Detection and Molecular Characterization of Aichivirus 1 in Wastewater Samples from Uruguay

Aichivirus 1 (AiV-1) is an enteric virus with 30 nm in diameter, belonging to the genus Kobuvirus in the Picornaviridae family being a causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. The transmission is via the fecal-oral route, through person to person contact, recreation in contaminated waters, or through the consumption of contaminated food or water. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and the molecular characterization of AiV-1 in wastewater from Uruguay. Biweekly collections from March 2011 to February 2012 were performed in the cities of Bella Unión, Salto, Paysandú, and Fray Bentos, northwestern region of Uruguay. A total of 96 samples were collected; viruses were concentrated by ultracentrifugation, and AiV-1 was detected by using a nested PCR with primers directed to a conserved region (3CD junction) of the viral genome. A high frequency of AiV-1 (n = 54) was observed at all the cities analyzed mainly in the colder months of the year. AiV-1 was not evidenced as an appropriate viral fecal indicator since when compared with other previously detected enteric viruses, no correlation was observed. All 13 characterized AiV-1 belonged to the genotype B after the phylogenetic analysis performed with the sequences obtained from the first round PCR amplicon. This study demonstrates that AiV-1 is a frequently detected enteric viruses present in wastewater and excreted by infected persons in the northwestern region of Uruguay.     

环境水体中亚硫酸盐分析方法研究

研究发现,溴酸钠能够与劳氏紫发生褪色反应,而亚硫酸盐对此反应有催化作用,从而建立起测定亚硫酸盐的新方法。在上述最优实验条件下,SO32-浓度C介于5×10-8～2.5×10-6g/mL和2.5×10-6～1×10-4g/mL范围内与吸光强度(mV)呈良好的线性关系。该方法的检出限为1.7×10-8gm/L。对浓度为5×10-7g/mL和1×10-5g/mL的SO32-进行11次连续测定,计算得出相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为2.1%和3.3%。应用文章建立的新方法对河水水样中的SO32-进行分析,回收率在96.4%～104.8%,结果令人满意。     

水中抗生素药物的迁移分布特征研究进展

环境水体中存在的痕量抗生素药物及其潜在危害影响已引起环境研究人员的广泛关注,已成为继传统持久性环境污染物,如多环芳烃、多氯联苯、农药等之后的又一个研究焦点。尽管抗生素药物在环境中的暴露浓度相对很低,但由于其本身具有较强的持久性、生物反应活性和难生物降解性等特点,特别是对细菌微生物抗药性的选择性效应,可以导致这类抗药性菌群在环境中的快速演变和散播,这将会对人类和其它生物的健康和安全造成长期性的潜在威胁。基于目前的研究现状和发展动态,文章综合分析了环境地表水体、地下水和饮用水中不同抗生素药物的主要来源、浓度分布和迁移特征,在此基础上,提出开发水中快速、准确、价廉的检测分析方法,以及痕量抗生素药物的生态风险评估将是今后的研究发展方向。     

厦门海域环境现状分析与可持续发展策略

通过分析厦门海域环境的现状，提出海洋环境保护和可持续发展的策略。     

天津近海富营养化及环境因子的时空变化特征

基于1995—2010年监测数据,通过Mann-Kendall趋势检验和Kriging空间插值等方法,对天津近岸海域氮磷营养盐、有机污染物和富营养状况的时空变化趋势及其成因进行了分析. 结果表明:在天津近岸海域的48个监测时段中,有81.3%的监测时段处于富营养状态,有39.6%的ρ(DIN)和16.7%的ρ(DIP)超过海洋水质四类标准,有89.6%的ρ(COD_Mn)符合海洋水质一类标准;氮和磷为主要污染物,污染物质量浓度和富营养状态的季节性差异显著. ρ(DIP)、ρ(COD_Mn)和营养状态指数的年际变化主要呈下降趋势,ρ(DIN)呈先下降后显著上升的趋势;ρ(DIN)、ρ(DIP)和ρ(COD_Mn)在空间分布上基本遵循近岸高、远岸低的规律,其中ρ(DIN)和ρ(DIP)均显著呈带状分布,并且基本为北高南低. 防治天津近岸海域水体富营养化的关键是削减丰水期和平水期入海径流的氮负荷以及北部海域入海径流的磷负荷.      

