淀粉基黄原酸盐处理重金属废水的条件优化研究

采用淀粉基黄原酸盐处理含重金属的电镀废水 ,对淀粉基黄原酸盐的用量、pH值和反应时间等条件进行了研究。结果发现 ,1L含氰电镀废水 (含Cr3+15mg/L、Cu2 +3mg/L、Ni2 +9.2mg/L和Zn2 +6mg/L) ,加入 1g淀粉基黄原酸盐 ,调节 pH为 8,搅拌 1h ,过滤 ,处理后的废水中Cr3+、Cu2 +、Zn2 +和Ni2 +残余浓度分别为 0 .0 8mg/L、0 .0 1mg/L、0 .1mg/L和 0 .0 8mg/L。含有重金属盐的残渣 ,可用硝酸处理 ,以回收重金属     

淀粉基黄原酸盐处理重金属废水的条件优化研究

采用淀粉基黄原酸盐处理含重金属的电镀废水，对淀粉基黄原酸盐的用量，pH值和反应时间等条件进行了研究。结果发现，1L含氰电镀废水（含Cr^3 15mg/L,Cu^2 3mg/L,Ni^2 9.2mg/L和Zn^2 6mg/L)，加入1g淀粉基黄原酸盐，调节pH为8，搅拌1h，过滤，处理后的废水中Cr^3 ,Cu^2 ,Zn^2 和Ni^2 残余浓度分别为0.08mg/L,0.01mg/L,0.1mg/L和0.08mg/L。含有重金属盐的残渣，可用硝酸处理，以回收重金属。     

处理湖水的垂直流湿地中陶粒的磷吸附特性

研究了净化城市湖泊(宜兴团汣)湖水的3个下行垂直潜流人工湿地(运行1年)中的不同深度层的陶粒对磷的吸附特性。结果表明,当标准液KH2PO4-P为5 mg/L和10 mg/L时,上层陶粒的磷吸附能力强弱依次是1#美人蕉湿地(2.98和4.63 mg/kg)﹥2#曝气湿地(1.78和3.71 mg/kg)﹥3#无植物湿地(1.56和3.42 mg/kg);下层陶粒的磷吸附能力从强到弱排序依次是:1#美人蕉湿地(3.51和5.43 mg/kg),3#无植物湿地(3.01和4.39 mg/kg),2#曝气湿地(2.44和4.14mg/kg)。综合对比,1#美人蕉湿地中陶粒具有更强的磷吸附能力,1#湿地中陶粒的磷吸附能力比后两者分别高出23.69%和31.16%。同一湿地的下层陶粒比上层陶粒有更强的磷吸附能力,当标准液中磷浓度为10 mg/L时,1#、2#和3#下层陶粒磷吸附量分别为上层陶粒的1.17倍、1.12倍和1.28倍。     

酸碱联合调节剩余污泥对有机质的释放和脱水性能的影响

为了研究酸碱联合调节剩余污泥水解酸化过程中溶解性蛋白质(SPN)和溶解性碳水化合物(SPS)的释放规律以及对脱水性能的影响,采用3个反应器,其中,1#为先酸(pH 3.0)后碱(pH 10.0)、3#为先碱(pH 10.0)后酸(pH 3.0)的两段控制方式(每段8 d),同时以2#pH不调作为对比实验。结果表明,3个反应器中SPN和SPS的释放情况是调节为碱性>酸性>空白,在相同的控制阶段,SPN的释放量明显高于SPS的释放量;SPN和SPS的最大释放量出现在1#的碱性阶段(后8 d),SPN在碱性阶段的第2天达到最大释放量(883.618 mg/L),SPS在碱性阶段的第8天达到最大释放量(165.922 mg/L)。1#在实验的整个过程中比阻值较低,说明先酸后碱调节方式更利于污泥脱水;在调节为碱性第4天时污泥比阻(SRF)达到最小值(0.342×1013m/kg),处于中难度脱水范围内。与2#相比,3#中的SRF虽稍有改善,但始终处于难脱水范围内。     

有机高分子重金属捕集絮凝剂CU3#对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的去除研究

探讨了自制有机高分子重金属捕集絮凝剂CU3#对铜离子、铅离子的捕集机理,研究了其处理含铜离子、铅离子废水的处理条件,并研究了其他物质和离子对铜离子和铅离子去除效果的影响.研究结果表明,在pH～14范围内,快速搅拌时间2 min,慢速搅拌3 min,CU3#对含铜离子的污水处理后其上清液中所含铜离子为1.2 mg/L,对铜离子的去除率达到99.4%,完全达到国家排放标准;在pH 7～14范围内,快速搅拌时间3 min.慢速搅拌3 min,CU3#对含铅离子的污水处理后其上清液中残余铅离子0.8 mg/L,去除率99.6%,达国家一级排放标准.     

