Locational Errors in Maps from Environmental Surveys and Their Implications for Information Extraction

1.Information on all maps, including those which depict characters of the natural environment, is subject to locational error. 2.Locational errors on field-sketched maps are attributable to inaccuracies both in the base map itself and in the method of locating and recording features onto the base map. 3.Two main sources of error associated with field sketch mapping were quantified using the River Corridor Survey maps as an example. First, channel widths are routinely exaggerated on these maps to allow recording of in-channel features. Distortions of river bank length of the order of 25% were shown to arise from a four-fold exaggeration of the width of a sinuous channel. Second, discrepancies in feature location of the order of 20% were found along a 500 m river stretch, although errors could be reduced to approximately 2% if undistorted, large-scale base maps were used. 4.An abundance scale appropriate to the inherent locational inaccuracy was devised to extract semi-quantitative information from River Corridor Surveys recorded on distorted base maps. Application of this scale to 29 River Corridor Survey maps of a 14·5 km river corridor produced a useful representation of environmental gradients within the corridor. 5.With the increasing potential to integrate and analyse environmental information within large computer databases including Geographic Information Systems, it is essential that the level of accuracy is recognised and quantified so that the errors can be allowed for in the development of methods of extracting information from the maps.     

“互联网+”时代的环境风险评估探讨

环境风险评估是环境管理的前提和依据。目前比较成熟的方法分为项目\"事先\"环评和健康\"事后\"风险评估。以上两种风险评估方法由于多种原因制约,无法提供给环境管理部门实时在线的环境风险结果。实际上,环境风险评估方法在不断完善中,随着互联网、物联网、云计算、三网融合等IT与通信技术的迅猛发展,环境保护领域也迎来了大数据时代,风险评估也将逐渐步入\"互联网+\"时代。新型环境风险评估更具系统性,将以数字化的形式体现环境(E)—污染物(M)—人为因素(H)的风险耦合度。虽然数字化环境风险评估在相关风险因子和风险评估方法上仍处于起步阶段,但它是新形势下环境风险管理的一个全新方向,其应用将对环境管理领域产生巨大影响。本文将分析传统环境风险评估与\"互联网+\"时代的环境风险评估差异,探讨新型数字化环境风险评估需要的支撑硬件与平台,并对数字化环境风险评估的发展趋势与挑战做出展望。     

基于大数据的“邻避”设施环境社会风险评估方法研究

着力防范化解环境社会风险是社会和谐稳定的重要前提。本文基于国内全网2019—2020年关于“垃圾焚烧”的网络舆情数据,通过情感词典、TF-IDF关键词提取和人工识别方法进行“邻避”冲突的原因分析,在此基础上构建本土化的“邻避”设施环境社会风险指标体系和评估方法,结合环境、人口和社会等多源大数据,基于自然断点法对风险等级进行分类,以全国生活垃圾焚烧发电设施的重点区域为案例开展环境社会风险的分析评估。结果表明,担忧破坏生态环境、反对选址位置、担忧排放物有毒是贯穿2019—2020年两年的主要反对原因,占据反对原因的50%以上。之后,本文对各项反对因素进行归纳汇总,构建了12项指标的风险评价指标体系,其中环境因素、人口因素和社会因素为一级指标,其权重分别达到0.33、0.49和0.18,人口因素是影响程度最大的因素;对案例风险评估结果表明全国范围和六大重点区域的大多数设施拟建设于重大风险或特大风险地区,需着重关注这些地区的生活垃圾焚烧发电项目规划布局和风险防控问题。     

浅谈如何做好建设项目环境影响评价与规划环境影响评价的联动

围绕建设项目环境影响评价和规划环境影响评价的特点,通过在评价思路、评价内容、评价方法等方面的比较,分析其差异,从而找到两者在评价时间、评价内容等方面的联动途径,以提高环境影响评价工作的效果和效率。     

