污染场地地下水中汞污染反应运移模拟

汞（Hg）是人们持续关注的全球环境污染物之一,其对地下水的污染严重威胁着与地下水相关的生态环境系统.汞在地下水系统中的物理与地球化学反应过程的准确刻画是研究汞迁移转化规律的重点和难点.基于某工业场地汞污染数据,首先采用PHREEQC研究地下水中无机二价汞的存在形态,然后利用PHT3D程序建立汞污染物反应性溶质运移二维剖面模型.该模型考虑了汞污染物在地下水系统中的对流、弥散过程及地球化学反应过程（包括水相络合作用、表面络合吸附作用及受动力学控制的氧化还原作用）.结果表明,无机二价汞的存在形态以HgCl₂和Hg（OH）Cl占主导地位,氧化还原作用是影响地下水中汞污染反应性运移的主要控制因素;另一方面,水合氧化铁HFO对汞迁移的阻滞影响较小,而溶解性有机质对汞较强的络合作用不能忽视.本文研究成果可为预测与评估特定污染场地地下水汞污染的变化趋势及制定相应的修复策略提供科学依据.     

垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险评价研究

为了更加直观的了解垃圾场地下水污染风险状况,本文建立了综合考虑含水层易污染性、地下水资源功能价值及垃圾场自身潜在风险的地下水污染风险评价模型,对垃圾场地下水污染风险进行评价。垃圾场含水层易污染性情况采用DRASTIC模型进行评价,地下水资源功能价值和垃圾场潜在风险采用灰色聚类法进行评价。以成都市某垃圾填埋场及周边地区为例,在对地下水污染的污染途径、污染受体和污染源分别进行量化评价的基础上,分别对研究区含水层易污染性、地下水资源功能价值和垃圾场潜在风险指数进行计算,确定研究区地下水污染风险评价结果。结果表明,此垃圾场地下水污染风险级别为较高,评价结果与实地调查情况和相关研究相符,表明该评价方法合理和可靠。     

污染场地地下水中砷的运移模拟研究

为研究污染场地地下水中砷(As)的运移规律,选取我国西南某机械制造厂污染场地为研究区,根据场地调查和污染物检测结果,利用GMS软件建立了地下水流和溶质运移模型,分析了不确定性因素补给量、含水层渗透系数和抽水量对污染场地地下水中砷运移的影响.结果表明:污染场地中部地下水中砷污染羽呈辐射状递减分布;砷的运移分布范围与补给量...     

基于回归分析的地下水污染预警模型

开展地下水污染预警工作是保护地下水资源的有效措施。进行地下水污染预警理论与方法的研究,建立地下水污染预警模型,可为地下水资源管理部门提供技术支撑。以北京市平谷区平原地区地下水水体为研究对象,利用该区域2010—2017年39个地下水监测点位的主要水质指标监测数据,开展地下水污染预警模型研究。首先运用逻辑回归建立地下水污染预测概率模型,各含水层组模型的预测准确率均超过90%。其次运用逐步回归建立地下水污染预警等级评估模型,并据此确定预警等级指数范围。研究成果可为区域地下水污染预警方法体系的建立提供参考。     

江苏新沂市越流含水层的地下水资源评价

中国利用越流含水层作为城市供水水源地的实例并不多见。本文根据实际开采资料,利用伽略金（Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ）有限元法计算当补给层水头变化时越流含水层的地下水资源,并提出水位预测的方法。还利用补给层的水量平衡评价越流含水层开采量的保证程度,预测了新水源地投产后对老水源地的影响。本文对于正确认识越流含水层的地下水资源特性及其在城市供水中的意义有重要参考价值。     

简易垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险评价

对简易垃圾填埋场污染地下水的风险进行评价是开展地下水保护的重要手段. 基于对简易垃圾填埋场污染地下水的系统结构分析,构建了包括填埋场危险性、评价对象暴露性、包气带抗污性、含水层脆弱性以及地下水危害性等影响因素的地下水污染风险评价指标体系,确定了各评价指标的取值依据和取值范围(为1~10),采用层次分析(AHP)法确定了各评价指标的权重,并建立了综合指数风险评价模型. 以北天堂简易垃圾填埋场对北京市水源四厂地下水污染的风险评价为例,对该风险评价模型进行了验证. 结果表明,北天堂简易垃圾填埋场对北京市水源四厂地下水污染风险指数为7.455 6,污染风险等级较高,与有关研究结果相符,证实所建立的地下水污染的综合指数风险评价模型与指标体系合理.      