合肥市污水处理厂污泥重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

为了解污泥中重金属污染状况,分析了合肥市5家污水处理厂污泥中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的总量、形态特征与生物毒性,并采用内梅罗指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对污泥中重金属生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,污泥中各重金属元素总量为Zn(639.00~2 094.50mg/kg)Cu(107.22~415.86mg/kg)Cr(48.06~388.24mg/kg)Pb(4.50~35.40mg/kg)As(11.72~47.51mg/kg)Cd(2.02~16.68mg/kg)。形态分布特征分析结果显示,Cr、Cu和Pb较稳定,As的稳定性相对较差,Zn在污泥中稳定性最差,而Cd在不同污泥样品中的形态分布差异较大;水平振荡法和毒性特征沥滤方法对污泥中重金属浸出浓度较低,未超过相应限值。内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对污泥中重金属总量评价结果表明,5家污水处理厂(分别命名为WT、WXY、JKQ、ZZJ、CTP)污泥样品表现为CTPJKQWXYZZJWT,各重金属元素污染顺序为CdCu(Zn)AsCrPb。     

磷酸活化植物基活性炭对水溶液中铅的吸附

以棉秆与互花米草为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备了低成本的植物基活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对重金属铅的吸附性能。结果表明,在活化温度为500℃、活化时间为2 h条件下,制备的棉秆和互花米草活性炭比表面积为1 570m2/g和856 m2/g,含氧酸官能团含量分别为1.43 mmol/g和1.27 mmol/g。在25℃下,两种活性炭对重金属铅的Langmuir最大吸附量分别为119 mg/g和111 mg/g,吸附最佳pH为4.3,吸附平衡符合Freundlich方程,离子交换在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用。     

养猪废水回收MAP时抗生素与重金属的残留

采用磷酸铵镁(MAP)结晶法回收养猪废水中的氮磷,考察了典型兽用抗生素(四环素类、磺胺类和氟诺喹酮类等)和重金属在回收固体中的残留情况。实验结果发现,回收固体中抗生素含量较高,其中四环素类抗生素高于300 mg/kg,磺胺类和氟喹诺酮类抗生素的含量分别为1.86~13.63 mg/kg和5.1~59.1 mg/kg;重金属中Cu、Zn含量较高,浓度分别为96.01和140.34 mg/kg。废水中的SS和腐殖酸是影响养猪废水MAP反应沉淀物中抗生素和重金属含量的主要因素。研究结果表明,养猪废水MAP回收时须考虑产物中抗生素污染的风险。     

4A沸石对复合污染水体中Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的去除

采用静态吸附法以4A沸石为吸附剂研究其对复合污染水体中Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的竞争吸附特性,并探讨了影响吸附的环境因素。实验表明,在室温条件下,溶液pH5～6,4A沸石15 mg对10 mL复合污染溶液(Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+浓度分别为100 mg/L)吸附20 min时,对溶液中3种重金属的吸附去除率均可达99.8%以上。反应过程中4A沸石对3种重金属的吸附速率大小为Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+。复合污染水体中4A沸石对Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附符合Langmuir和Fre-undlich等温吸附方程,相关系数分别为0.9981、0.9901、0.9916和0.9638、0.9194、0.9689。经计算,4A沸石对Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的饱和吸附量分别为129.9 mg/g、107.5 mg/g和99.0 mg/g。4A沸石吸附重金属离子达到吸附平衡的时间较短,对溶液pH值的适应性较好。吸附后的4A沸石可以再生利用,对铅离子洗脱重复利用性较铜离子和镉离子强。     

ASBBR处理超高盐榨菜腌制废水

研究以超高盐榨菜腌制废水为对象,考察填料种类、负荷和温度对ASBBR启动及处理效能的影响。研究结果表明,在温度为30℃,盐度为7%（NaCl计）,负荷为1 kg COD/（m³·d）的条件下,采用聚氨酯泡沫填料的反应器经67 d可成功构建超高盐榨菜腌制废水厌氧生物处理系统,较未设置填料、投加半软性组合填料、球形组合填料和聚苯乙烯泡沫填料的反应器分别缩短了26、6、24和18 d,且运行至第79天,可使出水COD降至375 mg/L,COD去除率为92.86%;通过对负荷的阶段逐步提高,可提升反应器有机负荷至15 kg COD/（m³·d）,使进水COD为（27 000±2 000）mg/L的超高盐废水,出水COD均值降至2 200 mg/L ,平均去除率达到92.03%;温度对反应器处理效能影响显著,温度分别为30、25、20、15和10℃时,反应器COD去除率分别为92.63%、84.07%、67.13%、54.61%和44.19%。     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