国家生态环境监测“十四五”展望

\"十四五\"时期,生态文明改革持续深入,生态环境治理将向精准治污、科学治污、依法治污转变,这对加快推进生态环境监测体系与监测能力现代化提出了迫切要求。因此,本文从网络建设、体制机制、服务效能等方面,对生态环境监测所取得的进展与成效进行了系统分析,并对国家生态环境监测面临的机遇与挑战进行了深入剖析。在此基础上,针对支撑评价排名、服务精准治污、有序衔接新职能、建设大数据平台、强化数据应用、深化综合评价、理顺体制机制、推动产学研用、提升基础能力等方面,提出了\"十四五\"期间国家生态环境监测发展的相关建议。     

大气回顾评价的探索

本文提出了重庆电厂大气回顾评价的设计方案。在分析厂址区域污染气象特征的基础上,对高斯型模式计算各种条件下的浓度值提出了修正方法,修正的浓度值与实际监测值间的相关系数为0.760,表明所选用评价模式和扩散参数在厂址区域的适用性。     

油气田开发对湿地的影响及保护措施

湿地环境和生态系统的保护及合理利用,在当今国际已普遍受到重视。我国石油勘探开发活动对湿地的影响,大体可分为直接和间接两类。直接影响主要由污染物排放;机械和人类活动对野生动植物的影响;油田设施占用地面;围湖或围海等构成。间接影响主要指影响湿地的水文条件及油气田开发带动其它资源的开发和当地经济的发展。为了减少油气田开发对湿地不利的影响,编制了《中国石油天然气总公司湿地保护行动计划》,建立了湿地保护的专门管理机构,并进而采取了一系列保护措施。     

环评有效性问题的制度思考

从我国环评的现状出发,探讨了我国环评在环评启动时间、建设项目分类环境管理、建设项目环境影响评价分级审批、环评报告内容和结论、公众参与等方面存在的问题,提出了明确环评启动时间、环评报告审批与稽查分离、环评机构和环评工程师市场化、提高公众参与的专业化程度的制度性建议。     

Integration and integrated approaches to assessment: what do they mean for the environment?

Integration and integrated approaches are increasingly presented as new and superior ways to consider the environment in policy- and decision-making. If used in an uncritical way, this assertion could become a hindrance to good practice and could undermine efforts to defend or improve environmental quality. The aim of this paper is to provide the missing critical perspective through an investigation of the meanings of integration found in recent literature on assessment. This literature represents a broad survey of European (particularly UK) and US critiques of assessment practices, and proposals for better and usually ‘more integrated’ approaches. These critiques and proposals relate to a range of assessment contexts, from relatively technical issues of data handling, to questions of the design, choice and implementation of policy options. This paper also surveys, and contributes to, literature that questions the central goals and assumptions informing assessment practice and environmental governance more widely. Fourteen meanings of ‘integration’ are presented, with a discussion of the potential synergies and conflicts among them, and with environmental objectives. Integration is argued to be a matter of value judgements concerning assessment design in specific historical and social contexts. Far from providing a panacea, integration would appear to create as many challenges as it might resolve in seeking to achieve more sustainable development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环境大数据概念、特征及在环境管理中的应用

将大数据运用到环境管理领域是我国环境管理战略转型的重要举措.本文基于对大数据概念与特征分析,并结合环境领域的特点,阐述了环境大数据的概念、特征及在环境管理中所能发挥的作用.环境大数据即把大数据的核心理念和关键技术应用到环境领域,对海量环境数据进行采集、整合、存储、分析与应用等,具有数据规模大、种类多、处理速度快、价值密度低等特征.环境大数据的应用,对于政府、企业和公众都有重要意义.进一步对其在环境管理中的应用场景进行设想,发现其在环境规划编制、环境质量管理、污染源生命周期管理、环境应急以及公众参与等多方面都能发挥重要作用,以促使环境管理向数字化、网络化和精细化转变.最后针对环境大数据在数据处理、数据管理、数据应用现状方面存在的问题,提出了可能的解决思路.     