电厂灰场对地下水污染的数值模拟及污染预测——以江苏徐塘电厂炮车灰场F-污染为例

以江苏徐塘电厂炮车镇灰场为例,建立了炮车镇灰场及邻近地区地下水水质（污染）模型,并选用灰渣溶滤后产生的Ｆ－作为模拟因子,对地下水水位变化和Ｆ－浓度变化进行了数值模拟．最后利用模型对地下水中Ｆ－污染的范围和程度进行了预测．结果表明,模型可靠、合理、实用,为建立灰场后所可能引起的对地下水污染的预测预报提供了科学手段     

粉煤灰淋溶液中的有害物质对地下水污染的试验研究

粉煤灰中有害物质对土壤的影响试验表明，０．３ｍ的土层对粉煤灰淋溶水中ｐＨ值、Ｆ＾－、全盐量和总碱度有很强的吸附能力，如ｐＨ值的吸附中和量为３．７￣４０，Ｆ＾－吸附率达８７．４％，总盐量的吸附率达７０．９７％，碱度吸附率达９４．３％￣９６．４％，Ｃｒ＾６＋吸附能力较弱。由于贮灰场附近土层远大于０．３ｍ，因此粉煤灰淋溶水不会对地下水产生污染。     

地下水中重金属污染来源及研究方法综析

查明重金属污染来源是地下水重金属污染防治的前提。近年来随着我国城市化进程的加快和工业的迅猛发展,我国地下水重金属污染也呈现日益严重的趋势。地下水重金属污染来源可分为自然来源和人为来源。地下水重金属污染的来源主要是人为来源,主要包括工业生产、再生水灌溉和生活污染来源。地下水重金属的工业污染主要位于重金属矿山和工业城市附近,其特点是污染元素种类多、浓度高,一般生产历史越长,重金属污染越严重。再生水重金属污染主要位于北方缺水区,运用再生水灌溉首先应该对再生水的重金属污染进行评价。生活来源的重金属污染对地下水正施加着愈来愈重要的影响,当前城市垃圾渗滤液正在成为地下水重金属污染的新源头。根据地下水重金属污染的空间分布、含水层对比、主成分分析、稳定同位素示踪及多元混合模型多种方法手段综合分析,客观准确地判断地下水重金属污染的来源及比例,制定科学合理地下水重金属污染的治理方案,以达到最佳的治理效果。     

西南某退役化工厂场地地下水污染特征及污染物迁移规律分析

针对某退役化工厂场地受有机物污染的地下水含水层,开展地下水污染特征调查,通过风险评价模型、DRASTIC 模型分别对研究区进行人体健康风险及地下水脆弱性评价,构建污染物地下水迁移扩散模型,进一步剖析典型污染物迁移扩散的影响因素及动力学模式。结果表明：研究区地下水受 1,2-二氯乙烷、苯、三氯甲烷的污染,1,2-二氯乙烷的总致癌风险为 4.00×10^-6,超过人体健康风险可接受水平,主要暴露途径为吸入室内空气中来自地下水的气态污染物;研究区地下水脆弱性指数为4.912～5.305,整体处于中等脆弱性水平,地下水系统抵御污染能力较强,地下水埋深、净补给量和含水层厚度是影响地下水脆弱性的主要因素;1,2-二氯乙烷迁移扩散受地下水对流作用、含水介质吸附阻滞作用、生物化学作用共同影响,地下水对流作用是其迁移扩散的主要动力,含水介质吸附阻滞作用及生物化学作用对于其分布范围影响显著。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.