降通量、氮形态及随季节的变化。结果显示,监测期内3个采样点的全年平均氮干沉降通量为385.2kg/km~2,湿沉降通量为2 292.5kg/km~2,总沉降通量为2 677.7kg/km~2。氮沉降以湿沉降为主,占总沉降通量的85.6%。氮湿沉降通量与降雨量线性相关(R~2=0.87),各采样点的降雨量和氮湿沉降主要集中在4—8月。氮干沉降与降尘量均随季节变化,总的来说冬春季开始增长,夏季降低,到了初秋又开始增长,并在10月达到峰值。不论是干沉降还是湿沉降,各监测点氮形态都是以有机氮为主,硝酸盐氮次之,氨氮所占比例最低。     

上海大气氮湿沉降的污染特征

为探讨上海大气氮湿沉降的污染特征,采集了2007年11月至2008年10月上海雨水样品,分析了大气氮湿沉降浓度,探讨了上海大气湿沉降氮通量及上海市区,市郊和远郊大气氮湿沉降的时空污染特征.结果表明:(1)上海市区、市郊和远郊大气氮湿沉降质量浓度平均值分别为2.96、2.31、2.21 mg/L.从上海大气湿沉降总体来看,大气氮湿沉降劣V类、V类的超标率分别达到51.09%和13.87%.推断大气氮湿沉降的主要来源是机动车辆所排放的大量氮氧化物.(2)除冬季外,其余季节上海市区大气氮湿沉降浓度均大于市郊和远郊;市区和远郊大气氮湿沉降浓度均在秋季最大,市郊大气氮湿沉降浓度在春季最大.(3)上海大气年氮湿沉降通量为78.42 kg/hm~2,同其他区域相比较,属于世界上高氮沉降区域.(4)上海大气月氮沉降通量与月平均降雨量呈显著的线性正相关(p<0.05),说明上海大气氮湿沉降通量主要受降雨量的影响.     

城市湖泊总磷对干湿沉降和地表径流污染的响应研究

随着对水污染的深入治理，干湿沉降、地表径流等面源污染逐步成为城市湖泊最重要的污染源之一。通过对武汉市东湖流域连续4个月干湿沉降和2场次地表径流的监测，分析了湖泊水体总磷(TP)对干湿沉降和地表径流污染的响应。结果表明，东湖湿沉降TP累积通量远大于干沉降TP累积通量，这可能与降水的洗尘作用有关；低强度降雨地表径流TP质量浓度为0.74～1.59 mg/L,高强度降雨地表径流TP质量浓度为0.95～5.82 mg/L,初期地表径流TP浓度大于后期地表径流；湖泊TP浓度变化与风速、湿沉降TP通量、降雨量紧密相关，当降雨量小于20 mm时，风速是造成湖泊中TP变动的主要因素之一，当降雨量超过20 mm时，湖泊TP变化与湿沉降TP通量变化较为一致。点源污染防治与大气污染治理、城市道路清洁、城市绿化、沉水植物生态恢复等的协调治理，将是未来城市湖泊TP污染防治的重要途径。     

中小城市不同功能区降雨径流氮污染特征及其对水体的影响

研究了典型中小城市滨州的不同功能区降雨径流中的氮污染特征及其对水体污染的影响。结果表明,滨州城区不同功能区降雨径流总无机氮(TIN)、氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度分别为0.22~10.19、0.01~1.73、0~6.61、0~1.84mg/L。部分降雨径流样品的TIN已经超过了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中总氮的Ⅴ类水体标准限值。各形态无机氮浓度在不同功能区存在显著差异。TIN浓度均值表现为:农业区文教区工业区居住区商业区交通要道。降雨径流中的氮元素主要以硝酸盐氮形式存在。河流中TIN主要来自氨氮,其浓度水平与降雨径流相当。因此,降雨径流的氮污染对河流有重要影响,应引起重视。     

东西苕溪河网水体硝酸盐氮浓度消长规律探索

本项研究通过调查和监测太湖主要入湖水系东西苕溪河网水体中硝酸盐氮浓度的消长情况,在总结其月际变化、年际变化和地域变化的基础上,探讨了该地区非点源排放(主要是过量施用化学氮肥时的农田排水、农田径流冲刷和土地浸蚀溶出)的影响。并推求了河网水体中硝酸盐氮最大浓度值与耕地面积百分率及化学氮肥年施用量之间的线性回归方程。本文提出的有关东西苕溪入口区河网水体硝酸盐氮的消长规律为制定河道含氮污染物入湖总量控制方案的制定提供了科学依据。     