How the loss of forest fauna undermines the achievement of the SDGs

The human-driven loss of biodiversity has numerous ecological, social, and economic impacts at the local and global levels, threatening important ecological functions and jeopardizing human well-being. In this perspective, we present an overview of how tropical defaunation—defined as the disappearance of fauna as a result of anthropogenic drivers such as hunting and habitat alteration in tropical forest ecosystems—is interlinked with four selected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We discuss tropical defaunation related to nutrition and zero hunger (SDG 2), good health and well-being (SDG 3), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). We propose a range of options on how to study defaunation in future research and how to address the ongoing tropical defaunation crisis, including but not limited to recent insights from policy, conservation management, and development practice.     

The Governance of the Mitigation of the Baltic Sea Eutrophication: Exploring the Challenges of the Formal Governing System

This article focuses on the governing system of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Policies and measures of the Baltic Sea coastal countries, the macro--regional (HELCOM) level, and the level of the European Union are described and governance challenges explicated. We found that the main challenges at different governance levels include: differences between coastal countries in terms of environmental conditions including environmental awareness, overlaps of policies between different levels, the lack of adequate spatial and temporal specification of policies, and the lack of policy integration. To help to meet these challenges, we suggest closer involvement of stakeholders and the public, the improvement of the interplay of institutions, and the introduction of a “primus motor” for the governance of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.     

Industrial plastic on the southern beaches of the Arabian Gulf and the western beaches of the Gulf of Oman

The increasing production and use of plastic in the Arabian Gulf combined with shipping and waste disposal practices, have increased the concentration of plastic particles on the sea's surface and beaches. The objective of this investigation was to provide an assessment of the abundance, distribution, potential sources and significance of industrial plastic on the western beaches of the United Arab Emirates on the Arabian Gulf and on the eastern beaches on the Gulf of Oman. The abundance of stranded plastic pellets was highly uneven. By early 1992 alarming levels of fresh plastic pellets were noticed on the Arabian Gulf beaches of the UAE. Large numbers of 25 kg sacks of white plastic spherules manufactured by (SABIC) in Jubail, Saudi Arabia were washed ashore. When compared to the west coast on the Arabian Gulf, the east coast on the Gulf of Oman exhibited much lower levels of plastic pellets. When compared to other parts of the world, the beaches of the UAE on the Arabian Gulf are considered to be heavily polluted with industrial plastic.     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.     

Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna

In the present study, the endocrine activity of the antiepileptic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the crustacean Daphnia magna was assessed. To assess the hormonal activity of the drug, we exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L) and to mixtures of CBZ with fenoxycarb (FEN; 1 μg/L). Chronic exposure to CBZ significantly decreased the reproductive output and the number of molts of D. magna at 200 μg/L. This compound induced the production of male offspring (12?±?1.7 %), in a non-concentration-dependent manner, acting as a weak juvenile hormone analog. Results showed that this substance, at tested concentrations, did not antagonize the juvenoid action of FEN. Further, CBZ has shown to be toxic to daphnid embryos through maternal exposure interfering with their normal gastrulation and organogenesis stages but not producing direct embryo toxicity. These findings suggest that CBZ could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it decreases the reproductive output, interferes with sex determination, and causes development abnormality in offspring. Therefore, CBZ could directly affect the population sustainability.

     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil

A study was made of the influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil. Two kinds of sludge were used, with different characteristics, one from an urban treatment plant and one from a food processing plant. Three organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and dimethoate, were studied. The relative importance was determined of the chemical and biological degradation processes, which involved experiments on soil and sterile soil samples. A comparative study was also made of the degradation of pesticide residues and the evolution of the microbial population. The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient. The biodegradation of pesticide residues brings about alterations in the microorganism population of the soil.     

Determination of the effect of pentachlorophenol on the bioactivity of soils by the iron-reduction test

Pentachlorophenol, depending on the applied concentration, reduces the activity of some microorganisms, as measured by the iron reduction test. The test is more sensitive, if the procedures reported in literature are modified, including the use of glucose as a source of energy instead of yeast extract.