TIME SERIES ANALYSIS IN PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT: By employing a set of criteria for classifying the capabilities of time series models, recent developments in time series analysis are assessed and put into proper perspective. In particular, the inherent attributes of a wide variety of time series models and modeling procedures presented by the authors of the 18 papers contained in this volume are clearly pointed out. Additionally, it is explained how these models can address many of the time series problems encountered when modeling hydrologic, water quality and other kinds of time series. For instance, families of time series models are now available for modeling series which may contain nonlinearities or may follow nonGaussian distributions. Based upon a sound physical understanding of a problem and results from exploratory data analyses, the most appropriate model to fit to a data set can be found during confirmatory data analyses by following the identification, estimation and diagnostic check stages of model construction. Promising future research projects for developing flexible classes of time series models for use in water resources applications are suggested.     

A non-parametric distance-based method using all available indicators for integrated environmental assessment – a case study of the Mid-Atlantic Region,USA

The paper presents a multivariate measure useful for integrated environmental assessments. It is a weighted distance measure applied to metric data but based on nonparametric statistical procedures. The proposed measure allows all environmental indicators to be used directly without any reduction in dimension (e.g. as in principal component analysis) nor losing variance while being able to tolerate possible non-normality of the indicators, as well as non-linear relationships among them. Results of the hypothetical example and the Mid-Atlantic case study show that the proposed measure is suitable and valuable for integrating multiple indicators into a single index, an important task in integrated environmental assessment.     

开发区土地生态适宜度评价探讨-以淮安外向型农业综合开发区为例

本文以淮安外向型农业开发区为研究对象,在开发区的环境影响评价和环境保护规划中引入土地利用生态适宜度评价的方法,在详尽调查研究的基础上,选择相应的评价因子,建立开发区生态适宜度评价指标体系,并借助GIS技术将数值计算和图形叠置有机结合,为开发区的合理规划提供决策依据。     

环境影响评价中的公众参与

介绍了环境影响评价中公众参与的发展和现状,论述了公众参与在环境影响评价中的地位作用,分析了我国环境影响评价中公众参与存在的问题,并从宏观法制保障、公众环境素质和技术操作程序三个层面提出了完善公众参与制度和提高公众参与有效性的对策.     

我国环境污染导致健康损害的赔偿保障体系思考

本文就我国现有法律法规体系、技术现状及组织体系进行剖析。结果表明,我国环境污染导致健康损害赔偿的法律支撑体系严重不足,亟需出台适合我国国情的《环境损害赔偿法》,从法律层面对整个健康损害的赔偿保障体系进行明确指导。针对现有健康损害赔偿的技术支撑体系严重缺乏、认定机构的人员队伍建设薄弱等现状,本文提出应加大相关组织队伍建设,以提高环境损害的技术支撑能力。此外,还需要建立一个更高级别的专业的环境健康污染损害、赔偿与协调机构。该机构应是由国家多部门(环境保护部、保监会、财政部、卫生部、司法部等)共同认可的第三方仲裁机构,且具备独立的性质,负责污染导致的损失评估、责任认定、事故处理、资金赔付等各项仲裁工作。     

构建土地利用规划环境影响评价的指标体系

20世纪90年代中期,土地科学界和生态学界曾提出:"无论将土地作为生产性利用还是非生产性利用,都会形成一种干扰,使生态环境的不确定性增大,从而降低土地利用规划的科学性和合理性".在这一背景条件下,尝试性地按照土地利用类型对其所带来的环境变化影响与效应进行了分析,并在此基础上构建土地利用规划环境影响评价指标体系及可采用的评价方法.     

对替代方案编写中应考虑环境风险因素的几点建议

提出替代方案对于环境影响评价工作是非常重要的工作内容,但目前环评中的替代方案往往未考虑环境风险因素,对此本文论述了在替代方案编写过程中应考虑环境风险因素的必要性,并对如何将环境风险因素纳入替代方案的编写过程提出了相关建议.