杭州市大气降雨化学组成特征及来源分析

研究了2006-2008年杭州市大气降雨的化学组成及其来源,并与国内外的相关研究结果进行了比较.结果表明,总体来说,杭州市各月的降雨量相对均衡,月均降雨量为7.1～25.3 mm;降雨pH为3.99～5.64,雨量加权平均pH为4.50;降雨电导率为1.30～8.55 mS/m,雨量加权平均值为3.73 mS/m,降雨电导率与雨量、pH均呈负相关;夏季降雨中的水溶性离子平均浓度较低,雨量加权平均pH较高,而其他季节降雨中的水溶性离子平均浓度较高,雨量加权平均pH较低;其中SO2-4和NO-3是降雨中的主要水溶性阴离子,NH+4和Ca2+是降雨中的主要水溶性阳离子;SO2-4/NO-3(当量浓度比)为2.87,低于国内其他城市,降雨类型为硫酸型,但硝酸在降雨酸性中起的作用有增大趋势;降雨中水溶性阳离子总当量浓度/水溶性阴离子总当量浓度为1.11,低于国内外大部分城市;NH+4、Ca2+当量浓度之和与SO2-4、NO-3当量浓度之和之比为0.89,也低于国内外大部分城市,NH+4和Ca2+是主要的酸性中和物质;总体来说,杭州市降雨中各水溶性离子间的相关性均较好,但H+浓度与大部分离子的相关性不明显;杭州降雨中的化学组分主要来源于工业源和地壳源,此外部分来源于海盐粒子.     

太湖地区典型降雨水稻田径流污染物输出特点及相关性分析

为研究降雨过程中水稻田径流污染物的输出特点及其主要污染物之间的内在关系,在太湖地区何家浜流域划定若干块水稻田作为研究区域,并分别选取单块封闭水稻田沿河岸的直入河点和多块水稻田沿沟渠汇流后的沟渠入河点为采样点,对比封闭小区域和非封闭大区域污染物随降雨径流的输出特点及其相关性。结果表明,降雨引起水田水的扰动,对水田土壤及其污染物只产生间接的扰动或冲刷,而非直接冲刷,因此,不同降雨强度对SS(悬浮态固体)的冲刷并未表现出明显的差异。无论短历时强降雨还是长历时弱降雨,其径流中SS、氮、磷均随降雨历时的延长而降低,其中溶解态氮、磷随降雨历时的变化较小。相比大面积的汇水区域,较小的汇水区域SS峰值点出现的时间更接近降雨峰值点,对降雨的响应时间更短,降雨前期,大汇水区域径流中SS比小汇水区域小很多,而降雨后期要大很多,其主要污染物随降雨历时的延长而降低的规律性更显著,小汇水区域的径流SS和TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)具有很好的线性相关性。     

夏季降雨对大气污染物的清除影响

从南昌市环境监测站获取大气中主要污染物浓度,降雨量由APS-3A型降雨降尘自动采样器实际监测得到,分析了南昌市新城区2014年夏季降雨对大气污染物浓度的影响。结果表明:(1)中强降雨(日降雨量≥10 mm)对大气中的SO_2、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)都有明显的清除效果,对SO_2、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的清除效率分别为14.3%~50.0%、20.2%~68.8%、20.0%~74.0%;1~10mm的降雨对SO_2、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)也有一定的清除效果;≤1mm的降雨,对PM_(10)具有清除作用,但清除效率较低(2.3%~23.2%),而对SO_2和PM_(2.5)清除效果不明显。降雨量对NO_2的浓度变化影响不大。(2)降雨对大气污染物的清除效率受降雨前污染物本底浓度的影响,污染物本底浓度很低时甚至会出现反弹现象。(3)降雨对污染物的清除效率除了受降雨量的影响外,其降雨场数和降雨累积时间对其也有一定的影响。     

应用硝酸盐控制排水管道中H_2S气体释放的研究进展

排水管道中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)代谢产生的S~(2-)会导致H_2S气体释放和管道腐蚀等问题,从而增加管道的维修费用,且威胁工人和居民的身体健康。抑制管道内S~(2-)生成的措施以投加化学药物为主。在可投加的化学药物中,硝酸盐因易于应用、抑制效果较好、副作用小而被广泛应用和研究。围绕硝酸盐抑制S~(2-)产生的原理、效能与影响因素、硝酸盐的消耗规律、硝酸盐对微生物群落的影响等4个方面,综述了应用硝酸盐控制S~(2-)的研究进展,并根据研究成果和目前存在的问题提出未来的研究方向。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.