洞庭湖水系水体环境背景值调查研究

研究方法概述 本研究运用系统工程的理论和方法,进行设计和研究。将流域区的水体(包括水、悬浮物、水生生物、沉积物)地下水、土壤、岩石、降雨和地表迳流作为一个大自然系统;从布     

分区达标控制法求解海域环境容量

提出可考虑二维扩散的分式标控制法用于求解海域环境容量。引进贡献度系数将二维容量问题定义为线性规划问题,使各类水功能区在达到所对应的环境标准的前提下各排污口污染允许排放量之和最大。并给出了用二维扩散模型计算贡献质系数的方法。     

吹脱捕集-热解析-气相色谱法测定水中苯系物含量的探讨

建立了吹脱捕集-热解析的方法对样品进行浓缩,提高了方法的灵敏度,降低了方法的检出限。用微量的甲醇作中间溶剂,使水中苯系物这一分散体系,变为均匀稳定的单液相状态,方法的准确度和精密度较高。当进样量为3mL时,苯系物的各组分检出限在0 1～1 0 μg/L之间,浓度与峰高线性关系良好(r >0 998) ,线性范围在10 3～10 4 μg/L之间,方法的变异系数在1 0～6 5 %之间,回收率在92 7%～10 5 3%之间,该方法操作简单实用性强,能够充分满足生产要求     

东辽河流域地表水体中Atrazine的环境特征

在野外踏勘调查与室内分析的基础上,以GIS技术为关键数据处理平台,系统剖析了东辽河流域地表水体中莠去津(Atrazine)的含量和富集特征的时空分异;并对其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,东辽河流域旱田分布区和非旱田分布区内地表水中Atrazine的平均含量分别为9.71μg·L^-1和8.854 μg·L^-1 ,在干流下游形成了分布的高值区;7月份是流域地表水中Atrazine含量最高的时期,最大值可达18.93μg·L^-1.水体中Atrazine的空间分布进一步表明,在东辽河流域旱田施放的Atrazine已经危及到整个流域的地表水水质,将对流域的生态环境产生严重的影响.相对于植物来说,东辽河流域Atrazine在地表水中富集的归一化指数为0.605～1.750 ;从空间分异上看,干流右侧流域形成了连片的高值区,而左侧形成了连片分布的低值区,且在下游形成富集程度的集中高值区.地表水中Atrazine相对于土壤的富集特征的空间分异与相对与植物的富集特征相类似,但其高值区和低值区都是散斑状分布.从土壤类型对水体中Atrazine含量的影响看,低位泥炭土的综合表征指数较高,泥炭沼泽土和水稻土的综合表征指数较小;从景观格局对地表水中Atrazine含量的影响看,随着斑块间相互作用能力的增强,水中Atrazine的综合表征指数逐渐升高.在一定的范     

岩溶区域水体无机氮分布及影响氮素矿化的生境

从时空角度对岩溶区不同赋存条件水体进行研究,目的为掌握无机三氮变化规律、探究影响其转换的环境条件,为喀斯特山区水资源保护与利用提供理论依据。采用标准方法检测水体氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、DO、CODcr、TP、TN等相关指标,研究表明:①自然环境越是相对封闭,三种无机氮形态总体年内变幅也越小,其中亚硝酸盐氮表现最为显著。②赋存封闭的地下水体氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮与硝酸盐氮含量依次是未检出、0. 006和1. 469 mg/L,其浓度依次增高的特点与亚热带喀斯特山区地层溶蚀孔隙和漏斗等地貌形态的充分发育和淋溶土对氨氮的吸附作用是密切关联的。对于该水体亚硝酸盐氮,初秋时节出现浓度峰值,与夏季农业施肥与土壤下渗补给存在2～3个月时间滞后有关。③地表半开放水体清荷园氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮也表现为夏季含量低的特点。低温影响到AOB活性则成为亚硝酸盐氮冬季含量低的主导因素。春秋季气温回升(相比冬季)而降水不大(相比夏季),故各出现一个峰值。其硝酸盐氮曲线夏季仍然平稳,表征NOB增殖的瓶颈因素不是温度,而与溶解氧有关。④地表开放水体流仓桥河段夏季氨氮浓度低主要与降水稀释和水生植物对氨氮有最大吸收偏好有关。夏季陡变的自然环境条件(栖息环境突变、碳源不足等)和NOB自身适应环境能力差等因素,都会造成其增殖受限、硝化受阻而亚硝酸盐氮累积现象的发生。表现为亚硝酸盐氮峰值时节基本对应着硝酸盐氮低谷时段。且地表径流如要激发NOB活性,DO和环境温度的阈值分别应在4 mg/L和10℃以上。     

环境水体中肠道病毒的膜吸附-洗脱浓缩方法研究

在膜吸附-洗脱和洗脱液浓缩相结合的基础上,建立了一种简便实用的水中肠道病毒浓缩方法.通过实时定量RT-PCR检测,比较了不同材料和不同孔径的微孔滤膜对病毒的吸附效果;对膜洗脱方式进行了改进;研究了在洗脱液浓缩过程中,PEG浓度对于病毒回收率的影响.最后确定了最佳的浓缩方法.选择效果好而且来源广泛的0.22 μm孔径的混合纤维素酯微孔滤膜,采用磁力搅拌来洗脱滤膜上吸附的病毒;洗脱液浓缩步骤中,PEG最佳质量浓度为130　g/L.系统比较了不同病毒接种量下,方法中各步骤的病毒回收率.对接种已知量的肠道病毒的生活污水、二级处理出水和地表水等样品的试验结果表明,该方法效果稳定,适合不同水样中肠道病毒的浓缩分离.     

黄土高原高浑浊水体CDOM光学特性及影响因素

为确定黄土高原地区高浑浊水体有色溶解有机物(CDOM)组成来源及研究环境因素对其的影响,本文基于2018年5月陕蒙黄土高原地区河流与湖泊(咸水湖和淡水湖)的实测数据对CDOM光学吸收特性,各组分对水体吸收的贡献,光谱斜率S_275～295及水质参数与CDOM光学特征参数的相关性进行分析.结果表明,陕蒙黄土高原区河湖CDOM吸收光学特性差异显著(P<0.01),湖泊CDOM吸收系数a_CDOM(440)(8.45 m^-1)高于河流(2.70 m^-1),咸水湖CDOM浓度(13.52 m^-1)高于淡水湖(3.38 m^-1),淡水湖对光的有效利用率高于咸水湖和浑浊河流.河流与湖泊、咸淡水湖之间酸碱度(pH)和溶解有机碳(DOC)差异均呈显著水平(P<0.01);河湖水体电导率(EC)、浊度(Tur)和总悬浮物浓度(TSM)差异显著;排除极大值点,咸水湖与淡水湖叶绿素a(Chla)相接近.基于S_275～295分析发现,湖泊CDOM分子...     

Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Wastewater and Urban Surface Waters in Germany

Food and Environmental Virology - In highly populated areas, environmental surveillance of wastewater and surface waters is a key factor to control the circulation of viruses and risks for public...     

Human Bocavirus: Detection,Quantification and Molecular Characterization in Sewage and Surface Waters in Uruguay

Human bocavirus (HBoV) infections are related to respiratory and gastroenteric diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of HBoV in both sewage and surface waters in Uruguay. Sixty-eight sewage samples from the cities of Salto, Paysandú, Bella Unión, Fray Bentos, Treinta y Tres and Melo and 36 surface water samples from the cities of Salto, Florida and Santa Lucía were studied. HBoV was screened by multiplex qPCR for the detection of the four subtypes, followed by monoplex qPCRs for the independent quantification of each subtype. A qualitative PCR followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was carried out for molecular characterization of HBoV strains. HBoV was present in a high frequency (69%) in sewage and only one positive sample (3%) was found in surface water. Concerning sewage samples, HBoV1 was detected in 11 (23%) out of the 47 positives samples, with a mean concentration of 8.2 × 10⁴ genomic copies/Liter (gc/L), HBoV3 was detected in 35 (74%) of the positive samples with a mean concentration of 4.1 × 10⁶ gc/L and subtypes 2 and/or 4 were detected in 39 (83%) of the positive samples with a mean concentration of 7.8 × 10⁶ gc/L. After the phylogenetic analysis performed by a Bayesian approach, the four HBoV subtypes were confirmed. This is the first study determining a high frequency of HBoV and the presence of the four HBoV subtypes in aquatic matrices in Latin America, mainly in sewage. Although HBoV was scarcely detected in surface water, a waterborne transmission is likely to occur if people enter in contact with polluted surface waters for recreational activities such as fishing or swimming since an elevated frequency of HBoV was detected in raw sewage which is usually directly discharged into surface waters.     

Prevalence and Molecular Genotyping of Noroviruses in Market Oysters,Mussels, and Cockles in Bangkok,Thailand

Noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with bivalve shellfish consumption. This study aimed to detect and characterize noroviruses in three bivalve shellfish species: oysters (Saccostrea forskali), cockles (Anadara nodifera), and mussels (Perna viridis). The virus concentration procedure (adsorption-twice elution-extraction) and a molecular method were employed to identify noroviruses in shellfish. RT-nested PCR was able to detect known norovirus GII.4 of 8.8 × 10^?2 genome copies/g of digestive tissues from oyster and cockle concentrates, whereas in mussel concentrates, the positive result was seen at 8.8 × 10² copies/g of digestive tissues. From August 2011 to July 2012, a total of 300 shellfish samples, including each of 100 samples from oysters, cockles, and mussels were collected and tested for noroviruses. Norovirus RNA was detected in 12.3 % of shellfish samples. Of the noroviruses, 7.7 % were of the genogroup (G) I, 2.6 % GII, and 2.0 % were mixed GI and GII. The detection rate of norovirus GI was 2.1 times higher than GII. With regards to the different shellfish species, 17 % of the oyster samples were positive, while 14.0 and 6.0 % were positive for noroviruses found in mussels and cockles, respectively. Norovirus contamination in the shellfish occurred throughout the year with the highest peak in September. Seventeen norovirus-positive PCR products were characterized upon a partial sequence analysis of the capsid gene. Based on phylogenetic analysis, five different genotypes of norovirus GI (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, and GI.9) and four different genotypes of GII (GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified. These findings indicate the prevalence and distribution of noroviruses in three shellfish species. The high prevalence of noroviruses in oysters contributes to the optimization of monitoring plans to improve the preventive strategies of acute gastroenteritis.     

太湖不同富营养化水域砷的分布特征及其环境影响因素

对夏季与冬季太湖不同营养水平湖区(竺山湾、梅梁湾、贡湖湾和南太湖)上覆水的砷含量及水质参数进行调查,运用多元分析技术分析砷的空间与季节分布特征及其与水质参数之间的关系.结果表明,北部湖区(竺山湾、梅梁湾和贡湖湾)水体中总砷(TAs)、砷酸盐[As(Ⅴ)]、亚砷酸盐[As(Ⅲ)]及甲基砷(MMA+DMA)的平均含量(2.58~3.34、1.37~2.34、0.53~0.64和0.16~0.36μg·L-1)均高于南太湖(1.73、1.10、0.31和0.10μg·L-1),显示了砷在太湖北部与南部的空间分布差异.此外,夏季TAs、As(Ⅴ)、As(Ⅲ)和甲基砷的平均含量分别为3.40、2.06、0.73和0.25μg·L~(-1),均高于冬季(1.78、1.10、0.30和0.17μg·L~(-1)),呈现明显的季节分布特征.因子分析与冗余分析结果进一步表明,总磷(TP)、总铁(TFe)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)是影响太湖水体砷时空分布的关键环境因子.其中,TP、TFe与太湖水体中TAs和As(Ⅴ)的分布存在显著正相关;Chl-a含量对As(Ⅲ)和甲基砷的分布有显著影响,推测浮游植物(Chl-a)对砷还原和生物甲基化具有一定的调控作用.     

广西省近岸海域海水环境质量与入海陆域污染影响对策研究

广西北部湾被誉为中国最后的一片"净海",广西近岸海域海水质量总体良好,但局部海域水质恶化问题突出。为推动广西近岸海域的环境保护和合理开发,基于广西近年海域海水环境质量状况、陆域污染入海情况主要问题分析,确定广西近岸海域污染最主要来源于陆域污染。提出加强近岸海域工业企业管理与污染控制,推进城镇环保处理设施建设,加大养殖污染防治力度,加强港口、船舶和海洋工程的污染防治等四方面监管与污染防控对策建议。     

庙岛群岛南部海域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解庙岛群岛南部海域大型底栖动物群落结构特点及其与环境因子的关系,于2012年11月和2013年2月、5月、8月(分别代表秋季、冬季、春季、夏季)进行了4个航次的采样,分析了大型底栖动物群落结构及其与水深、水温、透明度和MD(沉积物中值粒径)、w(OM)(OM为有机质)、w(Chla)(Chla为叶绿素a)、w(Pha)(Pha为脱镁叶绿酸)等环境因子间的关系. 结果表明:调查共发现大型底栖动物164种,其中环节动物多毛类82种,节肢动物甲壳类39种,软体动物29种,棘皮动物9种,其他类群动物5种;季节上表现为夏季>冬季>春季>秋季. IRI(相对重要性指数)计算结果表明,不同季节的优势种存在差异,但主要优势种大多为环节动物多毛类;其中,秋季最主要的优势种为彩虹明樱蛤(Moerella iridescens),其IRI为4 280;冬季和春季均为梳鳃虫(Terebellides stroemii),IRI分别为1 092和435;夏季为刚鳃虫(Chaetozone setosa),IRI为542. Spearman相关分析表明,底栖动物丰度和沉积物含水率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);生物量与σi(沉积物分选系数)、w(OM)呈显著负相关,而与水深呈极显著正相关. MD、透明度、w(Pha)组合可以很好地解释研究海域不同底栖动物群落结构的差异.      

气候环境实验室降/扬雪环境表征方法分析

针对国内目前尚未开展过民机整机级实验室降/扬雪试验、对适航关注的降/扬雪环境参数不明确等问题,分析了气候环境实验室降/扬雪环境表征方法。首先从与降/扬雪相关的气象标准、环境试验标准、适航符合性验证方法和国外民机相关试验资料这四个方面着手收集了与降/扬雪环境相关的文献,分析提炼出了10个可对降/扬雪环境进行表征的方法。然后以民机降/扬雪环境下的适航符合性验证要求为基础,结合上述提炼出的10个表征方法,分析确定采用温度、能见度、总含水量、风速和雪密度对气候环境实验室降/扬雪环境进行表征,研究得到的降/扬雪环境表征方法可为将来在气候环境实验室内开展民机降/扬雪试验提供参考。